Occupation Of Britain Research Articles

الإحتلال البريطاني للعراق دراسة في تطوره السياسي


 يتناول هذا البحث مرحلة مهمة من تاريخ العراق([i]) الحديث، ألا وهي مرحلة الاحتلال البريطاني للعراق منذ 1917م، عندما دخل البريطانيون بغداد بقيادة الجنرال ستانلي مود وأعلنوا احتلالهم للعراق. ويلاحظ ان تاريخ العراق المعاصر يتوافق مع هذا الحدث المؤثر. لذلك فأن فهم هذا الاحتلال ودوافعه وموقف الشعب العراقي منه مهم جداً لفهم التاريخ العراقي في مراحله اللاحقة. ويبين كذلك فهم الآخرين للعراق وشعبه وكيفية تعاملهم معه. وبعد مرور قرن من الزمن على هذا الحدث فأن اعادة دراسته له أهمية خاصة وبصورة عامة وان كان تحدي الاحتلال كبيراً بالنسبة للعراقيين فان الاستجابة لهذا التحدي كان عظيماً حيث أثبت بأنه لايمكن حكم العراقيين بصورة مباشرة. إن البحث الذي قمت بكتابته وبتوفيق من الله عز وجل يبدأ قبل فترة الاحتلال المباشر فقد تناولت في بدايته وقوع العراق في نفوذ الدولة العثمانية وأوضاعه تحت سيطرة العثمانيين وأهمية العراق الستراتيجية وكذلك المعاهدات التي جرت بين الحكومتين العراقية والبريطانية، وأثر ذلك على كردستان الحلم ويختتم البحث بدور المقاومة وإنهاء الاحتلال البريطاني في ثورة العشرين التي كان للكرد نصيب فيها ضمن حركة التحرر الكردية ولا أجزم بأن البحث قد نال مرحلة الكمال، لأن الكمال لله عز وجل وحده ولكن أدعوا أن يكون قد نال رضا الله ومن يقرأه، والله الموفق.
 
 ([i]) هناك آراء كثيرة حول اصل ومعنى العراق: ينظر: سالم الآلوسي، اسماء العراق وبغداد، بيروت، الوراق للنشر، 2013، ص ص9-174.

THE OTTOMAN PRESS IS ONE OF THE SOURCES OF THE MODERN HISTORY OF LIBYA

Everyone knows that Tripoli in that west became part of the Ottoman circulation and was subject to it in the in the year 1551 AD, after the Spaniards and the Knights of saint john were expelled from it. The ottoman rule continued until October 1912, when Turkey exited from it under the treaty of Auch – Lausanne. The second Ottoman era witnessed many facts and events that affected the history of the state, including; Frances occupation of Algeria in 1830 during some movements against the Ottoman rule, such as the movements of Abd al- jalil Saif al- Nasr and Goma al – Mahmudi Britain's occupation of Egypt and Sudan 1881 imposing a French protectorate on Tunisia in May1882. The beginning of the epochs of Italian colonial ambitions in Libya. Bystudying this period, which lasted about 361 years the importance of the ottoman sources appears as a basic and important source for studying and writing the history of the western Tripoli state (Libya). Keywords: The Ottoman Press, The Modern History of Libya

After UCS: Workplace Occupation in Britain in the 1970s

This paper traces the development of this form of industrial action through the 1970s, the emergence of an alternative economic voice, ultimately almost silenced in the 1980s with the dominance of neo-liberalism, leaving a sedimental alternative which periodically reappears. We first need to consider the context for this occupation movement and the social, political and economic developments of the post-war period which facilitated this form of resistance. Then we consider the nature of ‘occupation’, the forms it takes, and what differentiates it from strikes and other manifestations of organized conflict arising from the employment of labour power under capitalism, before examining the pattern of occupation after UCS. We indicate that the movement left a sediment of ideas and practices, not just in terms of ‘occupation’ itself as a form of industrial action, but also of an alternative economy rooted in workers’ self-management and socially useful production.

