Occupation Numbers Research Articles

Chronic energy deficiency in young pregnant women in rural Indonesia: an analysis of basic health survey 2018

Introduction: Chronic energy deficiency (CED) significantly impacts maternal health and child development. Socioeconomic conditions and access to health services cause young mothers in rural areas to have different health problems from those in urban areas. The study aimed to analyze the factors associated with CED among young pregnant women in rural areas in Indonesia. Methods: Secondary data for this cross-sectional study were obtained from the 2018 Basic Health Research Survey. One thousand one hundred and thirty-nine pregnant women aged <25 years were involved as subjects. Age, number of family members, education, occupation, gravida, abortion, supplementary feeding, and iron tablets during pregnancy were included as independent variables. Binomial logistic regression analysis was performed to measure the association between the independent and dependent variables. The strength of the association was expressed by p-value <0.05. Results: The three factors associated with CED were age (p=0.001), education (p=0.013), and supplementary feeding (p<0.001). Conclusions: Equitable education, increasing the age at which moms can become pregnant, and efforts to fulfill the nutrition needs of pregnant women by providing supplemental food based on community empowerment are significant. Family and community involvement will ensure the sustainability of this CED prevention program.

The autonomous vehicle dilemma: passenger(s) versus pedestrian(s)

ABSTRACT The deployment of autonomous vehicles (AVs) on the roads opens moral and ethical issues related to their ‘behaviour’ in daily traffic situations. A debated question is how individuals perceive the choices taken by AVs in life-threatening scenarios, and whether the same or different moral standards are applied to humans’ and AVs’ decisions. In an online experiment, a questionnaire was submitted to an international sample (N = 353). The aim was to test whether the actions made by an AV or a human driver in realistic road-accident scenarios were judged according to a different perspective. We manipulated the decision maker, the decision, the number of pedestrians crossing the road and the number of occupants inside the vehicle, to assess the importance of utilitarian principles and the role of self-sacrifice in moral evaluations. The results highlight a preference for humans’ decisions over AVs’ ones and suggest a difference in the importance of utilitarian principles in the assessment of humans and AVs. The human self-sacrifice attitude is appreciated to a different degree, according to the type of individuals saved (pedestrians or occupants). Further investigations are needed to disentangle a human-bias from the effect of self-sacrifice on the moral evaluations of humans’ and AVs’ actions.

Interplay between the charge density wave phase and a pseudogap under antiferromagnetic correlations

In this study, we explore the impact of short-range antiferromagnetic correlations on the charge density wave (CDW) phase in strongly correlated electron systems exhibiting the pseudogap phenomenon. Our investigation employs an n-pole approximation to consider the repulsive Coulomb interaction (U) and antiferromagnetic correlations. Considering an one-band Hubbard model to account for the Coulomb interaction and a BCS-like model for the CDW order parameter, we observed that an increase in U enhances antiferromagnetic fluctuations, resulting in a flattened re-normalized band around the antinodal point (π,0). The pseudogap manifests itself in the band structure and density of states, prompting exploration of various U and occupation number values. Our findings indicate that antiferromagnetic correlations significantly influence the CDW state, as the Fermi surface is reconstructed within the ordered phase. Furthermore, we found a Lifshitz transition inside both the CDW phase and the normal state, with the latter preceding the onset of the pseudogap.

The Pushback Against Canada’s Carbon Pricing System: A Case Study of Two Canadian Provinces, Saskatchewan and Nova Scotia

