Occurrence Of Air Pollution Research Articles

Air Pollution and Headache Disorders.

Air pollution, the most prevalent form of pollution worldwide, is associated with a wide range of neurological disorders, including neurodegenerative conditions, stroke, autism, depression, and developmental delay. There is accumulating evidence on the association between air pollution and headache disorders, especially migraine. Many classical and non-classical air pollutants have been associated with headache, including particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, ozone, carbon monoxide, as well as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and volatile organic compounds. There has also been research on the impact of biomass fuels on health-related symptoms, including headache, which form an important source of air pollution in our country. The exact mechanisms underlying headache pathophysiology vis-à-vis air pollution are not precisely defined but include triggering of neuroinflammation and activation of the transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1)-associated pathways. Evidence from different regions of the world indicates a significant association between headache incidence and prevalence, and occurrence of air pollution. Despite growing data, research on adverse effects of air pollution on headache disorders remains limited, and appropriate outcome measures are not holistically defined in these studies. Due to the rapid advancement of the scourge of air pollution, there is a pressing need to expand the arena of research, specifically focused on pathological mechanisms, impact on health and quality-of-life parameters, as well as broader global ramifications.

Construction of Air Pollution Index with the Inclusion of Aggregated Weights of the Pollutants

The ambient air quality measurement in Malaysia is described as Air Pollution Index (API). Basically the existing API for a given period of time is defined as the maximum value of the sub-index values of six pollutants. Although research has shown that long and short term exposure to air suspended toxicants has a different toxicological impact on human, the API still considers these pollutants as having equal hazardous impacts on human. Hence, this paper aims to propose a new API that includes weights representing different hazardous levels of these pollutants in its calculation. Based on secondary data of six pollutants’ readings for sixteen states of Malaysia for year 2018, the aggregated weights were computed by combining both weights obtained from the subjective experts’ opinions and the objective data-driven methods, which balanced both perspectives of evaluations. The results show that the particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 micrometre (PM2.5) found to be the most hazardous pollutant since its aggregated weight value is the highest and the distributions of the API readings for all sixteen states were found to be normal. The highest and lowest API readings took place on the 14th of August and 10 of March 2018 respectively. It is argued that the new API readings are more accurate and give a better picture about the occurrence of air pollution in Malaysia in particular. This study provides a new insight in constructing API specifically and contributes a more comprehensive and precise air quality measurements to be analysed by the responsible authorities in their efforts towards healthy environment.

FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO AIR POLLUTION IN MALAYSIA

In this study, the overall objective used is to identify the factors that contribute to air pollution in Malaysia. The objective chosen was to study further the factors that cause this pollution. The theory used in this study is conceptual. Not only that, the independent variables in this study are divided into 5 which are the open burning activities, industrial fuel burning and processes, transportation emissions, agriculture activities, and cigarettes smoke. While the dependent variable is the factor of air pollution. The type of sample used in this study is non-probability convenience sampling. This study was conducted in Klang Valley, Malaysia, the area that is often associated with this pollution. The total sample in the study was 55 respondents. In addition, the instrument used is a questionnaire to 55 respondents, consisting of 39 women and 16 men through the results of the questionnaire. The questionnaire was given in the form of Google Form which asked the respondents to give their responses or views on the causes of this air pollution. Not only that, the analysis method used in this study is a quantitative method and the findings of the study from the results of the questionnaire of 55 respondents showed that the main cause of air pollution is open burning in large forest areas. While the problem that causes less pollution is that cigarette smoke has nothing to do with the occurrence of air pollution through questionnaires.

Characteristics of the upstream flow patterns during PM2.5 pollution events over a complex island topography

Meteorological and geographic conditions play important roles in the occurrence of air pollution. This is especially true in island countries like Taiwan, where the atmospheric flow plays a key role in determining air quality. The atmospheric flows of 334 air pollution events between 2013 and 2017 were analyzed via radiosonde data and WRF simulations to elucidate how the spatial distribution of PM2.5 concentrations in Taiwan is correlated to its terrain and environmental wind fields. The variables included in this analysis were the wind directions of the environmental wind field, Froude number (Fr), pitching angle (PA) of the surface-level and atmospheric boundary layer (ABL)-level airflows through the terrain, differences in wind speed between surface-level and ABL-level airflows, and the formation of lee-side vortices. Thus, we examined how the areas of air pollutant accumulation are related to the passage of environmental airflows through mountain ranges. Based on a composite analysis, we determined that the air pollution events can be divided into 10 categories, depending on the direction of the environmental airflows and the geographic location of the air pollution events. Fr was less than 0.25 in 87% air pollutant events, which indicates that the environmental airflows had a high stability and tended to split around the terrain. Each category corresponded to different environmental wind directions and PAs. It was found that air pollution events occurred the most frequently when PA was close to the north, and these events were accompanied by obvious differences in wind speed between surface-level and ABL-level. During the analysis of airflow characteristics via the WRF simulation, it was found that lee-side vortices were formed on the orthographic lee-side of terrain in seven synoptic flow categories. The results of this study provide evidence and variables to demonstrate how atmospheric flow, terrain, and pollutant accumulation areas are linked to each other in island.

