Occurrence Of Contact Dermatitis Research Articles

High Incidence of Contact Dermatitis in Communal Rainwater Harvesting Users in a Rural Area of Sampang, Madura, East Java, Indonesia

Marparan village in Sampang, Indonesia uses a communal rainwater harvesting system (RWHS) for collecting water during the dry season. This study aimed to assess the quality of the water in the communal rainwater catchment pond (CRHP) and investigate the occurrence of contact dermatitis among the community members. The research followed an observational approach with a cross-sectional design, involving 50 individuals randomly selected from the user community of the CRHP for sanitation hygiene purposes. Water samples were collected from the CRHP and analyzed for physical characteristics, pH level, and surfactant content. The results revealed that the water in the communal rainwater storage pond did not meet the quality standards established by the Ministry of Health Indonesia. Additionally, a significant association was found between age and the occurrence of contact dermatitis. However, no significant relationships were observed between variables such as activity type, exposure frequency, and the incidence of contact dermatitis. Moreover, no relationships were identified between activity type, exposure frequency, duration of exposure, and the occurrence of contact dermatitis. It was observed that respondents did not rinse with clean water after using the communal rainwater storage pond for bathing or washing clothes. Therefore, it is recommended that individuals rinse with clean water after engaging in activities involving the use of the rainwater storage pond to minimize the risk of contact dermatitis.

The Association of Smoking with Contact Dermatitis: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Contact dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder with a highly variable prevalence worldwide. Smoking plays a crucial role in mediating inflammatory skin conditions such as contact dermatitis. The present study aimed to investigate the association between smoking status and contact dermatitis in the Saudi population. The patients in the present study were individuals older than 18 years who were diagnosed with contact dermatitis and received a patch test at the Department of Dermatology of King Saud University Medical City from March 2003 through February 2019. All patients were interviewed by phone to complete a specific pre-designed questionnaire to assess tobacco use or exposure history. The total number of enrolled patients in the study was 308 (91 males and 217 females), all with contact dermatitis. Data from the present study suggest that the prevalence of allergic contact dermatitis in smokers may be less than that in non-smokers. Moreover, the prevalence of irritant contact dermatitis in smokers is more significant than in non-smokers. Finally, left-hand contact dermatitis is significantly associated with smoking. Therefore, there is a strong association between smoking and irritant contact dermatitis, especially in the Saudi population, regarding the left hand. Further epidemiologic studies are needed to further explore the role of smoking in the occurrence of contact dermatitis and to explore the possible mechanisms.

Factors Associated with the Occurrence of Contact Dermatitis at PT IMIP in Morowali Regency

Background: Skin disease due to work is the second most common disease after musculoskeletal disease, accounting for 22% of all occupational diseases. Objective: The purpose of this research was to determine the factors associated with the incidence of contact dermatitis at PT IMIP in Morowali Regency. Method: This type of research is analytic research with a case control approach. The sample was the total population. Result: The results of the research were analyzed using univariate and bivariate analysis. The results show that of 100 respondents, both the case and the control group that have good personal hygiene amounted to 65.0%, respondents who have no allergic history amounted to 89.0%, contact duration ? 2 years amounted to 62.0%,use personal protective equipment amounted to 65.0% incidence of contact dermatitis respectively 50%. Chi-Square test results of personal hygiene, allergic history, contact duration and the use of personal protective equipment obtained p value= 0.000 and p value= 0,007 (£0.05). This means that statistically, there is a significant relationship between personal hygiene, allergic history, contact duration and the use of personal protective equipment with the occurrence of contact dermatitis. Recommendation: suggestions for PT IMIP in Morowali Regency to further enhance socialization to employees about the importance of maintaining health, especially in preventing skin diseases including contact dermatitis and motivate the employees in order to civilize the use of personal protective equipment when working

Post hoc Analysis of a Randomized, Controlled, Phase 2 Study to Assess Response Rates with Chlormethine/Mechlorethamine Gel in Patients with Stage IA–IIA Mycosis Fungoides

