Occupational Status Of Mother Research Articles

Early initiation of breastfeeding and associated factors among post-natal mothers in selected healthcare sectors, Rohtas, Bihar

Background: Breastfeeding is the best natural feeding and breast milk is the best milk. The basic food of an infant is the mother’s milk. The study aimed to determine the estimated time of breastfeeding initiation among normal delivery mothers, identify the contribution factor for delayed initiation of breastfeeding among normal delivery mothers, and to find out the association between the selected demographic variables and initiation timing of breastfeeding. Methods: The present study constituted a cross-sectional research design, involving 100 postnatal mothers from selected healthcare centers. A purposive sampling technique was employed to select the participants, and a semi-structured questionnaire was utilized to collect the data. The data was gathered through a self-administered questionnaire. Subsequently, inferential statistics, such as chi-square, were applied to determine the objective and hypothesis of the study. Results: In the research, it was found that 56% of mothers-initiated breastfeeding within the first hour after giving birth. Furthermore, 30% of mothers-initiated breastfeeding between 1 and 24 hours, and 14% initiated breastfeeding 24 hours after giving birth. The study also revealed a categorical association (as determined via chi-square test, p value <0.005) between the timing of breastfeeding and certain socio-demographic factors, such as the occupational status of mothers (χ2=11.65, p value <0.005), their educational level (χ2=17.7, p value <0.005), and the family’s monthly income (χ2=13.7, p value <0.005). Conclusions: Adopting breastfeeding-friendly policies at scale and utilizing monitoring data to increase accountability and improve service delivery can significantly reduce delayed breastfeeding initiation.

Microbial Contamination of Infant Feeding Bottles and Caregiver Compliance to Disinfection and Sterilization Techniques, Pediatric Hospital, Libya

Introduction: Microbial contamination of infant feeding bottles imposes a big health issue that cause increase in the infant morbidity and mortality rate, and this infection can be resulted from poor hygiene practices and using inadequate cleaning and disinfection methods of feeding bottles.
 Aim: to evaluate the rate of bacterial infection of infant feeding bottles of infants who were admitted to pediatric hospital.
 Materials and Methods: The data were collected by filling questionnaires from the mothers and taking swabs from feeding bottles of infants who were admitted to pediatric hospital. The data included 24 questionnaires and 60 swabs; which 3 swabs were taken from three different area of the same bottle for each 24 children separately. then the swabs were tested in a laboratory to detect the types of isolated bacteria.
 Results: This study found that 91.7% of the bottles were infected, and the isolated bacteria from these bottles were staphylococcus, Klebsiella, E. coli and salmonella. Moreover, it found a slight elevation in the bacterial infection rate in plastic bottles more than glass bottles. Besides, it found a positive relationship between bottle body infection and the educational level of mothers. On the other hand, it did not indicate any statistical association between infection of teats, bottles body and covers and occupational status of mothers.
 Conclusion: The microbial bottles contamination is caused due to unsuitable cleaning and sterilization methods of feeding bottles and this leads to increase gastrointestinal infection as well as increase the morbidity and mortality rate among infants.

A Community-Based Study of Level and Determinants of Substance Use: Findings from Children Experiencing Homelessness in Major Cities of Northern Ethiopia.

Homelessness among children is a significant problem in most nations of the world. Children who experienced homelessness are most often unable to get secured and adequate housing. Such problems expose them to a range of destructive practices such as substance use. This study, therefore, was designed to evaluate the level and determinants of substance use by children who experienced homelessness in major cities of Northern Ethiopia. This cross-sectional study was undertaken from October 1, 2019 to February 30, 2020. We conducted street-based outreach searching to get a representative sample of the city's children who experienced homelessness and a total of 422 were recruited. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 20. Regression analysis was done to identify factors associated with substance use and statistical significance was declared at p < 0.05 and 95% confidence interval. More than 80% of the children who experienced homelessness use alcohol, cigarette or chat. Marriage status of parents before the child experiences homelessness being divorce (AOR = 8.53, 95% CI: 1.87-38.89), occupational status of mother being a daily laborer (AOR = 2.78, 95% CI: 0.83, 9.31), child relationship status with parents before child experiences homelessness (AOR = 0.08, 95% CI: 0.02-0.30) and parents' residential status before child experiences homelessness being rural (AOR = 5.63, 95% CI: 1.77-17.89) are the independent variables that established statistically significant association with the outcome variable, substance use. The majority of the children who experienced homelessness are exposed to substance use, particularly alcohol and cigarette. Efforts are needed by concerned bodies of the region to work on factors that predispose to homelessness and strategically safeguard the health and wellbeing of the children.

