Occupational Solvent Exposure Research Articles

Parkinson's disease and occupational exposure to organic solvents in Finland: a nationwide case-control study.

This study aimed to investigate the association between Parkinson's disease (PD) and occupational exposure to organic solvents generally and chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHC) in particular. We assembled a Finland-wide case-control study for birth years 1930-1950 by identifying incident PD cases from the register of Reimbursement of Medical Costs and drawing two controls per case using incidence density sampling from the Population Information System, matched on sex, birth year, and residency in Finland in 1980-2014. Occupation and socioeconomic status (SES) were identified from national censuses. We assessed cumulative occupational exposures via FINJEM job-exposure matrix. Smoking was based on occupation-specific prevalence by sex from national surveys. We estimated confounder-adjusted PD incidence rate ratios (IRR) via logistic regression and evaluated their sensitivity to errors in FINJEM through probabilistic bias analysis (PBA). Among ever-employed, we identified 17 187 cases (16.0% potentially exposed to CHC) and 35 738 matched controls. Cases were more likely to not smoke and belong to higher SES. Cumulative exposure (CE) to CHC (per 100 ppm-years, 5-year lag) was associated with adjusted IRR 1.235 (95% confidence interval 0.986-1.547), with stronger associations among women and among persons who had more census records. Sensitivity analyses did not reveal notable associations, but stronger effects were seen in the younger birth cohort (1940-1950). PBA produced notably weaker associations, yielding a median IRR 1.097 (95% simulation interval 0.920-1.291) for CHC. Our findings imply that PD is unlikely to be related to typical occupational solvent exposure in Finland, but excess risk cannot be ruled out in some highly exposed occupations.

Environmental and Occupational solvents exposure and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Studies focusing on the association between environmental and occupational solvent exposure and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) have yielded inconsistent results. Herein we present the results of a meta-analysis on the correlation betweensolvent exposure and ALS. We searched for eligible studies that reported ALS with exposure to solvents in PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science up to December 2022. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used to evaluate the quality of the article and a meta-analysis was performed using a random effect model. Thirteen articles, including two cohort studies and 13 case-control studies with 6365 cases and 173,321 controls were selected. The odds ratio (OR) for the association between solvent exposure and ALS was 1.31 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11-1.54) with moderate heterogeneity (I2 = 59.7%; p = 0.002). Subgroup and sensitivity analyses confirmed the results, and publication bias was not detected. These results indicated that environmental and occupational solvent exposure was associated with the risk of ALS.

Maternal occupational exposure to organic solvents and intrauterine growth in the ELFE cohort

BackgroundIn developed countries, about 15% of women are occupationally exposed to solvents. Associations between this maternal occupational exposure and intrauterine fetal growth are inconsistent, but almost no existing study has investigated this relation by solvent family (oxygenated, petroleum, and chlorinated), although they may affect fetal growth differently. ObjectivesTo investigate the relations between maternal occupational solvent exposure, by solvent family, and the risk of neonates born small for gestational age (SGA), or with low birthweight, or with small head circumference (HC). MethodsAmong the 18,040 women enrolled in the Elfe rather than included in the Elfe birth cohort, we included 13,026 women who worked during pregnancy (72% of the cohort). Information about maternal occupations and industrial activities during pregnancy was collected by questionnaire at the maternity ward, and completed at 2-month when necessary. Using Matgéné job-exposure matrices, we assessed maternal occupational exposure to solvents. Logistic and multiple linear regressions were used to assess the association between maternal occupational solvent exposure and SGA status, birth weight, and HC. Analyses were conducted for exposure during pregnancy and also stratified by the trimester that pregnancy leave began. ResultsWe observed a higher risk of SGA newborns among mothers occupationally exposed during pregnancy to petroleum solvents (ORadjusted = 1.26; 95%CI: 1.01 to 1.57). Among women working until the third trimester of pregnancy, we observed a higher risk of SGA newborns to those occupationally exposed to oxygenated solvents (ORadjusted = 1.75; 95%CI: 1.11 to 2.75), a significantly lower birthweight for infants of mothers exposed to petroleum solvents (βadjusted = −47.37 g; −89.33 to −5.42), and a lower HC among newborns of those occupationally exposed to oxygenated solvents (βadjusted = −0.28; −0.49 to −0.07) and to chlorinated solvents (βadjusted = −0.29; −0.53 to −0.05). DiscussionOur results suggest that maternal occupational solvent exposure may influence fetal growth, especially exposure into the third trimester of pregnancy.