Background: Mycosis fungoides (MF) is the most common form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Patients can be treated using chlormethine gel, a skin-directed therapy developed and approved for MF. In the randomized, controlled 201 trial, chlormethine gel was found to be noninferior to equal-strength chlormethine ointment. However, there remains a need to gain more insight into outcome measures after treatment. Objective: The aim of this study was to further investigate the potential of chlormethine gel treatment through a novel post hoc analysis of the 201 trial data (NCT00168064). Methods: Patients were randomized to chlormethine gel or ointment; response assessments included Composite Assessment of Index Lesion Severity (CAILS) and total body surface area (BSA). In this post hoc analysis, additional subgroup response analyses were performed for stage IA/IB–IIA MF. Very good partial response (75 to <100% improvement) was included as an additional response category. Time to response and overall response trends were determined. Finally, multivariate time-to-event analyses were performed to determine whether associations were observed between treatment frequency, response, and adverse events. Results: Response rates were significantly higher for patients with stage IA MF for CAILS (intent-to-treat [p = 0.0014] and efficacy-evaluable [EE; p = 0.0036] populations) and BSA (EE population [p = 0.0488]) treated with gel versus ointment. Time to first CAILS response and response trends were better for all-stage gel-treated patients overall. No association was seen between treatment frequency and response or occurrence of adverse events at the following visit. An association was observed between the occurrence of contact dermatitis and improved clinical response at the next visit (p = 0.0001). Conclusion: This post hoc analysis shows that treatment with chlormethine gel may result in higher and faster response rates compared with chlormethine ointment, which confirms and expands results reported in the original analysis. The incidence of contact dermatitis may potentially be a prognostic indicator for clinical response; this needs to be confirmed in a larger population.

Relationship Between Personal Protective Equipment Use and Contact Dermatitis in Palm Oil Pesticide Workers

Contact dermatitis is the most common occupation-related dermatological disease. Skin contact with chemicals that are irritants or allergens continuously cause vulnerability in workers. Among the chemicals that can cause contact dermatitis are pesticides, which are often used in the community, particularly by palm oil plantation companies. The use of personal protective equipment (PPE) is one risk control for contact dermatitis. This study aimed to determine the relationship between PPE usage and contact dermatitis among palm oil plantation workers who dispense pesticides. Using a cross-sectional research design and a total sampling technique, the study analysed data on contact dermatitis obtained from workers’ medical records and PPE usage through random observations for three days. The results showed that 62.2% of pesticide workers had experienced contact dermatitis within the past three months, and there was a significant relationship between insufficient PPE usage and contact dermatitis (p-value &lt; 0.001). Therefore, the occurrence of contact dermatitis can be reduced by increasing PPE usage.&#x0D; Keywords: contact dermatitis, pesticide, personal protective equipment, palm oil

Occupational-Related Contact Dermatitis: Prevalence and Risk Factors Among Healthcare Workers in the Al'Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

ObjectiveThis study aimed to estimate and investigate the prevalence and the risk factors implicated in contact dermatitis among healthcare workers in the Al'Qassim region, Saudi Arabia, during the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodologyWe conducted a cross-sectional survey among healthcare workers at hospitals in the Al'Qassim region. Data was collected using a standardized and validated Nordic Occupational Skin Questionnaire version 2002. We included 408 participants in the analysis.ResultsThe majority of the respondents (66.7%) were females. The mean age of participants was 34 (SD: ±9) years. Most of the participants who reported contact dermatitis were nurses (58.6%). Direct patient care roles represent 78% of participants. Respondents who work 40-50 hours per week represent 61.5% of the sample. The most commonly recorded symptoms were dryness (92.9%), itchiness (50%), and redness (46.4%) of the skin. The most affected site was hand 93.5%. Hand cleanser was the commonest substance implicated in the worsening of the skin changes (59.2%). Protective glove material that worsens contact dermatitis, such as natural rubber/latex, represents 76% of responses. A significant association (p=0.001)was seen in the occurrence of contact dermatitis in those with a history of allergic eye symptoms (33.3%) and those without (58%). Participants with a mean age of 26.47 years were more prone to develop contact dermatitis (CI: 1.19-7.06; p=0.067). Pharmacists and interns had 3.69 and 4.90 times higher odds of having contact dermatitis (CI: 0.95-7.33; CI: 22.1; p=0.027; p=0.038, respectively). Those involved in patient education and research activities at work were 6.48 (p=0.017) and 20.51 (p=0.024) times likely to develop contact dermatitis (CI: 1.38-30.31; CI: 1.49-282.15, respectively).ConclusionsWe explored the prevalence and risk factors for occupational contact dermatitis among healthcare workers in Saudi Arabia. The prevalence of reported skin changes during the pandemic was 46.4%. Our study also showed that the risk factors of developing contact dermatitis include female gender, history of eye allergies, and young age group.

