Occupational Violence Research Articles

The Opinio Juris and Opinio Moris in the Anglo-American Interventions During the Greek Civil War: An Archival Study of Legal Narratives

Abstract This article investigates the British and American interventions in Greece during the Greek Civil War, examining their legal and moral justifications. Using archival documents, the study uncovers two primary layers of discourse: the official diplomatic language of opinio juris (conviction of legality) and opinio moris (conviction of morality), alongside the covert political interests that drove these interventions. The research argues that British and American actions were primarily motivated by a ‘conviction of interest,’ with legal and moral narratives used tactically to justify their interventions. The archival materials reveal a notable lack of empathy and understanding from British and American officials regarding the trauma endured by the Greek populace due to the German occupation and collaborationist violence. Additionally, there was a significant neglect of the will of the Greek people. The study critically examines the Caserta and Civil Affairs Agreements, which provided a legal basis for British intervention, arguing that these agreements, when viewed in light of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, fail to justify the extent of foreign interference, thus questioning the authenticity of Greek consent. The article also explores the transition from British to American dominance in Greek affairs. As Britain faced economic constraints after the end of WWII, it ceded its role to the U.S., leading to the formulation of the Truman Doctrine and the implementation of the Marshall Plan. The U.S. intervention is analyzed through legal and geopolitical lenses, revealing a strategic focus on preventing communist expansion rather than providing purely legal or moral support for Greece’s recovery. Similar to British actions, American involvement often overlooked the political situation and the will of the Greek people, thereby contributing to prolonged instability.

Where care meets crisis: Rethinking our approach to occupational violence in paramedicine

Where care meets crisis: Rethinking our approach to occupational violence in paramedicine

Paramedic occupational violence: A qualitative examination of aggressive behaviour during out-of-hospital care

Occupational violence (OV) is an insidious problem for emergency medical services with continued high levels of paramedic exposure despite significant education and resources devoted to mitigation. Though there is considerable data on the epidemiology of the phenomenon, the available evidence on the experiences of paramedics exposed to acts of violence during healthcare is limited. Utilising a generic qualitative approach and a semi-structured interview framework, we examined the perceptions and experiences of 25 Australian paramedics who had been exposed to incidents of patient-initiated violence during out-of-hospital care. A general inductive methodology and a first- and second-cycle coding process assisted in the development of the principal concepts of the patient and the paramedic from the raw data. Subsequently, a further four main themes and 15 secondary themes were developed which characterise the influence of social interaction on the evolution of paramedic OV. The results of this study provide a unique insight into the phenomenon of paramedic OV. As opposed to the rudimentary manifestation of aggression typically endorsed by emergency medical services, aggressive behaviour during healthcare presents as a judicious interaction of dynamic scene management and situational context. The social interactions that occur during healthcare, and the premises which both promote and suppress this connection, were identified to exert significant influence on the evolution of aggressive behaviour. The consequences of these findings challenge traditional violence mitigation strategies which seek to position the patient as both the focal point of initiation and the key to its extenuation.

Qualitative Evaluation of a Novel Security Role to Reduce Occupational Violence in Inpatient Hospital Settings.

Background: Occupational violence (OV) is a priority issue that significantly affects the safety of nurses, leading to staff burnout and poor retention issues. Security personnel are common in inpatient settings, yet there is limited research on their role, function, and impacts. The study aims to qualitatively evaluate a novel security role to reduce OV in inpatient settings. Methods: This qualitative study was conducted in a tertiary hospital in Brisbane, Queensland. A novel security role (Ambassador) was piloted in three inpatient wards over 6 months in 2020 to mitigate OV risk. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted. All interviews were audio recorded. Interview transcripts were transcribed. Deductive analysis based on the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) was used to identify the experiences and perceptions of the participants. Findings: 17 participants were interviewed. Five themes were identified including program characteristics, internal drivers, external drivers, individual experience, and implementation process. An Ambassador proactively engages with patients and visitors and employs behavioral strategies to de-escalate or redirect persons of concern. Participants considered Ambassadors to be important members of the health care team who supported the provision of patient and family-centered care. Successful implementation was said to require collaboration between clinical and security services and a small agile project team with authority and autonomy. Conclusion/Application to practice: This study provides many insights into the successful implementation of a novel security role in acute hospital settings. More research is needed on the effectiveness, appropriateness, feasibility, and cost of different security models.