Study of Parental Occupational Exposures to Solvents and Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Offspring

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Solvents can accumulate in fat and later metabolize during pregnancy. Additionally, these toxicants could lead to germline mutations. We investigated associations between multiple parental occupational solvent exposures and odds of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis in offspring. METHODS: Using population-based data from the Danish National Patient Registry, we identified a subset of ASD cases from 1982 to 2016 and 1:100 sex and birth-year matched controls obtained from the Central Population Register. We determined parental occupation history from age 16 years through 6 months post-childbirth from the Danish Pension Fund and estimated cumulative benzene, methylcyclohexane, toluene, trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, and 1,1,1-trichloroethane exposure for mothers and fathers based on job exposure matrices (JEMs). Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for exposures one year prior to conception and during pregnancy. RESULTS: In analysis of data from 1898 people with ASD and 141,702 without ASD, there were no observed associations between maternal solvent exposures during pregnancy and risk of ASD in offspring. However, analysis for maternal benzene exposure one year prior to conception revealed higher adjusted odds for those with any exposure (aOR=1.55; 95% CI 1.02, 2.37). Additionally, although there were no significant associations between paternal solvent exposures during pregnancy and ASD risk, there were significantly increased odds of ASD in offspring whose fathers were exposed to benzene (aOR=3.07; 95% CI 1.72, 5.46) and toluene (aOR=1.66; 95% CI 1.05, 2.62) one year before conception. CONCLUSIONS: Although previous studies have suggested parental solvent exposure during pregnancy can contribute to pathogenesis of ASD, our findings suggest that risk may be increased through exposures prior to conception. However, unavoidable non-differential misclassification from the use of JEMs may have masked truly increased risk during pregnancy.

Occupational exposure to organic solvents and breast cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer worldwide. Recent studies suggest that organic solvent exposure could be closely related to breast cancer, although the evidence remains controversial. Thus, we evaluated existing epidemiological evidence for the association between occupational solvent exposure and breast cancer. PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library were searched to identify published case-control and cohort studies that addressed occupational exposure to organic solvents and breast cancer, up to April, 2021. Meta-analyses using random-effects models were conducted to obtain the pooled odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) on the incidence of breast cancer in relation to occupational exposure. The pooled OR of breast cancer among workers exposed to organic solvents overall was 1.18 (95%CI, 1.11 ~ 1.25; I2 = 76.3%; 24 studies), compared to those with no exposure. After stratification by menopause and study location, it was revealed that the association between occupational exposure to organic solvents and the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women (OR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.09 ~ 1.67; I2 = 73.4%; 7 studies) was significant, and there was also a clear association in workers in Europe (OR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.12 ~ 1.32; I2 = 82.9%; 13 studies). We observed a significant association between occupational exposure to organic solvents and breast cancer in both cohort and case-control studies.

Gut Microbiome Signatures of Risk and Prodromal Markers of Parkinson Disease.

Alterations of the gut microbiome in Parkinson disease (PD) have been repeatedly demonstrated. However, little is known about whether such alterations precede disease onset and how they relate to risk and prodromal markers of PD. We investigated associations of these features with gut microbiome composition. Established risk and prodromal markers of PD as well as factors related to diet/lifestyle, bowel function, and medication were studied in relation to bacterial α-/β-diversity, enterotypes, and differential abundance in stool samples of 666 elderly TREND (Tübingen Evaluation of Risk Factors for Early Detection of Neurodegeneration) study participants. Among risk and prodromal markers, physical inactivity, occupational solvent exposure, and constipation showed associations with α-diversity. Physical inactivity, sex, constipation, possible rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD), and smoking were associated with β-diversity. Subthreshold parkinsonism and physical inactivity showed an interaction effect. Among other factors, age and urate-lowering medication were associated with α- and β-diversity. Constipation was highest in individuals with the Firmicutes-enriched enterotype, and physical inactivity was most frequent in the Bacteroides-enriched enterotype. Constipation was lowest and subthreshold parkinsonism least frequent in individuals with the Prevotella-enriched enterotype. Differentially abundant taxa were linked to constipation, physical inactivity, possible RBD, smoking, and subthreshold parkinsonism. Substantia nigra hyperechogenicity, olfactory loss, depression, orthostatic hypotension, urinary/erectile dysfunction, PD family history, and the prodromal PD probability showed no significant microbiome associations. Several risk and prodromal markers of PD are associated with gut microbiome composition. However, the impact of the gut microbiome on PD risk and potential microbiome-dependent subtypes in the prodrome of PD need further investigation based on prospective clinical and (multi)omics data in incident PD cases. ANN NEUROL 2021;90:E1-E12.