Relationship Between Knowledge And Behavior Of Personnel Protective Equipment Usage With Contact Dermatitis In Oil Palm Pesticide Workers

Taylor et al., 2008 reported that 80% of occupational dermatoses were contact dermatitis. One of the chemicals that can cause skin disorders is pesticides that are often used in the community, especially oil palm plantation companies (PKS). The use of personal protective equipment (PPE) is one risk control for contact dermatitis in workers. This study aims to determine the relationship between the level of knowledge and behavior of PPE usage with contact dermatitis in oil palm pesticide workers. The research design used was cross-sectional using a total sampling technique that is all workers giving oil palm pesticides in one PKS company in a district of 37 people. The variables used were contact dermatitis obtained from workers' medical records, knowledge using questionnaire instruments, and PPE usage behavior through observation for 3 days with random time. The results showed that 62.2% of workers giving oil pesticides had contact dermatitis, there was a significant relationship between the knowledge of the use of PPE and contact dermatitis (p value = 0.001) and there was a significant relationship between the behavior of PPE use with contact dermatitis (p value = 0,000) giver of palm pesticides. To reduce the occurrence of contact dermatitis can be done by increasing the knowledge and behavior of using PPE.&#x0D; Keywords : Contact dermatitis, pesticide, personnel protective equipment, palm oil

Demographic and clinical features and subsectoral differences in occupational contact allergens in clothing manufacturing workers.

Epidemiologic data on the occurrence of contact dermatitis (CD) and the contact allergens involved in clothing manufacturing and its subsectors are scarce. This study aimed to determine the extent of occupational contact allergy and differences between work subsectors in clothing employees with CD. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 272 clothing employees, who complained of CD and were diagnosed with occupational allergic contact dermatitis (OACD). Participants worked in accessory, dyeing, sewing, cutting, knitting, packing, cleaning, and ironing subsectors. Data on demographics, working-subsector, working-duration, and lesion-duration were collected, and participants were examined and patch tested. Participants included 173 females and 99 males. Dyeing workers were most frequently diagnosed with OACD, whereascutting workers were least. Lesions were mostly located on the hands only. The most frequently detected allergens were nickel sulfate in accessory work; disperse blue-106 in dyeing, sewing, cutting, and knitting; cobalt chloride in packing; p-phenylenediamine in cleaning; and budesonide in ironing. Contact allergens show significant differences in frequency by work subsectors in clothing employees. Careful monitoring of workers for excessive exposures and for early signs of CD is warranted.

Investigation of contact dermatitis caused by hard metal dust

Objective: To investigate the incidence of contact dermatitis among workers in cemented carbide production enterprises. Methods: From October 1997 to October 2017, an occupational epidemiological survey was conducted on a large-scale cemented carbide production enterprise, and occupational health examinations were conducted for employees. 152 people were exposed to hard metal dust (hard metal raw material dust and alloy dust) . The employees in the work group were contact groups, and 142 employees in the non-dusting operation of the company were in the control group. A detailed retrospective survey of hard metal production workers with contact dermatitis history in the two groups was conducted to analyze the risk factors of contact dermatitis exposure to hard metal dust. Results: The incidence of allergic diseases in the exposed group was significantly higher than that in the control group. The difference was statistically significant (χ(2)=23.793, P<0.05) . The incidence of contact dermatitis in the exposed group was significantly higher than that in the control group. The difference was statistically significant (χ(2)=24.659, P<0.05) ; the changes of contact dermatitis in the contact group were mainly allergic contact dermatitis, and some showed irritative contact dermatitis; the operator had respiratory symptoms (including work-related nasal congestion, cough, wheezing) , difficulty breathing may be the influencing factors of contact dermatitis (RR=2.60, 95%CI: 1.10-6.20, P<0.05) . Conclusion: Hard metal alloy enterprises are exposed to hard metal dust. The incidence of contact dermatitis is high in workers, and the occurrence of contact dermatitis may be associated with those with respiratory symptoms.