Nurse Empowerment through Violence Prevention

Since emergency departments (EDs) are known to be high-risk environments for occupational violence, violence against hospital emergency department (ED) nurses is a serious concern worldwide. A systematic literature review of the variables influencing nurse aggression in emergency departments was the main objective of this study. Ten English-language studies that were published between 2008 and 2022 were included in the review of the literature. The researcher used SpringerLink, Science Direct, Google Scholar, ERIC, and Academic Search Elite to conduct a thorough literature review on the research problem as it was defined. The literature review revealed several factors that affect violence towards nurses in emergency rooms. Rarely have prior research examined all aspects of nurse hostility as well as efficient preventative strategies across different medical wards. The study looked at the prevalence, kinds, causes, and effects of workplace violence in emergency departments. It also looked into themes like the origins of violence, incident management, and institutional violence prevention measures, as well as population and occupational risk variables related to workplace violence in EDs. This thorough assessment is essential since it will increase nurses' professionalism, career advancement, and confidence, ultimately resulting in patient satisfaction.

Implementation of an Ambassador program to reduce occupational violence in hospital inpatient settings: a pilot study

Implementation of an Ambassador program to reduce occupational violence in hospital inpatient settings: a pilot study

Perceived organizational support, self-efficacy and cognitive reappraisal on resilience in emergency nurses who sustained workplace violence: A mediation analysis.

The aims of this study were as follows: (a) to examine the relationship between perceived organizational support and resilience; (b) to investigate the potential mediating role of general self-efficacy and cognitive reappraisal among emergency nurses who have experienced workplace violence; and (c) to explore the application of Kumpfer's resilience framework to emergency department nurses. A cross-sectional study. From February 17, 2021, to March 8, 2021, 825 emergency nurses working in the emergency departments of tertiary hospitals in Shanghai, China, completed an online survey. Data on resilience, organizational support, cognitive reappraisal and general self-efficacy were collected through questionnaires. The Spearman analysis was employed to investigate the relationship between variables, while the mediation analysis was conducted using AMOS 23.0 statistical software. The findings of a study involving 825 emergency nurses who reported experiencing workplace violence reveal a positive correlation between perceived organizational support and resilience. Additionally, it has been observed that the relationship between these two factors is mediated by both cognitive reappraisal and general self-efficacy. Furthermore, the mediating effect of cognitive reappraisal is more significant in this relationship. Kumpfer's resilience framework is found to apply to emergency nurses. Perceived organizational support, an environmental factor, affects resilience directly and positively. In addition, cognitive reappraisal and general self-efficacy, which are individual factors, mediate this influence path. These findings suggest an interaction between environmental and individual factors in determining the resilience of emergency nurses. These findings have implications for developing resilience intervention strategies for emergency nurses exposed to occupational violence. Enhancing personal attributes such as general self-efficacy and cognitive reappraisal is as significant as strengthening external organizational support environments for enhancing nurses' resilience. Emergency nurses participated in the pilot test of our questionnaire survey and gave their opinions on the questionnaire design. What is already known about the topic? In emergency rooms, workplace violence is prevalent, and it seriously endangers nurses' physical and mental health. Enhancing resilience can improve nurses' ability to self-regulate after experiencing violence. However, the drivers and mechanisms of resilience among emergency nurses who have experienced workplace violence remain unidentified. What this paper adds? This study confirms the applicability of Kumpfer's resilience framework to emergency nurses who have experienced workplace violence. Nurses' self-efficacy and cognitive reappraisal mediate the relationship between perceived organizational support and resilience after exposure to workplace violence. The resilience process for emergency nurses involves the interaction of individual and environmental factors. Implications for practice/policy. Managers and researchers should consider the interaction between individual and environmental factors when developing resilience intervention strategies for emergency nurses who have suffered workplace violence. It is essential to support emergency nurses from the dyadic dimensions of the environment and the individual. A supportive organizational environment and individual positive adjustment strategies are equally important in promoting resilience among nurses.