Parental occupation and childhood germ cell tumors: a case\u2013control study in Denmark, 1968\u20132016

PurposeTo examine associations between parental occupation and childhood germ cell tumors (GCTs) in offspring while distinguishing by common histologic subtype (i.e., yolk sac tumor and teratoma).MethodsThis population-based case–control study included childhood GCT cases in Denmark diagnosed 1968–2015 (< 16 years old at diagnosis) and sex and birth year-matched controls. Demographic information and parental employment histories were obtained from Danish registries. Parental occupation was assessed by industry; job-exposure matrices were used to examine specific occupational exposures (i.e., potentially carcinogenic organic solvents and social contact). Conditional multivariable logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).ResultsOverall, 178 childhood GCT cases (50 yolk sac tumors; 65 teratomas) and 4,355 controls were included for analysis. Maternal employment in education during pregnancy was associated with offspring GCTs (OR 2.45, 95% CI 1.23–4.90), especially yolk sac tumors (OR 5.27, 95% CI 1.94–14.28). High levels of both maternal and paternal occupational social contact were also associated with offspring yolk sac tumors across all exposure periods (ORs 2.30–4.63). No signals were observed for paternal occupational solvent exposure, while imprecise associations were estimated for maternal exposure (e.g., dichloromethane exposure during pregnancy, OR 1.51, 95% CI 0.77–2.95).ConclusionOur findings suggest that parental occupation is associated with offspring GCTs, with most consistent evidence supporting an association between maternal employment in education or other high social contact jobs and offspring yolk sac tumors.

Gut Microbiome Signatures of Risk and Prodromal Markers of Parkinson Disease.

Alterations of the gut microbiome in Parkinson disease (PD) have been repeatedly demonstrated. However, little is known about whether such alterations precede disease onset and how they relate to risk and prodromal markers of PD. We investigated associations of these features with gut microbiome composition. Established risk and prodromal markers of PD as well as factors related to diet/lifestyle, bowel function, and medication were studied in relation to bacterial α-/β-diversity, enterotypes, and differential abundance in stool samples of 666 elderly TREND (Tübingen Evaluation of Risk Factors for Early Detection of Neurodegeneration) study participants. Among risk and prodromal markers, physical activity, occupational solvent exposure, and constipation showed associations with α-diversity. Physical activity, sex, constipation, possible rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD), and smoking were associated with β-diversity. Subthreshold parkinsonism and physical activity showed an interaction effect. Among other factors, age and urate-lowering medication were associated with α- and β-diversity. Physical inactivity and constipation were highest in individuals with the Firmicutes-enriched enterotype. Constipation was lowest and subthreshold parkinsonism least frequent in individuals with the Prevotella-enriched enterotype. Differentially abundant taxa were linked to constipation, physical activity, possible RBD, smoking, and subthreshold parkinsonism. Substantia nigra hyperechogenicity, olfactory loss, depression, orthostatic hypotension, urinary/erectile dysfunction, PD family history, and the prodromal PD probability showed no significant microbiome associations. Several risk and prodromal markers of PD are associated with gut microbiome composition. However, the impact of the gut microbiome on PD risk and potential microbiome-dependent subtypes in the prodrome of PD need further investigation based on prospective clinical and (multi)omics data in incident PD cases. ANN NEUROL 2020;88:320-331.