As part of its plan to transition to an energy secure and environmentally sustainable future, Canada has had a national carbon pricing system since 2019. When first introduced, the $20 (‘$’ refer to Canadian dollars (CAD) in this paper) per tonne price was widely accepted by most Canadians and seen as a way of helping Canada meet its emissions reduction pledges made at the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP 21) in Paris. The Canadian system is novel in that it both charges consumers for their emissions and reimburses them for their expected emissions; this is intended to raise awareness of their emissions and encourage those who can afford to opt for lower-emissions energy services to do so. By 2023, the combination of the carbon price reaching $65 per tonne and the post-pandemic economic slowdown was seized on by numerous politicians as a way of pushing back against the carbon pricing system, with most demanding the entire system be scrapped. The debate intensified in late 2023 and into 2024, when the federal government removed the carbon tax on home heating oil because the reimbursement was insufficient to cover the cost of the tax. In this paper, we consider the recent actions of two Canadian provinces, Saskatchewan and Nova Scotia, embroiled in the federal carbon pricing system debate due to the removal of the carbon tax on fuel oil for space heating. The objective of this paper is to identify how some of the reasons, including global post-pandemic inflation and other challenges facing Canadians, such as those cited in third-party polls, have contributed to a rise in the system’s unpopularity. Our method estimates and compares the impacts of the carbon tax on the household energy services for space and water heating, lighting and appliances, and private (i.e., household) transportation for different types of housing (apartment, single-attached, and single-detached) and number of occupants (two, three, and four) in Saskatchewan and Nova Scotia. The results of this work show that while Saskatchewan households have higher energy intensities than those in Nova Scotia, the impact of the carbon tax on Nova Scotians using fuel oil for heating was greater than in Saskatchewan. In Saskatchewan and Nova Scotia, natural gas and electricity, respectively, are used for heating. This paper concludes with a summary of our findings and potential options for improving perceptions of the system.

Behaviour pattern in the air-conditioner usage of the elderly living in a nursing home during winter nights - A case in Chongqing, China

The indoor thermal environment during winter nights significantly affects the elderly's sleep quality. In nursing homes in Chongqing, China, room air conditioners (RACs) are commonly used to regulate indoor temperatures and ensure a comfortable sleeping environment for elderly residents. Despite their widespread use, there is limited understanding of how elderly individuals utilize RACs and their specific thermal needs during winter nights. This study examines the RAC usage patterns and thermal environment preferences of elderly residents in a nursing home in Chongqing. The real-time RAC usage and indoor temperature conditions of sixteen elderly participants were monitored. The findings reveal notable differences in RAC usage between the pre-sleep and sleep stages. Specifically, the RAC was used 15 % more frequently and set to a temperature 2 °C warmer in the pre-sleep stage compared to during sleep. Additionally, varying thermal needs was observed throughout the night, leading to distinct RAC usage patterns categorized into low-demand and high-demand operations. Factors such as outdoor temperature, time of night, and the number of occupants were identified as key predictors of RAC usage among the elderly. This study provides valuable insights into the thermal comfort needs of elderly residents and highlights the importance of tailored RAC management for improving sleep quality in nursing homes.

Formally Exact and Practically Useful Analytic Solution of Harmonium.

We provide a novel exact analytic solution of harmonium with arbitrary Coulomb interaction strength, for ground as well as all the excited states, using our recently developed method for solving Schrödinger equations. By comparing three formally exact analytic representations of the wave function including the one that utilizes biconfluent Heun function, we find that the best and practically useful representation for the ground state is given by an exact factorized form involving a noninteger power pre-exponential factor, an exponentially decaying term and a modulator function. For excited states, additional factors are needed to account for the nodal information. We show that our method is far more efficient than basis-expansion-based methods in representing the wave function. With the exact wave functions, we have also analyzed the evolution trends of the electron density and natural occupation numbers with increasing interaction strength, which gives insight into the interesting physics in the strong correlation limit.

Slope of the Delocalization Function Is Proportional to Analytical Hardness.

Conceptual Density Functional Theory (CDFT) has been extended beyond its traditional role in elucidating chemical reactivity to the development of density functional theory methods, e.g., the investigation of the delocalization error. This delocalization error causes the dependence of the energy on the number of electrons (N) to deviate from its exact piecewise linear behavior, an error which is the basis of many well-known limitations of commonly used density-functional approximations (DFAs). Following our previous work on the analytical hardness η± for pure functionals, we extend its application to hybrid and range-separated functionals. A comparison is made between the analytical hardness and the slope of the delocalization function introduced by Hait and Head-Gordon. Our results show that there is a linear relationship between its slope and the analytical hardness. An approximate scheme is presented to construct the energy vs N curve without fractional occupation number calculations. The extension to densities is discussed.