Assessment of Nurses’ Knowledge Regarding the Workplace Violence at 250 Bedded Mohammad Ali Hospital, Bogura, Bangladesh

Background: Workplace violence in healthcare settings is a serious problem worldwide and in Bangladesh. It is becoming more common worldwide, and the recent trends confirm a high prevalence of occupational violence against nurses and physicians [1]. The International Labor Office, International Council of Nurses, World Health Organization, and Public Services International defined workplace violence as using physical or nonphysical power against another person or group that could harm the victims physically, mentally, spiritually, sexually, morally, or socially. About 1.6 million people died worldwide due to workplace violence, and many more became injured or suffered from physical and nonphysical health problems [3]. Objective: The aim was to assess nurses' knowledge regarding workplace violence at 250 Bedded Mohammad Ali Hospital, Bogura. Methodology: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study design used, and a sample size of 110 that was a purposive sampling technique followed those who met the inclusion criteria and assessed the nurses' knowledge regarding workplace violence. The study was conducted from July 2021 to December 2021. The instruments for data collection were a semi-structured questionnaire composed of two parts: Demographic variables and knowledge- based information on workplace violence. Results: The findings of the present study revealed that the highest age group, 40.91% were within 30-40 years, 86.36% were female, 4.55% were Muslim, 93.64% were married, and 47.27% were Diploma in nursing educational qualification among respondents. The average knowledge score of 68% was a good level of knowledge regarding workplace violence. It may be due to their cooperation. Conclusion: Workplace violence among nurses is a major problem in the workplace. It is also a common global problem, including Bangladesh. The major findings of 68% were good level of knowledge. The government plays an important role in minimizing workplace violence using different approaches.

National examination of occupational hazards in emergency medical services

ObjectiveEmergency medical services (EMS) clinicians operate in environments that predispose them to occupational hazards. Our objective was to evaluate the frequency of occupational hazards and associations with mitigation strategies in...

Support mechanisms that enable emergency nurses to cope with aggression and violence: Perspectives from New Zealand nurses

BackgroundAlthough efforts to reduce aggression and violence in emergency departments are important, it is also critical to minimise harm and support staff where this occurs. This research describes support mechanisms emergency nurses value when they experience occupational aggression and violence. MethodsA mixed-methods design including thematic analysis of six interviews and descriptive analysis of fifty-one surveys, with experienced emergency nurse participants and respondents from a single large urban emergency department. ResultsFour key themes summarised coping with aggression and violence: Minimising exacerbating factors (mental health, lack of understanding of zero tolerance in practice, and wait times); Support before violence (use of huddles and having experienced nurses on each shift); Support during violence (education including restraint, self-defence, de-escalation and legalities); and Support after violence (debriefing, incident reporting and a sense of ‘toughness’) ConclusionEmergency nurses need preparation and support to competently manage complex mental health presentations, understand legal rights, communicate effectively with patients, families and colleagues and access event debriefing. Security staff are valued team members but also need adequate resourcing and preparation.

Evaluation of general health, exposure to workplace violence, and predicting its consequences in health care employees in Iran.

Workplace violence is an important event that affects the safety of healthcare employees, and diagnosing it in hospitals is an immediate occupational concern. The present study was conducted to investigate general health and the prevalence of occupational violence and to predict its consequences among nurses and paramedics as the main body in medical settings. This cross-sectional study was performed in 2020 in a selected hospital in Tehran, Iran. A total of 208 healthcare workers participated in the study. To study general health, exposure to workplace violence, job burnout, and productivity, the general health questionnaire (GHQ), the workplace violence questionnaire, the Maslach burnout questionnaire, and the workforce productivity questionnaire were provided to healthcare workers, respectively. Then, a multiple linear regression model was used to predict violence and its consequences. The results revealed that 34.1% of the participants have psychological disorders, and 74.5% have experienced one type of violence in their workplace at least once during the past year. The multiple linear regression model results indicated that workplace violence prevalence proved the ability to predict the increase in burnout and decrease in job productivity. Exposure to violence in the workplace significantly increases the risk of mental disorders associated with the risk of mental illness. Therefore, managing exposure to violence in the workplace is a practical step in improving general and mental health and ultimately increasing job productivity in medical settings.