Analysis of risk factors for contact dermatitis in patients with PICC catheterization

Objective To investigate the risk factors for contact dermatitis in patients with peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) catheterization. Methods A total of 244 patients with PICC catheterization admitted in the Venous Catheter Nursing Outpatient of Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of TCM from June to August 2016 were selected using convenience sampling. A prospective study was performed on those patients for general information, PICC catheter information, PICC care information and contact dermatitis development information. SPSS 21.0 was used to analyze the date. Results A number of 24 patients were observed to have contact dermatitis with an incidence of 9.84%. Single factor analysis showed that gender, age, allergy, dressing type and catheter material correlated to the development of contact dermatitis with PICC. The differences were statistically significant (P<0.05) . Multiple factor logistic regression analysis showed that the gender[OR=2.721, 95%CI (1.059-6.994) , P=0.038], allergy[OR=5.846, 95%CI (2.030-16.833) , P=0.001]and dressing type[OR=4.055, 95%CI (1.472-11.169) , P=0.007]were risk factors of contact dermatitis in patients with PICC catheterization. Conclusions For PICC catheterization patients, effective preventive measures aiming at risk factors can reduce the occurrence of contact dermatitis with PICC. Key words: Contact dermatitis; Peripherally inserted central catheter; Influencing factor

Evaluating the effects of bedding materials and elevated platforms on contact dermatitis and plumage cleanliness of commercial broilers and on litter condition in broiler houses

ABSTRACT1. Experiment 1, comparing wood shavings and ground straw bedding with peat, was performed on 7 broiler farms over two consecutive batches during the winter season. Experiment 2, assessing the effect of elevated (30 cm) platforms, was conducted in three farms replicated with 6 consecutive batches.2. Footpad lesions were inspected at slaughter following the Welfare Quality® (WQ) assessment and official programme. Hock lesions, plumage cleanliness and litter condition were assessed using the WQ assessment. Litter height, pH, moisture and ammonia were determined.3. Footpad condition on wood shavings appeared to be worse compared with peat using both methods of assessment and was accompanied by inferior hock skin health. WQ assessment resulted in poorer footpad and hock skin condition on ground straw compared with peat. Farms differed in footpad and hock skin condition. Footpad and hock lesions were not affected by platform treatment. Peat appeared more friable than ground straw. The initial pH of wood shavings was higher and moisture was lower than in peat, but at the end of production period there were no differences. Ground straw exhibited higher initial and lower end pH, and was drier in the beginning than peat. Litter condition and quality were not affected by platform treatment.4. This study provides new knowledge about the applicability of peat as broiler bedding and shows no negative effects of elevated platforms on litter condition or the occurrence of contact dermatitis in commercial environments. The results suggest a complicated relationship between litter condition, moisture and contact dermatitis. Furthermore, it is concluded that the farmer’s ability to manage litter conditions is important, regardless of the chosen litter material. Peat bedding was beneficial for footpad and hock skin health compared with wood shavings and ground straw.

Analysis of isothiazolinone preservatives in polyvinyl alcohol cooling towels used in Japan