Condensation in Zero-Range Processes with a Fast Rate

We introduce a simple zero-range process with constant rates and one fast rate for a particular occupation number, which diverges with the system size. Surprisingly, this minor modification induces a condensation transition in the thermodynamic limit, where the structure of the condensed phase depends on the scaling of the fast rate. We study this transition and its dependence on system parameters in detail on a rigorous level using size-biased sampling. This approach generalizes to any particle system with stationary product measures, and the techniques used in this paper provide a foundation for a more systematic understanding of condensing models with a non-trivial condensed phase.

Triggerpunkt-Behandlungs-Tool zur Selbsttherapie von Myogelosen im Berufsumfeld – eine Anwendungsbeobachtung

Trigger point treatment tool for self-therapy of myogelosis in the professional environment – An observational study Aim: There is a large number of occupations where workplace-associated movement patterns and/or forced postures lead to muscle tension in the shoulders and back. These tensions have a direct detrimental impact on the quality of life and capacity for work of those affected. In the medium to long term, they also promote the development of structural degeneration of the musculoskeletal system. If employees in the healthcare sector are affected, this impairs high-quality patient care. The trigger point self-treatment tool “TensionTerminator” (ErgoPhysion, Innsbruck, Austria) was developed for the self-therapy of such tension conditions in the workplace. The use of this device was evaluated as part of an application observation in six departments at Vienna General Hospital (AKH). Methods: Six departments at Vienna General Hospital from the areas of surgery, laboratory medicine, internal medicine and radiology were each provided with a “TensionTerminator” device for independent use for 4 months between May 2023 and March 2024. A contact person in each department was trained in the use of the device and how to handle the documentation. As part of the observation, users were asked to independently enter their user ID, the duration of use and their subjective assessment of the effect (“better”/”worse”/”no change”) in a list each time they used the device. Results: During the test period, a total of 430 uses by 145 users were documented in the six departments, i.e. an average of almost 3 uses per person. The average application duration was 6.5 minutes. In 85.1% of all uses, the patient’s condition after use was described as “better”, and in 14% of all cases as “no change”. One of the 430 uses received a negative rating (“worse”). Conclusion: The trigger point self-treatment tool “TensionTerminator” has proven to be an effective device against workplace-associated muscle tension. It was received very well in the hospital setting and was used regularly. Keywords: workplace health promotion – back pain – myogelosis – myofascial trigger points

Sources and determinants of exposure to indoor air pollutants in schools and hospitals: a review

Abstract Background Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) is an important determinant of health. This study aimed to review the available scientific evidence about indoor pollutants and determinants of exposure in several settings, in the scope of the K-HEALTHinAIR project. Methods The systematic review was performed for the sources, concentrations, and determinants of pollutants in schools in the European region for 2013-2023. Articles were selected for data extraction if they were epidemiological studies, reported primary data for indoor air and pollutant levels, and, identified sources and determinants of exposure. Results The main pollutants affecting IAQ in schools and hospitals were carbon dioxide, volatile organic compounds (e.g., formaldehyde, terpenes), particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, radon, ozone, and carbon monoxide. Besides the outdoor environment, several important indoor sources of emissions were identified such as occupancy, resuspension, cleaning products. Ventilation was the main determinant influencing the indoor levels of pollutants, stressing the importance of good planning, installation, and maintenance of mechanical ventilation systems in buildings. Other determinants were the number of occupants and their activities, and the building characteristics (e.g., type of floor, location, etc). Conclusions Results revealed indoor air quality as a public health concern since several pollutants are present in indoor settings. The identification of sources and determinants of exposure is fundamental for determining preventive measures in a public health perspective. Acknowledgments: K-HEALTHinAIR team for screening and data extraction: Mariana Corda, Jose Fermoso, Alicia Aguado, Sandra Rodriguez, Hanns Moshammer, Mireia Ferri, Belén Costa, Leticia Pérez, Wojciech Hanke, Artur Badyda, Piotr Kepa, Katarzyna Affek, Nina Doskocz, Laura Martín, Oguz Mulayim, Cesar Mediavilla Martinez, Alba Gómez, Ruben González, Isaac Cano, Josep Roca, Simon de Leede.