Safe menstrual hygiene management practice and associated factors among female adolescent students at high schools in central Ethiopia: A mixed-method study.

BackgroundMenstrual Hygiene Management (MHM) is a much-neglected issue in developing countries, including Ethiopia. Menstruating women and girls are forced into isolation, prevented from movement, dietary restrictions, and can be prevented from participating in daily routine activities. Furthermore, the way almost all previous studies conducted in Ethiopia measured the practice of MHM did not meet standard definition of safe MHM. This study aimed to assess safe management of menstrual hygiene practice and associated factors among female adolescent students in public high schools in central Ethiopia.MethodsA mixed-methods approach was employed in this study. Systematic random sampling technique was used to select 846 study participants. The collected data were entered through EPI INFO version 7 and exported to SPSS version 23 for cleaning and analysis. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed to identify the association between MHM and independent variables. Finally, AOR, 95% CI, and p-value < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The qualitative data was analyzed by ATLAS.ti in order to extract the main themes and categories. Direct quotations were presented with a thick description of the findings.ResultsThe safe management of menstrual hygiene was 28.20%. Living with parents (AOR = 2.51, 95% CI:1.11–5.68), living with relatives (AOR = 7.41, 95% CI:2.55–21.54), having a merchant mother (AOR = 1.81, 95% CI:1.14–2.9), having a mother who has private work (AOR = 4.56, 95% CI:1.31–5.90), having a farmer father (AOR = 1.53, 95% CI:1.1–2.31), rural resident (AOR = 1.61, 95% CI: 1.17–2.21) and realizing the absence of container for storing sanitary napkins in the toilet of the school latrine (AOR = 1.44, 95% CI: 1.1–0.94) were factors associated with MHM. Findings from a qualitative study were discussed under four themes to explore barriers to menstrual hygiene management, and three themes emerged as enablers to menstrual hygiene management.ConclusionsThe safe management of menstrual hygiene was low among adolescent girls. People with whom adolescent girls live, the occupational status of mother and father, residence, the availability of a container to dispose of sanitary napkins in school toilets were factors associated with menstrual hygiene management. Behavioral change communications must be provided to female students about menstrual hygiene.

Emotional status and problem behavior of pre-school children according to the pandemic period and occupational status of the mother

ABSTRACT The aim was to compare the emotional status and problem behavior of pre-school children according to their mother’s occupational status in two groups before the pandemic and during the pandemic period. Mothers were asked to fill out a survey form containing sociodemographic characteristics, the Emotion Regulation Checklist (ERC) and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) . Total ERC and Emotion Regulation Subscale scores were significantly higher and Lability-Negativity Subscale scores, conduct problems, peer relationship problems, internalising scores and total SDQ scores were significantly lower in the pandemic period group than in the pre-pandemic group. The occupational status of mothers in the PanP and Pre-Pan groups did not significantly differ in ERC scores, peer relationship problems scores, and prosocial behavior, whereas, internalization was lower during PanP and was associated with the mother’s occupational status.

Parents’ Knowledge toward Pediatric Immunization and its Relation with their Compliance at Primary Health Care Centers in Karbala City

Parents are their children’s primary health decision makers, their knowledge towards immunization ingeneral have a significant effect on the immunization status of their children. A descriptive (cross-sectionalstudy) was conducted to assess parents’ knowledge toward immunization and its relation with pediatricimmunization compliance at primary health care centers in Karbala city, IraqA non-probability (convenience) sample of 292 parents selected from (5) primary health care centers.These centers distributed throughout (2) primary health care sectors selected randomly as (20%) from eachsectors. The results of the present study indicated that the majority of studied parents had moderate levelof knowledge, which was a significant associated with their age of fathers, level of education of fatherand mothers, occupational status of mothers, family type, , more than sixty present of studied parentshave children partially immunized. In addition, the present study revealed that parents’ knowledge nothad a significant influence on child’s immunization status. So, this study recommendedit is necessary toraise parents awareness of the importance of immunization by implementing educational programs and bytraditional and social media with emphasis on time, side effects, contraindication, and disease preventableby immunization and promote periodically assessment for immunization coverage.