İNGİLTERE’NİN MISIR’I İŞGALİ VE “TAÇSIZ HÜKÜMDAR” LORD CROMER’İN MISIR İDARESİ (EYLÜL 1883-MART 1907)

Osmanlı Devleti’nin Mısır hâkimiyeti 1517’de başladı ve yaklaşık dört asır boyunca devam etti. Avrupalı güçlerin Osmanlı Devleti’ne yönelik artan müdahale ve topraklarını ele geçirme politikası 19. yüzyılın karakteristik özelliği olarak ön plana çıktı. Bu bağlamda İngilizler için stratejik bir konuma yerleşen Mısır da bu politikanın bir sonucu olarak 1882’de İngiliz işgaline uğradı. İşgal ile birlikte Mısır hukuken Osmanlı Devleti’nin bir parçası olarak kalsa da fiilen İngiliz idaresi altına girdi. Lord Granville’nin 4 Ocak 1884 tarihli telgrafı ile başlayan ve Aralık 1914’te ilan edilen İngiliz himayesine kadar Mısır’daki İngiliz dolaylı yönetimi İngiltere’nin Başkonsolosu Evelyn Baring veya bilinen adıyla Lord Cromer’in 24 yıllık görevi süresince sağlam temellere kavuşacak ve güçlü bir şekilde temsil edilecekti. Çalışmamızda İngiltere’nin Mısır’ı işgalindeki en büyük etken ile birlikte Lord Cromer’in Mısır idaresinde söz sahibi olmasına giden süreç ve idaresi değerlendirilecektir.

The Disaffected: Britain's Occupation of Philadelphia during the American Revolution by Aaron Sullivan

Reviewed by: The Disaffected: Britain's Occupation of Philadelphia during the American Revolution by Aaron Sullivan Robynne Rogers Healey (bio) The Disaffected: Britain's Occupation of Philadelphia during the American Revolution aaron sullivan University of Pennsylvania Press, 2019 296 pp. Aaron Sullivan's thoughtful analysis of the nine-month British occupation of Philadelphia in 1777–78 makes a substantial contribution to histories of the American Revolution. There is no shortage of scholarship on Americans who won the Revolutionary War; as Sullivan says, "the victorious Patriots began writing them almost at once" (6). More recently, historians of the period have turned their attention to the Loyalists, generally considered the losers in this war. The bifurcation of early Americans into two camps—Patriot or Loyalist—has presented a false dichotomy of political commitment based on the assumption that everyone held strong political convictions for one of the two opposing sides. Sullivan draws our attention to the experience of an important, underexamined group identified by both the Revolutionaries and the British as "the disaffected," the significant group of "Americans who stood apart [or tried to stand apart] from and outside those two warring camps" (6). Standing apart from the fray may have been easier for those in locations untouched directly by the war, but for those living at the heart of the conflict, the experience of navigating the Revolution while trying not to choose a side was complex indeed. Viewed through the binary lens of ardent Patriot or zealous Loyalist, the behavior of those outside those identities appears as "fickle, opportunistic, [End Page 941] apathetic, or even treasonous" (7). Considered from the perspective of disaffection, Sullivan contends, the actions of these people appear "rational and consistent" (7). Moreover, the framework of disaffection provides insights to the Revolution in southeastern Pennsylvania that was neither glorious nor idealistic but, rather, "a messy affair that, for so many Americans, simply had to be endured" (17–18, emphasis in original). Sullivan's book poses a number of questions seldom asked by historians of the Revolution. Focusing on the disaffected "questions old assumptions about American loyalties, explores the darker facets of the Patriots' ideology, and challenges traditional narratives of when and how the Revolution was won" (5). Philadelphia and environs, deeply divided and replete with a disaffected population, was "a particularly rich site" for this case study. Sullivan himself contends that more work needs to be done in other locations to see whether the role of disaffection was unique to Philadelphia's population or common in the colonies seeking independence from Britain (228). While The Disaffected will hopefully not be the last word on this topic, Sullivan's carefully researched and clearly written case study complicates the story of a society neatly divided between Patriot and Loyalist and provides an excellent model for future work in this area. Given the importance of change over time in Sullivan's findings, the book is arranged into six chronological chapters covering the months before, during, and after the occupation. These chapters, each with a single-word title ("Consent," "Invasion," "Siege," "Occupation," "Evacuation," and "Aftermath"), provide context and analysis of the social, economic, political, and military conditions related to the occupation of Philadelphia from the fall of 1777 to the summer of 1778. Interspersed between each of these chapters are five interludes that tell the stories of three disaffected families: the Quaker merchant family of Elizabeth and Henry Drinker; the family of noncombatant James Allen and his Patriot-turned-Loyalist brothers; and the Whitall family, Quaker farmers in New Jersey. These short interludes reconstruct the varied lived experiences of the disaffected and personalize the arguments advanced in the longer chapters. Interludes 1 and 3 examine the wealthy, mostly Loyalist, Allen family, especially James Allen, a privileged Pennsylvanian who retreated to his country home in an effort to avoid politics and the war unfolding around him. Interludes 2 and 4 give insights into the Quaker Drinker family's experience: Henry's exile to Virginia and Elizabeth's experiences caring for her family in a city and [End Page 942] household occupied by the British military. Finally, interlude 5 details the experiences of the Whitalls, disaffected Quaker farmers who lived across the Delaware River...