Influence of Germicidal UV (222 nm) Lamps on Ozone, Ultrafine Particles, and Volatile Organic Compounds in Indoor Office Spaces.

Germicidal ultraviolet lamps with a peak emission at 222 nm (GUV222) are gaining prominence as a safe and effective solution to reduce disease transmission in occupied indoor environments. While previous studies have reported O3 production from GUV222, less is known about their impact on other indoor constituents affecting indoor air quality, especially in real occupied environments. In this study, the effects of GUV222 on the levels of ozone (O3), ultrafine particles (UFPs), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were investigated across multiple offices with varying occupancies. O3 from the GUV222 operation was observed to increase linearly (∼300 μg h-1 m-1) with a UV light path length from 0 to 3 m beyond which it stabilized. When applied in offices, the O3 production models based on continuous measurements revealed O3 production rates of 1040 ± 87 μg h-1. The resulting increases in steady-state concentrations of 5-21 μg m-3 were highly dependent on the number of office occupants. UFP production occurred during both unoccupied and occupied conditions but predominantly in newly renovated offices. Time-resolved measurements with a proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-TOF-MS) revealed clear alterations in office VOC concentrations. Unsurprisingly, O3 oxidation chemistry was observed, including monoterpene deprivation and 4-oxopentanal (4-OPA) production. But additionally, significant alterations from unidentified mechanisms occurred, causing increased levels of various PTR-TOF-MS signals including C2H5O2+ and C4H9+ hypothesized to arise from photoinduced formation or off-gassing during the GUV222 lamp operation.

Unconventional magnon blockade in a dissipative photon–magnon coupling system

We investigate unconventional magnon blockade (UMB) in a dissipative photon–magnon coupling cavity, where the coherent and dissipative coupling between photon and magnon can be adjusted by the position of the yttrium iron garnet sphere in the cavity. An approximate analytical solution for the statistical property of magnon is provided, which is in good agreement with the results obtained by numerically solving the Lindblad master equation. Our results indicate that UMB can be achieved in the case of dissipative photon–magnon coupling, but not in the case of coherent photon–magnon coupling. Secondly, by adjusting the amplitude of the external laser field, dynamic control of UMB can be achieved. Finally, by solving the Lindblad master equation containing the occupation number of thermal magnon and photon, the statistical properties of magnons will transition from nonclassical to classical. It is shown that the above phenomena originate from the interference between different quantum paths. Our research may provide theoretical possibilities for quantum manipulation schemes at the single-magnon level and open up a new avenue for designing single-magnon sources in a dissipative photon–magnon coupling system.

Relation Between Quantum Jump and Wave Function Collapse

Whether wave function collapses or not is a major remaining question in the theory of quantum measurement. This difficulty stems from following two facts. First, it has not been recognized that single-particle quantum mechanics and many-particle quantum mechanics must be treated separately. Second, quantum jump (QJ) and wave function collapse (WFC) need clearer definitions. We define a QJ as a process of selecting a set of system eigenvalues (SEVs) of an observable and a WFC as a process of determining the probability distribution (PD) of SEVs, both from a single measurement. The goal of quantum observation is to obtain the PD, which is determined from an ensemble of SEVs. The wave function becomes an observable when the PD is determined. In single-particle quantum mechanics, a single measurement results in only one set of SEVs and the PD is not observable. Therefore the WFC does not happen. In many-particle quantum mechanics, we focus on the occupation number of a singe quantum state. The wave function does not collapse in general, but there are exceptions. The occupation number can be huge and macroscopic for photons or for Bose-Einstein condensates. In such a case, the PD is determined from a single measurement of a real ensemble and the WFC occurs. We call it a macroscopic quantum jump, which effectively is a measurement of a classical observable.