Occupational Exposure to Metals and Solvents: Allergy and Airway Diseases.

Occupational allergic diseases (OAD) such as occupational contact dermatitis (OCD), occupational asthma (OA), and occupational rhinitis (OR) are the most prevalent occupational diseases in industrialized countries. The purpose of this review is to provide an update about the main occupational metal and solvent exposures related to allergy and airway diseases and to discuss newly defined causative agents and industries in this field. Currently for over 400 causative agents for OA and OCD, several hundreds of agents for OR have been identified. Although many studies have reported an overall decline in OAD related to known agents after implementation of efficient and effective workplace preventive measures, the constant development of new products continuously introduces to the market potential unknown respiratory hazards. Workplace allergens are often high molecular weight (HMW) agents that are > 10kDa molecular weight and capable of eliciting IgE sensitization. Sensitizing low molecular weight (LMW) agents are often reactive chemicals. Metals and solvents are two large causative agent groups related to OADs that mainly behave as LMW (< 10kDa) sensitizers and/or irritants. Avoidance of causative exposures through control strategies is the primary prevention approach for OADs. These strategies must be applied and covered for all known and newly defined causative agents. This review aims to summarize current status of known occupational metal and solvent exposures related to allergy and airway diseases and to discuss newly defined causative agents and industries in this field.

A mixtures approach to solvent exposures and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a population-based study in Denmark.

Studies of occupational solvent exposures and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) have been conflicting. We conducted a population-based case-control study of mixed occupational solvent exposures and ALS. Using the Danish National Patient Registry, we identified ALS cases in Denmark from 1982 to 2013, and matched them to 100 controls based on sex and birth year. We estimated cumulative exposures to solvents (benzene, methylene chloride, toluene, trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, and 1,1,1-trichloroethane) via job exposure matrices and applied them to occupational history from the Danish Pension Fund. Sex-stratified conditional logistic regression analyses revealed higher adjusted odds of ALS for men with exposure to benzene (aOR = 1.20; 95% CI 1.02, 1.41) and methylene chloride (aOR = 1.23; 95% CI 1.07, 1.42). We used weighted quantile sum regression to explore combined solvent exposures and risk of ALS in exposed subjects and found increased odds of 26 to 28% in all exposure lag periods for every one-unit increase in the mixture index in men. Weights of methylene chloride predominated the mixture index in all lag periods. Our study suggests an increased risk of ALS in men exposed to multiple solvents, with the greatest influence being from methylene chloride. These findings highlight the need to utilize mixtures analysis when considering co-occurring exposures.

Association between occupational solvent exposure and cognitive performance in the French CONSTANCES study

ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to evaluate the association between occupational exposure to solvents and cognitive performance in middle-aged and early-ageing participants, taking into account the working environment.MethodsIn the...

Maternal occupational exposure to solvents and gastroschisis in offspring - National Birth Defects Prevention Study 1997–2011

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to assess the association between maternal occupational exposure to solvents and gastroschisis in offspring.MethodsWe used data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, a...

Study of mixtures of organic solvent exposures and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Denmark

TPS 732: Neurological effects in adults, Exhibition Hall, Ground floor, August 27, 2019, 3:00 PM - 4:30 PM Background/Aim: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by rapidly progressive loss of motor function. Previous studies of occupational solvent exposure and ALS were conflicting. However, none of these used objective, solvent-specific assessment such as job exposure matrices (JEMs) to estimate cumulative exposures. In this study, we investigate the association between occupational exposures to multiple organic solvents and odds of ALS. Methods: We conducted a nested case-control study of occupational solvent exposures - benzene, methylene chloride (MCH), toluene, trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, and 1,1,1-trichloroethane - and ALS diagnosis using population-based data from Denmark. We identified ALS cases from 1982 to 2013 and age- and sex-matched controls. Employment history was obtained from the Danish Pension Fund. We estimated cumulative exposure to solvents based on exposure in 1639 ALS cases and 151,974 controls. We used sex-stratified conditional logistic regression to obtain adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), for exposures categorized into quartiles and adjusting for residential location and socioeconomic status. We used weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression to further explore combined solvent exposures and risk of ALS in men with any solvent exposure. Results: Analysis for benzene and MCH exposures in men revealed higher adjusted odds for those with the highest quartile exposure unlagged: aOR=1.35 (95% CI 1.02, 1.80) and aOR=1.26 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.58), respectively, compared to those with no exposure. We observed no trends or notable results in women. Our WQS analysis revealed a significant increase for all exposure lag periods of 26 to 28% in odds of ALS for every one-unit increase in the derived solvent mixture index. Interestingly, the weights of MCH predominated the solvent mixture index for all lag periods. Conclusion: These findings support those of previously reported associations between ALS and solvent exposures and highlight the need to investigate exposure mixtures.