The Disaffected: Britain's Occupation of Philadelphia during the American Revolution

The Disaffected: Britain's Occupation of Philadelphia during the American Revolution

Artists on the edge of the world: An integrated approach to the study of Magdalenian engraved stone plaquettes from Jersey (Channel Islands)

The Upper Palaeolithic is characterised by the appearance of iconographic expressions most often depicting animals, including anthropomorphic forms, and geometric signs. The Late Upper Palaeolithic Magdalenian saw a flourishing of such depictions, encompassing cave art, engraving of stone, bone and antler blanks and decoration of tools and weapons. Though Magdalenian settlement exists as far northwest as Britain, there is a limited range of art known from this region, possibly associated with only fleeting occupation of Britain during this period. Stone plaquettes, flat fragments of stone engraved on at least one surface, have been found in large quantities at numerous sites spanning the temporal and geographical spread of the Magdalenian, but they have been absent so far from the archaeological record of the British Isles. Between 2015 and 2018, ten fragments of stone plaquettes extensively engraved with abstract designs were uncovered at the Magdalenian site of Les Varines, Jersey, Channel Islands. In this paper, we report detailed analyses of these finds, which provide new evidence for technologies of abstract mark-making, and their significance within the lives of people on the edge of the Magdalenian world. These engraved stone fragments represent important, rare evidence of artistic expression in what is the far northern and western range of the Magdalenian and add new insight to the wider significance of dynamic practices of artistic expression during the Upper Palaeolithic.

Aaron Sullivan. The Disaffected: Britain's Occupation of Philadelphia during the American Revolution. Early American Studies. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2019. Pp. 304. $39.95 (cloth).

Aaron Sullivan. The Disaffected: Britain's Occupation of Philadelphia during the American Revolution. Early American Studies. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2019. Pp. 304. $39.95 (cloth). - Volume 59 Issue 3

Reception

Chris Davies’ Blockbusters and the Ancient World is the latest addition to a growing body of scholarly literature on cinematic receptions of antiquity. The author takes as his focus the swathe of ancient world epics produced since the 9/11 terrorist attacks in 2001, ranging from movies set in the ancient Greek world (including the 2004 films Troy and Alexander, and, from 2007, 300) to the Roman occupation of Britain – as seen in King Arthur (2004), The Last Legion (2007), Centurion (2010), and The Eagle (2011) – as well as those which concentrate on aspects of Christianity (Agora, of 2009, set in Alexandria in the early fifth century ce, as contrasted with the 2004 biblical epic The Passion of the Christ). Structured around a series of case studies of these individual films, the book undoubtedly adds a set of valuable contributions to the scholarly literature on each piece; its real strength lies, however, in the way in which the author draws comparisons between these case studies while simultaneously situating the movies within their wider historical, political, and cultural contexts. Davies’ introduction alone – with a broad overview of the development of cinematic depictions of antiquity from the birth of cinema to contemporary productions, along with definitions of key terms – provides an excellent starting point for those new to thinking about ancient world films, and a comprehensive filmography of works referenced is a useful research tool. There is much here too, however, which will be of value to those seeking more in-depth discussion. Detailed analysis of the films themselves – with attention to staging, casting, and characterization – is accompanied by discussion of critical responses and evidence from published interviews with directors and producers. The author is careful to point out that artistic products often resist straightforward interpretation, and that multiple readings of each film are possible (for example, the critical reception of a movie may infer a different relationship to contemporary politics than the stated intentions of its creative team). He also explores the development and fluidity of genres, and the ways in which several of these films hybridize more than one genre (for example, traces of the western are strongly evident in the Roman Britain epics; and The Passion of the Christ carries striking elements of the horror genre). What results is a sensitive exploration of the films’ relationship to US politics, in the particular context of the ‘War on Terror’ and the US-led invasions of Iraq and Afghanistan, which examines ways in which the films ‘have inspired allegorical and metaphorical readings in which the past has been used to contextualise, warn or parallel the present’ (209).