Recently, cases of contact dermatitis that were related to the use of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) cooling towels containing isothiazolinone preservatives were reported in Japan. The aim of this investigation was to analyze the concentrations of five different isothiazolinone compounds present in PVA towels and to assess the effectiveness of washing in removing the preservatives from new towels prior to being used for the first time. Twenty-seven PVA towels were used in this study. Two groups (i.e., laboratory-simulation and volunteer) of washing experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of washing procedures. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were performed by LC/MS/MS, which detected 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (MI) and 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothaizolin-3-one (CMI) in 23 samples (MI: 0.29–154 μg g-wet−1, CMI: 2.2–467 μg g-wet−1), 2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (OIT) in one sample (478 μg g-wet−1). The compounds 4,5-Dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (2Cl-OIT) and 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one (BIT) were not detected in all samples. We confirmed the presence of residual MI, CMI, and OIT in the washed towels, and the residual-to-original content ratio of OIT was higher than that of MI and CMI in PVA towels, due to the higher hydrophobicity of OIT than MI and CMI. A concern has been raised about the occurrence of contact dermatitis being caused by the use of PVA towels. It is suggested that a detailed description of isothiazolinone preservatives in PVA towels and an effective washing procedure for the removal of these preservatives should be provided by the manufacturer. Further, alternative non-sensitizing preservatives might be considered for the manufacture of PVA cooling towels in the future.

Impact of Selected Factors on the Occurrence of Contact Dermatitis in Turkeys on Commercial Farms in Germany.

Simple SummaryIn two extensive field studies in Germany, the influence of husbandry on health and fitness of fattening turkeys was investigated in living animals of various ages as well as carcasses shortly after slaughter. Already in the early rearing phase, contact dermatitis of foot pads was observed as a relevant problem in turkey farming. Litter quality and condition as well as management must be coordinated at all rearing stages of turkeys to prevent the appearance of high litter moisture values in order to minimize the prevalence of foot pad dermatitis.In a long term research project in Germany the influence of husbandry on the health of fattening turkeys (Study 1) as well as the influence of practiced rearing conditions on the health of turkey poults (Study 2) was examined in 24 farms and at the meat processing plant. In all examined rearing farms, litter samples for the determination of litter moisture were taken. This paper summarizes the results obtained by our working group from 2007 until 2012. The results elucidate the universal problem of foot pad dermatitis (FPD). Nearly 100% of the observed turkeys showed a clinically apparent FPD at the meat processing plant. Furthermore, skin lesions of the breast, especially breast buttons were diagnosed, particularly at the slaughterhouse. FPD was detected in the first week of the rearing phase. Prevalence and degree showed a progressive development up to the age of 22–35 days, whereas 63.3% of the poults had foot pad alterations. As even mild alterations in the foot pad condition can be indicators for suboptimal design of the rearing environment, especially high litter moisture, it is important to focus on the early rearing phase.

Topical Nitroglycerin Decreases Pain Intensity in Daily Activities

To review the evidence for the effectiveness of topical nitroglycerin in treating acute and chronic tendinopathies among adults. The investigators searched 27 databases for experimental studies, published from January 1990 to March 2009 in any language, on nitroglycerin application for tendon injuries. Further studies were sought from the reference lists of relevant articles. Selection criteria were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and other clinical controlled trials that compared topical nitroglycerin with placebo, an alternative intervention, or a standard treatment for acute (<2 weeks), subacute (2-6 weeks), or chronic (>6 weeks) tendinopathy; adult participants; and reduction of pain as an outcome measure. The search identified 163 published articles, of which 7 RCTs were included. Details of the study design, participants, interventions, and outcomes (primarily pain, and secondarily range of motion and strength of the involved musculotendinous units) were extracted. Quality was evaluated by the Standard Quality Assessment Criteria for Evaluating Research Papers (14 points, scored 2 for "yes" and 1 for "partial"). Data assessment was done by 2 independent reviewers. Glyceryl trinitrate was compared with placebo in 5 studies, 1 study compared nitroglycerin with local corticosteroid/anesthetic solution, and 1 study compared nitroglycerin and tendon rehabilitation with tendon rehabilitation alone. Dosage of transdermal nitroglycerin varied from 0.72 to 5 mg per day for a period of 3 days to 24 weeks. In the acute phase of tendinopathy, 2 studies reported conflicting evidence for pain relief, with the comparison between nitroglycerin and corticosteroid infiltration favoring the latter. In 2 studies, there was limited evidence for the effectiveness of nitroglycerin in improving joint mobility. In the chronic phase, 5 studies assessed pain intensity at rest, with activity, and/or at night. Meta-analysis of the results of 3 of the studies favored nitroglycerin over control for decreasing pain on activities of daily living [odds ratio (OR) 4.44; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.34-8.40]. When results from the acute studies were included, the positive effects of nitroglycerin on pain intensity remained (OR, 4.86; 95% CI, 2.62-9.02). In chronic tendinopathies, evidence for decreasing pain at rest and during the night was conflicting. Pain duration and sleep-hour duration were not improved. There was limited evidence of improvement effected by transdermal nitroglycerin in range of motion and in local tenderness. Evidence from 3 studies showed an increase in peak muscle force after 24 weeks. All 7 studies reported headache as an adverse event, which resulted in 1 to 9 discontinuations of the intervention. Data from 4 studies found an increase in the incidence of headache with nitroglycerin (OR, 1.73; 95% CI, 1.01-2.97). Data from 3 studies showed no difference in the occurrence of contact dermatitis between nitroglycerin and placebo. Study quality was good (mean score, 23.71/28 points). Most of the studies passed the criteria pertaining to randomization, comparison of baseline characteristics, and appropriate methods of outcome evaluation and analysis. Blinding was infrequent or inadequate. Topical nitroglycerin relieved pain intensity in activities of daily living among patients with chronic or acute tendinopathies. There was little evidence for effectiveness on other outcomes. The incidence of headache was increased by nitroglycerin.