Congenital anomalies in the offspring of occupationally exposed mothers: a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies using expert assessment for occupational exposures.

STUDY QUESTIONIs there an association between maternal occupational exposure to solvents, pesticides and metals as assessed by expert-based assessment and congenital anomalies in the offspring?SUMMARY ANSWERThere is an association between maternal occupational exposure to solvents and congenital anomalies in the offspring, including neural tube defects, congenital heart defects and orofacial clefts.WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADYOne important environmental risk factor for development of congenital anomalies is maternal occupational exposure to chemicals in the workplace prior to and during pregnancy. A number of studies have assessed the association with often conflicting results, possibly due to different occupational exposure assessing methods.STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATIONFor this systematic review with meta-analysis, the search terms included maternal occupation, exposure, congenital anomalies and offspring. Electronic databases MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched for English studies up to October 2017.PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODSTwo reviewers independently screened all citations identified by the search. Case-control studies and cohort studies were included if (I) they reported on the association between maternal occupational exposure to solvents, pesticides or metals and congenital anomalies, and (II) assessment of occupational exposure was performed by experts. Data on study characteristics, confounders and odds ratios (ORs) were extracted from the included studies for four subgroups of congenital anomalies. Methodological quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. In the meta-analysis, random effects models were used to pool estimates.MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCEIn total, 2806 titles and abstracts and 176 full text papers were screened. Finally, 28 studies met the selection criteria, and 27 studies could be included in the meta-analysis. Our meta-analysis showed that maternal occupational exposure to solvents was associated with neural tube defects (OR: 1.51, 95%CI: 1.09–2.09) and congenital heart defects (OR: 1.31, 95%CI:1.06–1.63) in the offspring. Also maternal occupational exposure to glycol ethers, a subgroup of solvents, was associated with neural tube defects (OR: 1.93, 95%CI: 1.17–3.18) and orofacial clefts (OR: 1.95, 95%CI: 1.38–2.75) in the offspring. Only one study investigated the association between maternal occupational exposure to solvents and hypospadias and found an association (OR: 3.63, 95%CI: 1.94–7.17). Results of the included studies were consistent. In our meta-analysis, we found no associations between occupational exposure to pesticides or metals and congenital anomalies in the offspring.LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTIONA limited number of studies was included, which made it impossible to calculate pooled estimates for all congenital anomalies, analyse individual chemicals or calculate exposure–response relations. Bias could have been introduced because not all included studies corrected for potentially confounding factors.WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGSEmployers and female employees should be aware of the possible teratogenic effects of solvent exposure at the workplace. Therefore, is it important that clinicians and occupational health specialist provide women with preconception advice on occupational solvent exposure, to reduce the congenital anomaly risk.STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S)NSp was paid by the Graduate School of Medical Sciences (MD/PhD program), UMCG, Groningen, the Netherlands. EUROCAT Northern Netherlands is funded by the Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sports. There are no competing interests.REGISTRATION NUMBERCRD42017053943.