The Disaffected: Britain's Occupation of Philadelphia during the American Revolution by Aaron Sullivan

Reviewed by: The Disaffected: Britain's Occupation of Philadelphia during the American Revolution by Aaron Sullivan Kimberly Nath (bio) Keywords Philadelphia, American Revolution, British Occupation, Loyalists The Disaffected: Britain's Occupation of Philadelphia during the American Revolution. By Aaron Sullivan. (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2019. Pp. 304. Cloth, $39.95. Philadelphia and its significance in the American Revolution has been long acknowledged and studied, but the existing scholarship has lacked focus on the period of British occupation and those individuals without strong political attachments. In The Disaffected: Britain's Occupation of Philadelphia during the American Revolution, Aaron Sullivan provides an in-depth, thorough overview of the nine-month occupation of the city and offers a look at individuals whom he terms "disaffected." He defines the term carefully and cautiously in his introduction, noting that these individuals should be best understood as those whose "defining feature was less loyalty to than lack of support or affection for either party in the dispute" (7). Sullivan's eloquently written work convincingly argues that we must consider these disaffected individuals to understand not only the complex period of British occupation in Philadelphia but also the political landscape that developed in the aftermath and endured throughout the remainder of the American Revolution. More recent studies by Maya Jasanoff, Judith Van Buskirk, Ruma Chopra, and Thomas Allen have revived loyalist studies and complicated our historical understanding of the patriot and loyalist divide. Van Buskirk and Chopra, in particular, looked at day-to-day affairs and movement in another occupied city: New York. However, these studies have focused less on those who actively chose not to take sides and the implications of that decision. Sullivan shifts our focus to Philadelphia [End Page 329] and argues that by looking at this group of people without a strong political attachment, "we can see how the British occupation and the ever-shifting nature of the Revolution affected the people of the Delaware Valley" (6). Disaffection, as Sullivan argues, varied greatly among individuals. Yet he shows how all disaffected individuals were persecuted in the American Revolution because lack of allegiance, to either side, had great consequences at the beginning and throughout the war. Sullivan illuminates these distinctive circumstances with vignettes that pepper his broader narrative of the occupation. The Disaffected proceeds chronologically through chapters titled consent, invasion, siege, occupation, evacuation, and the aftermath of the British in Philadelphia. Chapter interludes, however, offer short stories about disaffected individuals impacted by the events of occupation. These interludes contain familiar names, but less familiar stories. For example, the interlude between Chapters 4 and 5 tells the story of Philadelphian Elizabeth Drinker and the relationship she developed with Major J. Crammond, after he moved into her home during British occupation. Narratives about the Drinkers, Allens, and Whitalls all interject the broader narrative with a cast of characters and enrich, rather than detract from, the overall argument about the varied behavior of individuals in Philadelphia during the American Revolution. Furthermore, Sullivan masterfully tells the story of British occupation in a comprehensible fashion, distilling complex events of the invading of the Elk River and the success of British troops along with the failures of George Washington and his army. A great strength is in telling this story in conjunction with the occupation of Philadelphia. Many are familiar with the early military campaigns of the Revolutionary War, but here Sullivan succeeds in discussing the profound effect these failures had in the city. Because George Washington and his army "failed to isolate Philadelphia from the surrounding countryside, much less in forcing the British to choose between starvation and retreat, the Continental crack-down in 1778 did have a profound, if unintended, effect on the local populace" (115). This led to harsher treatment of individuals who did not abide by legislation requiring oaths of allegiance, such as the Test Act, and punishments such as "confiscations, destructions, arrests, imprisonments, whippings, and executions carried out by the continental army and the Pennsylvania militia began to slowly but steadily alienate more civilians in the Delaware Valley" (115). Sullivan concludes by discussing the aftermath of British occupation, arriving at the conclusion [End Page 330] that while "the weeks and months following the British...