Tougher laws, too few prosecutions? A mixed methods study of nurses’ experiences regarding the reporting of occupational violence to the police

Tougher laws, too few prosecutions? A mixed methods study of nurses’ experiences regarding the reporting of occupational violence to the police

Algorithmic State Violence: Automated Surveillance and Palestinian Dispossession in Hebron's Old City

AbstractThis article provides an ethnographic account of automated surveillance technologies' impact in the occupied West Bank, taking Blue Wolf—a biometric identification system deployed by the Israeli army—as a case study. Interviews with Palestinian residents of Hebron subjected to intensive surveillance, a senior Israeli general turned biometric start-up founder, and testimonies from veterans tasked with building up Blue Wolf's database provide a rare view into the uneven texture of life under algorithmic surveillance. Their narratives reveal how automated surveillance systems function as a form of state-sponsored terror. As a globalized information economy intersects with the eliminatory aims of Israeli settler colonialism in Hebron, new surveillance technologies erode Palestinian social life while allowing technocratic settlers to recast the violence of occupation as an opportunity for capital investment and growth. Attending to the texture of life under algorithmic surveillance in Hebron ultimately reorients theories of accumulation and dispossession in the digital age away from purely economistic framings. Instead, I foreground the violent political imperatives that drive innovations in surveillance, in Palestine and worldwide.

Follow the Grid, Follow the Violence: The Project for a Transregional Mediterranean Electricity Ring

This paper draws on the project for a Mediterranean electricity ring to study questions of structural violence and exclusion. It focuses on how forms of containment at different sites of the envisaged ring connect with energy connectivities enabled by transregional electricity flows. It illustrates how seemingly local manifestations of violence at different nodes of the ring are not a testimony to the incompleteness of ongoing (energy) infrastructure projects, but instead an interconnected and distinct part of the latter. Specifically, it discusses the greenwashing of authoritarian power and colonial occupation, extractivism, climate, and anti-refugee violence. While trans-Mediterranean electricity interconnections enable the greater integration of renewables and may lead to more sustainable energy futures, they are also illustrative of the desire to find new ways to bypass and/or contain Arab populations, as well as refugees trying to cross the Mediterranean. The project for a transregional Mediterranean electricity ring both creates new connectivities and reinforces violent forms of containment while staging European sovereignty in and beyond the Mediterranean. It hides and thereby reproduces (colonial) violence behind a façade of common futures and interconnectivity for all, which reveals itself as deeply exclusionary and Eurocentric.

The gender principle in law as a guarantee of equality in legal regulation

The development of modern Ukraine on the basis of the new forms of social relations between the sexes must be carried out in accordance with world universal standards of human rights and equality between the sexes. The article defines the need for a more specific view of gender equality. Using the historical approach and different theoretical methods, the article attempts to systematize knowledge about feminism, gender, transgender, human rights and opportunities of people. The article contains an analysis of gender discrimination and violence and defines ways of overcoming them. The study focuses on the legal aspects of equal rights and opportunities in both international legal acts and Ukrainian legislation. The paper studied how a gender approach in politics, economics and social spheres was being developed. Measures taken to ensure the equal distribution of family responsibilities, ensuring a reduction in the gender pay gap, were analyzed. The main areas of gender equality guaranteed by international and domestic law were identified as follows: equal access to management positions, access to labor market participation, elimination of occupational segregation, violence and discrimination based on gender, unpaid time off, etc. The priorities of the state gender policy for the last 5 years were investigated.

Occupational violence in a tertiary emergency department: A retrospective descriptive study

ObjectiveOccupational violence in emergency departments (EDs) impacts staff and patients. Most hospitals have a response mechanism called a ‘Code Black’ or similar. We aimed to determine the incidence of Code Black activations in a tertiary ED and describe contributory factors, management strategies and adverse events. MethodsDescriptive study in a tertiary ED in South-East Queensland in 2021. Adult patients for who a Code Black had been activated were eligible. Data were obtained from a prospectively collected Code Black database, supplemented with retrospective electronic medical records. ResultsThere were 386 Code Black events. The incidence of Code Black activation was 11.0 per 1000 adult ED presentations. Individuals requiring Code Black activation were 59.6 % male with a mean age of 40.9 years. The primary diagnosis was mental illness related in 55.1 %. Alcohol was a suspected factor in 30.9 %. When Code Black activation occurred, median length of stay increased. Restraint including physical, chemical or both were used in 54.1 % of Code Blacks. ConclusionOccupational violence occurs at a three-fold greater incidence within this ED than reported elsewhere. This study reinforces other literature suggesting an increase in occupational violence, demonstrating the need for dedicated preventative strategies for patients at risk of agitation.