Device-free crowd counting using multi-link WiFi CSI for occupant-driven energy management of HVAC systems

ABSTRACT Accurate estimation of the number of occupants in a building’s thermal zone is a crucial input for the dynamic estimation of the cooling load of a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning equipment. This data, in conjunction with an intelligent control algorithm, can be judiciously employed for enhancing occupant comfort and achieving substantial energy savings through demand-driven operation. In this work, we propose a WiFi channel state information (CSI) based passive people counting model that utilizes a wavelet-based signal denoising scheme and an artificial neural network (ANN) model for automatic feature extraction. The application of the proposed model on a public dataset shows more than 99% accuracy in detecting up to eight people in three rooms of varying sizes. The proposed model was also validated on CSI samples collected from a laboratory environment with five occupants, using ESP32, a low cost and low power IoT device. The results show that the proposed model can perform people counting with an accuracy of up to 98%, using single- and multi-link measurements.

A new approach to determine occupational accident dynamics by using ordinary differential equations based on SIR model

The motivation of this study is to develop and establish an occupational accident dynamical model (OA model) based on Susceptible-Infected-Recovered framework. In order to investigate the dynamics of the OA model, monthly occupational accident data from Turkey between 2013 and 2020 has been selected as dataset. The OA model is defined by a coupled first-order ordinary nonlinear differential equation with four variables. In addition, the relationships between these variables are described with ten parameters. The OA model’s characterization of the equilibrium points is analyzed by investigating the behaviors of these points according to the eigenvalues derived from the Jacobian matrix. Also, the stability of these points is obtained according to the eigenvalues. These results show the behavior of the system near equilibrium points. After that, the reproduction number is computed by using the next-generation matrix method. The calculated reproduction number for given parameters reveals that the OA model is unstable. The OA model is numerically solved in 96 steps, with a time interval of 1 month, using the ODE45 Matlab routine based on the explicit Runge–Kutta algorithm. In addition, a modified OA model is developed by adding the Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) re-training parameter to the OA model to observe a reducing effect on occupational accident numbers. The main results of this study provide a new approach about the future estimation of the number of occupational accidents. Furthermore, through the comparison of numerical results from both models, the study demonstrates that national safety policies, particularly those enhancing the efficacy of OHS training, can effectively mitigate accidents.

Self-oscillating open quantum systems

Evolution of occupation number is studied for a bosonic oscillator (with one and two degrees of freedom) linearly fully coupled to fermionic and bosonic heat baths. The lack of equilibrium in this oscillator is discussed in the light of the creation of an energy source. The connection of such a system with known nonlinear self-oscillating systems is shown.

Acoustical Analysis of Auditorium in National Educational Museum, West Java

Abstract Besides being the place for evidence of past history and future history, the National Educational Museum in West Java also has audio visual room, for the visitor to learn about the museum more. Visitor ability to understand what is being said in the auditorium depends on the acoustics quality of the room. This study primarily talks about acoustics auditorium and find out if the acoustics in Auditorium of National Educational Museum is optimal for its function. The objective of this analysis is to determine the acoustics quality of the room in Auditorium of National Educational Museum. The simulation results with acoustic standards was carried out after conducting field observations and simulations using Ecotect v.5.50 software. After the simulation conducted it is known that there is some factors that makes this auditorium reverberation time not optimal such as sound-reflecting materials, floor and ceiling shape and elevation, and the number of occupants in the room. Which resulted in the speaker’s voice become less clear to the perceiver. Thus, to respond to the issue some materials can be change to sound-absorbing materials, and the ceiling shape can be made simpler to reduce the reverberation and echoes.