Maternal Satisfaction With Delivery Services and its Associated Factors Among Mothers Who Gave Birth at Public Health Centers in Yeka Sub City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

This study aimed to assess maternal satisfaction and associated factors with delivery care services uptake among mothers who gave birth at public health centers. An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the Yeka Sub-City in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A systematic sampling technique was used to select mothers. Bivariable and multivariable analysis was done to identify associated variables. The overall mothers’ satisfaction with delivery care services uptake was 63%. The median age of the participants was 28 years. In multivariable analysis privacy measures taken at delivery care services uptake, mothers’ education level, occupational status of mothers, and family income level of mothers were associated with mothers’ satisfaction in delivery care services. Mother’s income levels of 1501 to 5000 birr were satisfied with the service (AOR = 2.49; 95% CI: 1.3, 4.76). However, mothers whose income below1500 birr were dissatisfied. In conclusion, a mother’s educational level, occupational status, and family income affect mothers’ satisfaction with delivery care services uptake in public health centers, in the Yeka Sub-City. Evaluating health care services uptake from the client’s point of view and targeting to identify problems is very necessary.

Health promoting lifestyle among secondary school students of government schools in Sandhikharka municipality

Background: Health behaviours’ are most likely introduced in adolescence stage of life. Socio-demographic and socio-economic factors have found to influence health directly or indirectly. Therefore, study was conducted to assess the status of health promoting lifestyle among secondary school students of Government Schools as well as their associations with socio-demographic and socio-economic variables.Methods: The cross sectional study was performed among Government School students. Health promoting lifestyle proforma (HPLP) was prepared consisting of 2 parts, Part-I sociodemographic and socio economic characteristics and part-II health promoting lifestyle profile-II developed by Walker et al. was modified into Nepalese version. It consists of 46 items divided into 7 subscales (health responsibility, physical activity, food practices, spiritual growth, self-concept, inter personal relations and stress management). Descriptive statistics was used to describe HPLP. Data was analyzed by using SPSS. Chi-square test was used to identify the associations.Results: The overall HPLP mean score of respondents was 2.99±0.27, with the highest mean scores for spiritual growth (3.2±0.28) and interpersonal relations (3.16±0.28) and the lowest mean score for physical activity (2.80±0.25) and nutrition (2.84±0.29). Only, Occupational status of mother were found to be significantly associated with the Health-Promoting Lifestyle.Conclusions: This study showed that the status of health promoting lifestyle among secondary level students was good with ample room for improvement as adoption of sedentary lifestyle is increasing remarkably. Therefore, health education and promotion programs might be prerequisite to promote the health of Youths.

Socioeconomic Status and Child Developmental Delay: A Prospective Cohort Study

Background: Children with developmental delays are at higher risk of poor health, and lower educational attainment and wellbeing than the normal ones. Objectives: As previous studies had contradictory results regarding the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and child development, the current study aimed at determining this association at the age of 60 months. Methods: The current prospective cohort study was conducted in Shiraz, Iran, from summer 2011 to the end of 2016. The study was conducted on 640 mothers registered in the Fars Birth Cohort study. A checklist comprised of social and economic parts was employed. The children’s communication development was also assessed using the ages and stages questionnaire for 60-month-old children. In addition, SES was determined using 25 variables. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 19.0 and partitioning around medoid (PAM) clustering in R 3.5.0 software; P value &lt; 0.05 was considered as the level of significance. Results: The majority of the subjects (79.1%) were categorized as the moderate level of SES; 106 (16.56%) children had a delay in at least one developmental domain. The current study results showed that the education level of parents and the occupational status of mothers were significantly associated with delayed communication skills in children (P &lt; 0.05). Delay in communication skills was significantly more prevalent among children whose parents had a low education level (P &lt; 0.05). After controlling other confounders, the relative risk of delay in communication skills was 3.7 times higher among children in the moderate level of SES and almost 10 times higher among the ones in the low level of SES. Conclusions: Children brought up in families with low SES had the highest level of delay in communication skills, followed by the ones in families with moderate SES. Considering the importance of communication skills in children socialization, more attention should be paid to SES of the families with preschool kids. It seems quite reasonable if health policymakers put more emphasis on the communication skills of preschool children.