Introducing a Digital Occupational Violence Risk Assessment Tool Into an Emergency Department: A Pilot Implementation Study

IntroductionOccupational violence in emergency departments is prevalent and detrimental to staff and health services. There is an urgent call for solutions; accordingly, this study describes the implementation and early impacts of the digital Queensland Occupational Violence Patient Risk Assessment Tool (kwov-pro). MethodsSince December 7, 2021, emergency nurses have been using the Queensland Occupational Violence Patient Risk Assessment Tool to assess 3 occupational violence risk factors in patients: aggression history, behaviors, and clinical presentation. Violence risk then is categorized as low (0 risk factors), moderate (1 risk factor), or high (2-3 risk factors). An important feature of this digital innovation is the alert and flagging system for high-risk patients. Underpinned by the Implementation Strategies for Evidence-Based Practice Guide, from November 2021 to March 2022 we progressively mobilized a range of strategies, including e-learning, implementation drivers, and regular communications. Early impacts measured were the percentage of nurses who completed their e-learning, the proportion of patients assessed using the Queensland Occupational Violence Patient Risk Assessment Tool, and the number of reported violent incidents in the emergency department. ResultsOverall, 149 of 195 (76%) of emergency nurses completed their e-learning. Further, adherence to Queensland Occupational Violence Patient Risk Assessment Tool was good, with 65% of patients assessed for risk of violence at least once. Since implementing the Queensland Occupational Violence Patient Risk Assessment Tool, there has been a progressive decrease in violent incidents reported in the emergency department. DiscussionUsing a combination of strategies, the Queensland Occupational Violence Patient Risk Assessment Tool was successfully implemented in the emergency department with the indication that it could reduce the number of incidents of occupational violence. The work herein provides a foundation for future translation and robust evaluation of the Queensland Occupational Violence Patient Risk Assessment Tool in emergency departments.

Abolishing Settler Imperialism: Review of Red Scare

Abolishing Settler Imperialism:Review of Red Scare Juliana Hu Pegues (bio) Joanne Barker's Red Scare: The State's Indigenous Terrorist, Oakland: University of California Press, 2021 Joanne Barker's Red Scare: The State's Indigenous Terrorist is a significant and necessary examination of state power's consolidation through the criminalization and surveillance of Indigenous peoples. Focusing on the historical and contemporary contexts in the United States and Canada, Barker argues that Indigenous peoples are both represented as terrorists and made representable as terrorists in order to establish, organize, and maintain state imperialism. Barker looks specifically to two figures, the Murderable Indian and the Kinless Indian, who act in tandem to fortify the authority of the state to regulate identity, punish opposition, and condition the possibilities for life itself. Red Scare offers an important analysis of state power through an intersectional Indigenous studies, which is in conversation with feminist studies, carceral studies, critical ethnic studies, and anti-imperialist scholarship. Readers familiar with Lenape scholar Joanne Barker's work will recognize her incisive critique of colonialism and capitalism grounded in an Indigenous feminist framework. While her previous book Native Acts focused on Indigenous peoples' subjectivity within state formations of recognition and membership, in Red Scare she hones in specifically on how, and to what ends, state and corporate actors (often working together) deploy discourses of national security and public safety in order to enact materially and epistemically violent reprisals against Indigenous activists and Indigenous peoples' self-determination. Since the 1998 publication of Luana Ross's (Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes) foundational book, Inventing the Savage: The Social Construction of Native American Criminality, very few scholars have focused keen attention on the criminalization of Indigeneity and [End Page 221] Indigenous peoples. Such analyses are critical, given disparities within the system of mass incarceration and the alarming yet underreported instances of police violence experienced by American Indian, Alaska Native, Hawaiian, First Nations, Métis, and Inuit persons and communities. Barker joins scholar-activists in Indigenous studies, such as Leanne Betasamosake Simpson (Alderville First Nation), Heidi Kiiwetinepinesiik Stark (Turtle Mountain Ojibwe), and Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz, in centering the criminalization of Indigenous peoples as both sign and instantiation of colonialism's longue durée in the United States and Canada. Red Scare, moreover, locates the state's current strategies of counterterrorism, particularly in response to the pipeline opposition of Indigenous water protectors, as a continuation of ongoing imperial processes of anti-Indigenous invasion, occupation, extraction, and sexual violence. Throughout the book, the concept of Red Scare functions as both an organizing analytic and a reading practice for studying state formation through this polysemantic phrase that invokes the fearmongering fueled by the discursive and affective imagery of, alternately, the red communist and the racialization of the Native Red Man/Woman. Though an inventive play on words, Barker moves past analogizing the multivalent meanings of the term to offer a historical reiteration of anti-Indigenous criminalization located in the shift from government scapegoating and the (extra)legal disciplining of communists, socialists, and anarchists during World Wars I and II, to a post–Cold War refashioning of subversive threat attached to a new cohort of racialized radicals, namely Indigenous, Black, Muslim, or queer. From the late 1960s forward, Indigenous activists in particular were considered communist sympathizers, or unknowing patsies for communist organizers, because of what was viewed as the inherently socialistic and anti-capitalist nature of Indigenous communities. In relation to state imperialist practices, Barker goes even further to explicate an additional Red Scare genealogy through the lens of extractive capitalism. In a section under the heading "Capital Oil," Barker brilliantly traces the development of oil economy and infrastructure alongside the ascendancy of American military hegemony, resulting in the equating of energy security with national security. Not only does this securitized economy depend disproportionately on energy and mineral extrication from Indigenous territories, but it underscores the reasons underlying the creation of the Indigenous terrorist, whose protection of the environment undermines national inviolability and public freedom. These are not incidental constructions. Barker excels in [End Page 222] drawing these types of unexpected and nuanced linkages that, once understood, are the only way one can view them. Joanne Barker most...