Probabilistic assessment of earthquake casualties in residential areas

Accurately and reasonably assessing earthquake casualties is crucial for seismic disaster planning and governmental decision-making. However, current research on earthquake casualty assessments often lacks sufficient consideration of the uncertainties related to seismic scenarios and influencing factors. To enhance the authenticity and reliability of casualty assessments, this study proposes a seismic casualty assessment model capable of simultaneously considering multiple influencing factors. It quantitatively evaluates each influencing factor and comprehensively integrates the uncertainty characteristics associated with seismic occurrence time, building damage states, and the number of occupants. Using a residential area as an example, the research compares casualty assessment results with and without considering apartment layouts and the age structure of residents. It also explains the probabilistic method for quantifying casualties and constructing vulnerability models for seismic events in the residential area. Additionally, a simplified analytical method applicable to probabilistic assessment of earthquake casualties in masonry residential areas in Beijing is proposed. The research findings indicate that the apartment layouts within buildings have a relatively minor impact on the assessment results of casualties in the residential area, while the age structure of residents significantly affects earthquake casualty estimates. Casualty rates in the residential area, considering uncertainties in the three factors, approximately follow a log-normal distribution. For seismic intensities ranging from VI(0.05g) to IX(0.40g), the standard deviation of casualty rates across different seismic intensities exceeds 0.4. The probabilistic analysis method proposed in this study enhances existing models for earthquake casualty assessments and addresses the shortcomings in probabilistic evaluation research.

Acoustic comfort in primary- and nursery-school canteens: From measurements to recommendations

Canteens usually have critical acoustic conditions resulting from the need to maximize the number of occupants while minimizing volume. Thus, in the absence of specific sound absorbing treatments, very high sound pressure levels are usually observed resulting in significant impairment of communication (with increased vocal effort of speakers and reduced speech intelligibility), and dangerously high exposure levels for workers. The present paper reports acoustic measurements carried out in a nursery school canteen having a volume of 212 m3 and seating about 50 children, and two primary school canteens having volumes of 656 m3 (seating 150 children) and 367 m3 (seating 107 children). Reverberation time was measured in each room as well as sound pressure levels during peak occupation (averaged over 15-minute intervals), resulting in A-weighted sound pressure levels spanning between 81 dB (in the nursery school) and 90 dB in the primary schools. Starting from the observed values, considerations about the group-size of the occupants as a function of age were made, and recommendations were finally given to guide the acoustic correction of similar spaces.

Multireference calculations on bond dissociation and biradical polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as guidance for fractional occupation number weighted density analysis in DFT calculations

This study explores open-shell biradical and polyradical molecular compounds based on extended multireference (MR) methods (MR-configuration interaction with singles and doubles (CISD) and MR-averaged quadratic coupled cluster (AQCC) approach) using the numbers of unpaired densities NU. These results were used to guide the analysis of the fractional occupation number weighted density (FOD) calculated within the finite temperature (FT) density functional theory (DFT) approach. As critical test examples, the dissociation of carbon–carbon (CC) single, double and triple bonds and a benchmark set of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been chosen. By examining single, double, and triple bond dissociations, we demonstrate the utility and accuracy but also limitations of the FOD analysis for describing these dissociation processes. In significant extension of previous work (Phys Chem Chem Phys 25: 27380–27393), the assessment of FOD applications for different classes of DFT functionals was performed examining the range-separated functionals ωB97XD, ωB97M-V, CAM-B3LYP, LC-ωPBE, and MN12-SX, the hybrid (M06-2X) functional and the double hybrid (B2P-LYP) functional. In all cases, strong correlations between NFOD and NU values are found. The major task was to develop a new linear regression formula for range-separated functionals allowing a convenient determination of the optimal electronic temperature Tel for the FT-DFT calculation. We also established an optimal temperature for the semiempirical extended tight-binding GFN2-xTB method. These findings significantly broaden the applicability of FOD analysis across various DFT functionals and semiempirical methods.