Exposure to formaldehyde in anatomy: an occupational health hazard?

The adverse effects of formaldehyde have been discussed very emotionally in public. Anatomists, technicians in histology and embalming laboratories, as well as medical students during their dissection course are all exposed to formaldehyde, which in many situations crosses the threshold for irritation of the eyes and upper respiratory tract. There is no doubt about the acute toxic effects and the occurrence of contact dermatitis caused by formaldehyde. Studies in rats and mice using high concentrations over an extremely long period (which would not be tolerated by humans) resulted in squamous carcinoma of the nose. Epidemiologic studies on the mortality of medical personnel exposed to formaldehyde do not provide sufficient evidence of cancerogenicity. A number of recommendations will be given for defining the exact concentration in a dissecting room or laboratory and for ways of reducing formaldehyde concentrations and thus minimizing adverse health hazards. These data could initiate a discussion among anatomists, and with technicians and students, based on a sound scientific background rather than on emotion.

Dermatoses among poultry workers: “Chicken poison disease”

To investigate the causes of skin eruptions affecting poultry workers, we reviewed our medical records and surveyed a southcentral Pennsylvania poultry processing plant. Examination of the records of routine patch test clinic patients seen from January, 1981, to July, 1982, revealed three poultry workers with allergic contact dermatitis and one with irritant contact dermatitis. We then examined one hundred fifty workers at a poultry processing plant, noting the presence of occupational dermatoses, with special interest in the occurrence of contact dermatitis. We found thirteen dermatoses in nine workers. These included Candida infections, irritant contact dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, abrasions and cuts, warts, and dyshidrotic eczema.

The Inability of Certain Fluorochromes to Induce Contact Sensitivity in Guinea Pigs

One of the varied applications of fluorescence microscopy is the tracing of fluorescent materials introduced into animal tissue as in the fluorescent studies of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons which emit intense blue fluorescence upon activation by ultraviolet light. Even intracellular penetration and distribution can be studied. With this in mind, the possible use of a strongly fluorescent chemical (which is, at the same time, a potent contact sensitizer) in studying the fate of the antigen in contact sensitization is considered. Inasmuch as a number of dyes are known to be strong sensitizers, it seems more probably that a suitable chemical, exhibiting both fluorescent and sensitizing properties, can be found among the fluorochrome dyes already being used in fluorescence microscopy. The purpose of this study is to pursue such a search. Furthermore, in view of the more and more extensive use of these fluorochromes, data on their sensitizing capacities may be of value as regards the possible occurrence of contact dermatitis among individuals handling these dyes.

Occurrence of Contact Dermatitis from Oil Soluble Gasoline Dyes

Occurrence of Contact Dermatitis from Oil Soluble Gasoline Dyes