Occupational solvent exposure and risk of glioma in the INTEROCC study

Background:The aetiology of glioma remains largely unknown. Occupational solvent exposure has been suggested as a putative cause of glioma, but past studies have been inconsistent. We examined the association between a range of solvents and glioma risk within the INTEROCC project, a study of brain tumours and occupational exposures based on data from seven national case–control studies conducted in the framework of the INTERPHONE study. We also investigated associations according to tumour grade.Methods:Data from the seven countries were standardised and then combined into one aggregate data set. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) were estimated for adjusted models that included sex, age, country–region of residence and level of educational attainment. Exposures to any solvent or 11 specific solvents or subgroups were assessed using a modified version of the FINJEM job exposure matrix (JEM) specifically developed for the study, called INTEROCC-JEM.Results:Analysis included 2000 glioma cases and 5565 controls. For glioma and ever/never exposure to any solvent, the OR was 0.91 (95% confidence interval: 0.74–1.11). All ORs were <1.0 for specific solvents/subgroups. There were no increases in risk according to high or low grade of tumour.Conclusions:The results of this study show no consistent associations for any solvent exposures overall or by grade of tumour.

Occupational solvent exposure and adult chronic lymphocytic leukemia: No risk in a population-based case-control study in four Nordic countries

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of occupational solvent exposure on the risk of adult chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The current case-control study was nested in the Nordic Occupational Cancer Study (NOCCA) cohort. 20,615 CLL cases diagnosed in 1961-2005 in Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden, and 103,075 population-based controls matched by year of birth, sex, and country were included. Occupational histories for cases and controls were obtained from census records in 1960, 1970, 1980/1981, and 1990. Exposure to selected solvents was estimated by using the NOCCA job-exposure matrix (NOCCA-JEM). Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were estimated by using conditional logistic regression models. Overall, nonsignificant CLL risk elevations were observed for methylene chloride, perchloroethylene, and 1,1,1-trichloroethane. Compared to unexposed, significantly increased risks were observed for cumulative perchloroethylene exposure ≤13.3 ppm-years (OR = 1.85, 95% CI 1.16-2.96) and average life-time perchloroethylene exposure ≤2.5 ppm (1.61, 95% CI 1.01-2.56) among women, and cumulative methylene chloride exposure ≤12.5 ppm-years (OR = 1.19, 95% CI 1.01-1.41) and 12.5-74.8 ppm-years (OR = 1.23, 95% CI 1.01-1.51) among men in an analysis with 5 years lag-time, though without dose-response pattern. Decreased CLL risk was observed for aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon solvents and toluene. This study did not support associations for solvent exposure and CLL. Observed weak associations for methylene chloride, perchloroethylene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane exposures, aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons and toluene were not consistent across sexes, and showed no gradient with amount of exposure.

Abstract P072: Association of Occupational Exposures with Cardiovascular Disease among Hispanics/Latinos: Results from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in the US. Acute, high-dose exposures to some solvents, metals, and pesticides can be cardiotoxic, but little is known about the cardiovascular effects of chronic, low-level exposures. Thus, we evaluated cross-sectional associations of self-reported occupational exposures to solvents, metals, and pesticides with CVD prevalence among diverse Hispanics/Latinos in the US. Methods: The analyses included baseline data from 7,404 currently employed participants, ages 18-74 years, from the HCHS/SOL. CVD was defined as the presence of one or more of the following: coronary heart disease (self-reported angina, myocardial infarction, coronary bypass surgery, balloon angioplasty, or stent placement in coronary arteries, or electrocardiogram [ECG] evidence of major Q wave abnormalities or minor Q, QS waves with ST, T abnormalities); atrial fibrillation (self-reported or ECG evidence of atrial fibrillation or flutter); heart failure (self-reported); or cerebrovascular disease (self-reported stroke or transient ischemic attack). Survey-weighted Poisson regression models were used to estimate prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each occupational exposure, adjusted for sociodemographic (age, gender, field center, Hispanic/Latino background, health insurance), acculturation (language, years of duration in the US), lifestyle (smoking, alcohol, physical activity, diet), and occupational (full- or part-time employment) characteristics. Results: Overall, 6.1% of participants had any prevalent CVD; coronary heart disease (4.3%) was most common, followed by cerebrovascular disease (1.0%), heart failure (0.8%), and atrial fibrillation (0.7%). Current occupational exposures to solvents, metals, and pesticides were reported by 6.5%, 8.5%, and 4.7% of participants, respectively. The prevalence of any CVD (PR: 2.18, 95% CI: 1.34-3.55), coronary heart disease (PR: 2.20, 95% CI: 1.31-3.71), and atrial fibrillation (PR: 5.92, 95% CI: 1.89-18.61) were significantly elevated for participants who reported current occupational pesticide exposure compared to no exposure. Current occupational metal exposure was associated with a greater prevalence of atrial fibrillation (PR: 3.78, 95% CI: 1.24-11.46). Further adjustment for hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, or body mass index did not appreciably change the results. Current occupational solvent exposure was not associated with CVD prevalence. Conclusions: Occupational exposure to pesticides and metals is associated with higher CVD prevalence at baseline. These cross-sectional associations do not appear to be attenuated by hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, or obesity. Further research is needed to examine other biologic mechanisms that may underlie these associations.