Knowledge on Impact of Mobile Phone usage among Higher Secondary School Students

Mobile phone usage is very common now a day among school students. There are large numbers of impacts of mobile phone usage among the individual's health like headache, vision disturbances, stress etc. These problems are enough to interfere with the daily life of the individual. A descriptive study was conducted to assess the knowledge on impact of mobile phone usage among higher secondary school students at selected school in Jammu. The objectives of the study were to assess the level of knowledge on impact of mobile phone usage among higher secondary school students and to find the association between knowledge on impact of mobile phone usage among higher secondary school students with their selected socio demographic variables. 100 higher secondary school students who fulfil the inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected using random sampling technique. A self structured questionnaire with socio demographic variables and knowledge regarding the impact of mobile phone usage was used as a tool. Out of 100, 42 (42%) students had inadequate knowledge, 52 (52%) had average knowledge and 6 (6%) students had adequate knowledge regarding impact of mobile phone usage. Occupational status of father had significant association with the level of knowledge regarding impact of mobile phone usage whereas Age, Sex, Class, Residence, Educational status of father, Educational status of mother, Occupational status of mother, Religion and Previous knowledge had no association with the level of knowledge regarding impact of mobile phone usage.

Leaving and Losing a Job After Childbearing in Italy: A Comparison Between 2005 and 2012

This article builds on microdata from the Birth Sample Survey (BSS) carried out by Istat in 2005 and 2012 in order to analyse changes in the occupational status of mothers of young children. We aim in particular to broaden the understanding of the individual and contextual characteristics that can affect the probability of women who were employed during pregnancy of not returning to work in the two years following the child&amp;rsquo;s birth. The study contributes to existing literature on mothers&amp;rsquo; employment in two main ways. First, we take into consideration the different nature - voluntary or involuntary &amp;ndash; of the motivations for not returning to work. Second, we attempt to evaluate whether the likelihood of Italian mothers to leave or lose their jobs and the factors affecting these probabilities changed between 2005 and 2012. Our results confirm human capital investments and job characteristics to be among the main determinants of women&amp;rsquo;s employment continuity after childbearing. The probability of losing a job increased significantly for mothers in 2012 compared to 2005, probably as a result of the deterioration of labour market conditions during the recession years. Conversely, the probability of leaving a job was not statistically significantly related to the year; family characteristics - the presence of a couple and features of the partner&amp;rsquo;s job - were key factors in women&amp;rsquo;s deciding not to return to work after childbearing.

Factors Associated with Birth Preparedness and Complication Readiness Among Pregnant Women in Bench Maji Zone, Southwest Ethiopia: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study.

Birth preparedness and complication readiness is the process of preparing for normal birth and anticipating the actions needed in case of an emergency. About 300 million women in the developing world affected by short-term or long-term illness, even death brought by pregnancy and childbirth. This is because insufficiency birth and emergency preparedness. The objective of this study was to assess birth preparedness and complication readiness, and its associated factors among pregnant women in Bench Maji Zone. A community based crosssectional study was conducted `on 605 participants. Multi-stage sampling was used to select woredas and kebeles by simple random sampling technique. The study subjects were selected by systematic sampling technique. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to control confounds. Odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval was used to examine associations between dependent and independent variables. P-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. This study identified that the knowledge and practice of respondents about birth preparedness and complication readiness were 285(48.4%) and 249(42.3%) respectively. Place of residence (AOR 2.0; 95%CI: 1.2-3.2), occupational status of mother (AOR3.2; 95%CI: 1.2-8.1), knowledge of BP/CR (AOR 12.6; 95%CI: 7.5-21.4) and knowledge of danger sign during pregnancy (AOR 1.9; 95%CI: 1.1-3.3) were found to have statistically significant association. The status of birth preparedness and complication readiness was low. Place of residence, occupation, having knowledge about birth preparedness and complication readiness, and having knowledge about danger signs during pregnancy were the factors associated with birth preparedness and complication readiness.