Correlations between air pollutant concentrations in selected urban and rural areas in Poland

Correlations between concentrations of selected air pollutants were analyzed in different areas in central Poland from 2012-2016. Three neighboring voivodeships (Lower Silesian, Lodz, and Masovian), were selected for which specific measurement locations were designated in urban and rural areas. The characteristics of the location of monitoring stations allowed to distinguish the following types of measurement stations: “urbantransport”, “urban-background", "suburban-background", "town-background", and "rural-background". Therefore, using the Pearson's linear correlation coefficient, it was possible to analyze the interrelations between the occurrence of air pollution in various types of areas. It was found that the coefficient changed along with the type of area. Moreover, it turned out that the coefficient decreased in each voivodeship along with a decrease in the population density of the analyzed areas. In addition, concentrations of various air pollutants in given areas were compared. Also, it was observed that the strongest correlations occur between the results of calculations from measurement stations located in the same province.

Implementasi Data Mining Estimasi Ketersediaan Lahan Pembuangan Sampah menggunakan Algoritma Simple Linear Regression

Tingginya aktivitas konsumsi yang dilakukan masyarakat berbanding lurus dengan meningkatnnya produksi sampah. Salah satu permasalahan tingginya produksi sampah yaitu rendahnya kesadaran masyarakat terhadap pengelolaan sampah. Hal ini merupakan masalah yang dihadapi di kota-kota besar. Sampah memberikan dampak negatif terhadap perubahan kondisi alam yang ada yaitu terjadinya polusi udara, air dan tanah yang mengakibatkan lingkungan menjadi tidak sehat. Kegiatan pengelolaan sampah melalui sosialisasi program 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) tentang sampah, telah memberikan dampak yang maksimal terhadap kesadaran masyarakat tentang pentingnya lingkungan yang sehat. seiring dengan peningkatan jumlah penduduk memberikan dampak pada peningkatan produksi sampah. Sehingga membutuhkan lahan pembuangan sampah yang mencukupi dalam jangka panjang. Untuk mengatasi permasalahan tersebut maka dilakukan analisa data terhadap estimasi ketersediaan lahan pembuangan sampah dalam jangka panjang dengan menggunakan teknik data mining. dari hasil analisa data mining menggunakan algoritma regresi linear sederhana dengan memperhatikan pertumbuhan penduduk tahun 2018 sampai dengan 2025 sebesar 201484 jiwa, maka diketahui bahwa peningkatan sampah dari tahun 2018 sampai dengan tahun 2025 adalah 36.052,326 ton. Sehingga dari luas lahan 30000 M2 hanya tersediaan lahan pembuangan sampah sampai tahun 2025 sebesar 5.965,1 M2.

Differences in Meteorological Conditions between Days with Persistent and Non-Persistent Pollution in Beijing, China

We compared the regional synoptic patterns and local meteorological conditions during persistent and non-persistent pollution events in Beijing using US NCEP–Department of Energy reanalysis outputs and observations from meteorological stations. The analysis focused on the impacts of high-frequency (period < 90 days) variations in meteorological conditions on persistent pollution events (those lasting for at least 3 days). Persistent pollution events tended to occur in association with slow-moving weather systems producing stagnant weather conditions, whereas rapidly moving weather systems caused a dramatic change in the local weather conditions so that the pollution event was short-lived. Although Beijing was under the influence of anomalous southerly winds in all four seasons during pollution events, notable differences were identified in the regional patterns of sea-level pressure and local anomalies in relative humidity among persistent pollution events in different seasons. A region of lower pressure was present to the north of Beijing in spring, fall, and winter, whereas regions of lower and higher pressures were observed northwest and southeast of Beijing, respectively, in summer. The relative humidity near Beijing was higher in fall and winter, but lower in spring and summer. These differences may explain the seasonal dependence of the relationship between air pollution and the local meteorological variables. Our analysis showed that the temperature inversion in the lower troposphere played an important part in the occurrence of air pollution under stagnant weather conditions. Some results from this study are based on a limited number of events and thus require validation using more data.

Air Pollution and Fuel Crises in Preindustrial London, 1250-1650

19th centuries. Such a view implies that there were no serious environmental problems before industrialization, that, could we eliminate certain offending industries or develop the proper technology to control them, our present ecological ills would be cured. More properly, however, the basic problems of disposing of wastes and finding adequate sources of food, water, and fuel, though certainly aggravated by modern industrialization, are as old as civilization itself. I intend to show in this paper that the occurrence of air pollution in London before the Industrial Revolution was symptomatic of one of these basic environmental problems-the exhaustion of a society's preferred source of fuel and the subsequent difficulty of finding an adequate substitute-and, further, that it was intimately connected to certain demographic and economic developments within that society.