Criminaloid Dynamics of Financial Crime in Indonesia

White-collar crime has an aspect of criminaloid in the form of moral and ethical, trust, and occupational violence. The intersecting white-collar crime context with moral and ethical violence leads to action disharmony based on the cultural ethic principles of certain sub-cultured groups. On the other hand, the correlation with trust violence includes job-legitimation abuse. For professional violence, the realization includes job legitimation. The results are observable in the criminal statistics data of Indonesia. The trend shows significant fluctuations, such as the crime statistics in Indonesia from 2011 to 2019. The lowest rate was observable in 2018, with 17.813 cases. On the other hand, in the previous years, the rate tended to be stable, with 20.470 cases in 2011. The cases decreased to 20.033 cases in 2012 and increased to 21.345 in 2013. Then, the rate increased again in 2014 to 21.404. In 2015, the rate increased to 21.646. In 2016, the rate decreased to 20.459. This research identified the criminaloid aspect of financial crime in Indonesia. The applied method was a qualitative grounded theory with case illustration. The researchers focused the cases illustration on 5 cases based on criminal statistic classification. The researchers interviewed the informants comprehensively on these five cases based on the pre-determined criteria. Keywords: [Criminaloid, financial crime, Indonesia]

Workplace Challenges and Violence against Nurses: Subject Review

The "World Health Organization (WHO) defines workplace violence as, Incidents where staff are abused, threatened, or assaulted in circumstances related to their work, including commuting to and from work, involving an explicit or implicit challenge to their safety, well-being, or health." (WV) is listed as one of the world's leading causes of workplace disability, and is widespread in health settings in Arab countries and Iraq as well. Nursing staff have the highest recorded incidence of interpersonal violence in Iraq, posing a major concern for healthcare professionals. Different researchers concentrate on prevalence rates of violence against nurses in hospitals, addressing forms of violence, position and background of violence in the workplace. Thus, some form of occupational violence has been encountered by most Iraqi nurses,that may contribute to harm and abuse and reduced job performance. Reports have described the impact of violence in the workplace on the employee satisfaction of nurses and patient safety, but few studies have been done about whether aggression in the workplace influences patient safety via employee satisfaction. Ultimately, abuse against nurses is perceived by the nursing community to be a dynamic and chronic workplace risk. In the health care sector, nurses are among the most abused staff. Nurses are too often subject to abuse, primarily from clients, relatives of patients, visitors and caregivers team. The purpose of this article is to review the violence against nurses and challenges work place.