Assessment on Prevalence of Tinea Capitis and Its Associated Factors among School Children in Addis Zemen, Northwest Ethiopia, 2016

Tinea capitis also known as herpes tonsurans ringworm of the hair, ringworm of the scalp and tinea tonsurans is a cutaneous fungal infection (dermatophytosis) of the scalp. It is a common infection especially in poor socioeconomic settings. This study determines the high prevalence of Tinea capitis and its associated factors in school children in Addis Zemen, South Gondar, North west Ethiopia. The objective of this study is to assess Prevalence and associated factors of Tinea capitis among school children in Alabo elementary school, Addis zemen. A Cross sectional study was carried out among 405 school children in Addis zemen in 2016. The data were collected by interviewer administrated questionnaire and physical examination. The collected data was entered and analyzed by SPSS version 20, Binary logistic regression was done to assess the association between each independent and dependent variable. Hosmer-lemeshow goodness-of-fit was also done to assess the reliability of our data. P-value and odds ratio was done to assess the magnitude and strength of the correlation between covariates and dependent factor. Among 405 school children the prevalence of tinea capitis was 88 (21.7%) with 95%C.I=18.3-26.2; Of which it is significantly associated with age (AOR=5.92, 95%C.I= 1.51-23.21), family size (AOR=3.12, 95%C.I=1.25-7.81), occupational status of mother (AOR=0.193, 95%C.I=0.05-0.86), bed room sharing (AOR=5.62, 95%C.I=1.09-28.84), comb sharing (AOR=3.86, 95%C.I=1.68-8.87), and family member with same symptom (AOR=8.54, 95%C.I=3.26-22.35). in conclusion Tinea capitis is prevalent in Addis Zemen, Northwest Ethiopia, risking children to poor quality of life associated with different risk factors.Provision for prevention and control should be set in the community, schools and health facilities focusing on health education, sanitation and hygiene control programs.

Infant and young child feeding practices among mothers attending an Urban Health Training Centre (UHTC): a cross-sectional (mixed methodology) study in Berhampur, South Odisha, India

Background: Adequate nutrition during infancy and early childhood is essential to ensure the health, growth and development of children. The objective of this study was to assess infant and young child feeding practice among mothers with 0-24 months children as per WHO criteria. Methods: It was a cross sectional study, involving mixed methodology (quantitative method supplemented by qualitative method in-depth interview) among 374 respondents from 1st May 2017 to 31st August 2017. Results: In quantitative method: 49 (81.6%) reported to have started breast feeding within first hour after delivery. 47 (78.3%) respondents exclusively breast fed their infants. In qualitative method: 69.78% mother were of age group 18-29 years. 52.14% respondents were educated up to primary/middle school. In multiple logistic regression analysis educational status of mother, occupational status of mother, birth place, ANC follow up, EBF education at ANC, type of delivery was found to be significant. Conclusions: IYCF practice was poor. Therefore, there is a need for emphasizing upon the promotion of IYCF practice by health care providers.

Assessment the knowledge of mothers regarding Diarrhea of Children less than five years at Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) Arbit camp: A descriptive study