Solvent exposure and cognitive function in automotive technicians

Automotive technicians are commonly exposed to organic and chlorinated solvents, particularly through use of cleaning products. Occupational solvent exposures have been associated with deficits in cognitive function but, to our knowledge, no previous studies have investigated automotive technicians. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether previous exposures to n-hexane, in particular, or general solvents posed a persistent neurotoxic hazard to automotive workers.Enrolled in the study were 830 San Francisco Bay Area automotive repair workers. Each participant underwent a battery of cognitive function tests to investigate central nervous system impairment, with a primary focus on the domains of psychomotor speed, fine motor function, memory and mood. Cognitive test results regressed against estimated hexane and total solvent exposures showed little evidence of associations. Exposures to both solvents and hexane were well below the occupational exposure limits.Our results provide some reassurance about persistent neuropsychological effects in automotive workers who use solvent-based products and those who previously used hexane-containing automotive cleaning products, since this solvent is believed no longer to be used in automotive cleaning products. The lack of observed effect in this study may be attributable to low exposures, or it may reflect improved cognitive function since hexane use in automotive cleaning products was discontinued. However, impacts on results of exposure misclassification and/or the healthy worker survivor effect cannot be discounted. Irrespective of the outcome of this study, the main known neurologic effect of n-hexane is peripheral neuropathy, and such an association in automotive technicians is not excluded by these results.

Occupational solvent exposures during pregnancy and child behavior at age 6: The PELAGIE cohort study

Introduction: We previously found prenatal solvent exposures at higher risk of externalizing disorders in 2-year-old children, consistently with animal data and the few existing study in human. We aimed to assess the impact of maternal occupational exposure to solvents during pregnancy on the children behavior until age 6, within the PELAGIE cohort. Methods: Maternal occupational exposure to solvents was assessed using job-exposure matrices (JEM) and self-reported items at early pregnancy. Children’s behavior was assessed using the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire at age 6 (n=1264) and items derived from the Child Behavior Checklist at age 2 (n=833). Trajectories of externalizing disorders (hyperactivity and conduct problems) from age 2 to 6 were determined using k-means clustering methods. Poisson and logistic regression models were performed. Results: We found increased internalizing (emotional and peer-relationship) and externalizing disorders at age 6 among children of women self-reporting occasional (beta = 0.11 [CI95% 0.00, 0.23]; 0.09 [-0.01, 0.20], respectively), but not regular exposure to solvents during pregnancy. Based on JEM, internalizing disorders among children of women exposed to petroleum solvents tended to increase (beta=0.09 [-0.01, 0.19]). Four trajectories of externalizing disorders were identified (high-high; high-low; low-high and low-low, lower is better). Children of women self-reporting occasional exposure to solvents during pregnancy had more often high (age 2)-high (age 6) and high-low trajectories of conduct problems (reference: low-low, OR=2.03 [1.08, 3.82]; 2.15 [1.23, 3.76], respectively). No association was observed with regular exposures. Conclusion: This study tends to confirm the possible impact of prenatal exposure to solvents on externalizing disorders, but this impact seems to be attenuated at age 6 compared to age 2. The association between internalizing disorders and prenatal exposure to solvents requires replication.

Assessed occupational exposure to chlorinated, aromatic and Stoddard solvents during pregnancy and risk of fetal growth restriction

ObjectivesPrevious experimental and epidemiological research suggests that maternal exposure to some organic solvents during pregnancy may increase the risk of fetal growth restriction (FGR). We evaluated the association between expert-assessed...