Diarrhea is the 2nd chief reason of child death widespread. Low- and middle-income countries are especially exhausting with this both avoidable and treatable condition. Aim: To investigate how children’s health less than five years affected by diarrhea at Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) in Arbit camp. This study was carried out from december22th 2015 to march 20th 2016. Non-probability sampling a convenience sample of (103) mothers of internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) Arbit camp were selected for the purpose of the study.. It was comprised of two parts; the first part includes the mothers' demographic attributes and the second part assessed the knowledge of diarrhea with (20) yes or on questions. The main results obtained from the study are as follows, more than the half (54.40%) of mothers are (18-25) years old, the (49.50%) of mothers have moderate Socio-economic status, (99.00%of mothers are housewife,, also (54.40%) of the mothers have one child less than five years. The (46.60%) of mothers are illiterate and only (32.00%) of husband read and write and According to the family size of the study (51.50%) of mothers has five children. About the distance of water sources (56.30%) of mothers needs more than 5 minutes to reach water sources, (47.60%) of them have received health education regarding diarrhea held in primary health care center. There was statistically significant relationship between mother’s knowledge of diarrhea and (age group, educational level of husband, educational level of the mother, and occupational status of mother, socioeconomic status, and source of information). So the following recommendation is suggested, highlight the need for excessive nutritional educational program, about diarrhea should be implemented for mothers, good sanitation and improvement of housing conditions especially water resources at arbit camp

Differences in Social and Emotional Maturity of Adolescents across Occupational Status of Mothers

The present research has been carried out to compare the level of social and emotional maturity of senior school adolescents of working and non-working mothers. The sample of the study comprised of...

Scientific Attitude Levels of Gifted Students (A Case from Malatya)

The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to determine scientific attitude levels of gifted students, and (2) to investigate whether their levels of scientific attitude differ on selected demographic variables. The sample of this survey study consisted of 147 gifted 12-16-year-old students studying in Malatya Science and Arts Center. Data were collected through the Scientific Attitude Scale developed by Battal and Gurgan (1998). The reliability coefficient was calculated as 0.708. Frequency and percentage tables, t tests, analyses of variance and chi-square tests were employed to analyze the data. Results showed that scientific attitude levels of gifted students are high and do not differ on gender, monthly income, level of parental education, and occupational status of mothers. According to chi-square test results, some differences between observed and expected data were detected and reported in the paper. Finally, some recommendations were made to develop scientific attitudes of gifted students.

Factors Associated with the Problem Behaviors Perceived by Mothers of Pre-school Age Children

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify factors associated with the problem behaviors perceived by mothers of pre-school age children. Methods: The participants were 211 mothers living in 3 cities in Korea. The data were collected from May to June 2009 using a self-reported questionnaire including demographic data, child rearing-attitude, and K-CBCL 1.5-5. The data were analyzed using SPSS WIN 12.0 version. Results: Factors related to the mothers’ perception on problem behaviors of their preschool child were; first born child, economic status, rearing attitude and occupational status of mother. Conclusion: According to the result of this study, mothers reporting lower economic status perceived their children with more behavioral problems. Also, compared to the second or only child, the first born children were perceived to have more problems. Further study is needed to understand the mother and child interaction among these groups to implement appropriate parent education and counseling.

The Impact of Maternal Employment Serious Youth Crime: Does the Quality of Working Conditions Matter?

Social critics and the general public have for some time voiced a variety of concerns related to the increasing entrance of women into the paid labor market. A popular assumption has been that the children of working women are prone to criminal activity. The authors analyze data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), using multiple regression models to examine whether the occupational status of mothers has criminogenic effects on their children during adolescence and early adulthood (15- to 19-year-olds). After tracing the effects of maternal resources, work hours, and occupational controls to criminality, the authors find that cumulative time spent by mothers in paid employment had no measurable influence on criminal involvement. On the other hand, coercively controlled maternal work over time was related to greater criminal involvement (in their children) in adolescence.

Home Alone: The Impact of Maternal Employment on Delinquency

Recently, conservative commentators and parenting experts have been outspoken about the potential negative effects of maternal employment. Specifically, there appears to be a pervasive belief that delinquency is one unfortunate consequence of maternal work. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), we examine whether the occupational status of mothers has criminogenic effects on their children. After tracing the effects of work hours and occupational conditions through risk factors to delinquency, we find that the characteristics of maternal work have relatively little or no influence on delinquency, but do have a slight (and complex) indirect effect through the delinquency pathway “supervision.” This general pattern holds regardless of whether early maternal employment (i.e., work occurring when children were in the pre-school years) or current maternal employment is considered. Our findings contradict the view that maternal employment causes child behavioral problems.