Not Your Grandpa's Military History

Not Your Grandpa's Military History Serena Zabin (bio) Aaron Sullivan, The Disaffected: Britain's Occupation of Philadelphia During the American Revolution. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2019. 304 pp. Notes, bibliography, and index. $39.95. Rachel B. Herrmann, No Useless Mouth: Waging War and Fighting Hunger in the American Revolution. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2019. 296 pp. Notes and index. $24.95. Military history is making a comeback in the study of the American Revolution. The former reserve of armchair generals and military officers manqués has become a hot (or at least warm) topic again, as scholars have recently turned their attention to armies, occupations, fighting, and encampments. Both of the books under review here grapple with the question of what it meant to experience the American Revolution in physical, even visceral, ways. Intellectual questions of liberty are beside the point; struggles for power were both personal and material. The decisions of generals and the movement of regiments only begin to define the meaning of warfare in these two studies. Following Michael McDonnell's call to take the Revolutionary War more seriously, both scholars treat it as an ugly and cruel conflict distinct from the concurrent political revolution.1 Yet the war that each book describes is so different in its places, peoples, chronologies, and scales that it is hard to believe that it is the same conflict. The juxtaposition of these books reveals more than the various elements of a complicated and wide-ranging eight-year war; it also helps to explain the implications of the ways that we tell the story of the American Revolution. Aaron Sullivan's The Disaffected studies the occupation of Philadelphia by British troops from 1777 to 1778. While those committed to the Continental Cause fled the city as British troops approached, thousands of others, perhaps three quarters of the total population, stayed in Philadelphia, waiting for the British troops with a combination of hope and fear that managed to displease both sides. General Washington and General Howe were equally dismayed at how little support they found among the Pennsylvanians; Washington had hoped that the seat of the Continental Congress would stand firm against the [End Page 507] British invasion. Philadelphians, however, allowed the Redcoats to take the city without firing a shot, yet declined to welcome them with open arms. Those who stayed in Philadelphia cautiously tried to keep from offending anyone. But why should they, or we, assume that conflict always divides people into two camps? The claim that "we assume all Americans must be classified as either "'Patriots'" or "'Loyalists'" (p. 7) has been untenable for at least half a century now.2 As a frame for Sullivan's book, it is a straw man. Many Quaker civilians of course resolutely tried to remain neutral. Wealthy urban women like Elizabeth Drinker (whom Sullivan characterizes as the individual best suited "to represent the story of the occupation," p. 6) watched her husband, who refused to commit to one side or the other, and many people like him marched out of the city. Still others, particularly the farmers outside Philadelphia's limits, found themselves and their produce ravaged by "foraging" troops. As Sung Bok Kim described 30 years ago, Westchester farmers in a similar situation tried to keep their heads down and simply hoped for survival.3 Sullivan describes the Whitalls, a family of Quaker farmers whose farm south of Philadelphia was repeatedly raided by British and Continental soldiers, as doing "what they could to avoid engagement with the politics and violence of the imperial contest" (p. 193). Indifference, even more than fear, seemed to define the Whitalls' politics. Why did some people refuse to take sides? Sullivan defines the disaffected as those whose "defining feature was less loyalty to than a lack of support or affection for either party in the dispute." (p. 7). But refusing to choose a side is itself a choice. Sullivan often suggests that economic self-interest drove decisions. The shifting fortunes of war "prompted disaffected Pennsylvanians to once again reevaluate which political and commercial choices offered the most peaceful and profitable future for themselves and their families" (p. 177). The real reason, however, that no...

The Rise in Pay for Performance Among Higher Managerial and Professional Occupations in Britain: Eroding or Enhancing the Service Relationship?

Higher managerial and professional occupations are now the most incentivized occupational class in Britain. It is not yet known whether the rise in pay for performance (PFP) signifies an erosion or enhancement in the ‘service relationship’ that purportedly characterizes these occupations. Taking an occupational class perspective, this article investigates the implications of the rise in PFP for the employment relationship and conditions of work across the occupational structure using two nationally representative datasets. In fixed-effects estimates, PFP is found to heavily substitute base earnings in non-service class occupations, but not in service class occupations. PFP jobs generally have no worse conditions relative to non-PFP jobs within occupational classes. The article concludes the rise in PFP should be conceptualized more as a form of ‘rent sharing’ for service class occupations, enhancing the service relationship, and as a form of ‘risk sharing’ for non-service class occupations.

Human occupation of northern Europe in MIS 13: Happisburgh Site 1 (Norfolk, UK) and its European context

The timing, environmental setting and archaeological signatures of an early human presence in northern Europe have been longstanding themes of Palaeolithic research. In the space of 20 years, the earliest record of human occupation in Britain has been pushed back from 500 ka (Boxgrove) to 700 ka (Pakefield) and then to >800 ka (Happisburgh Site 3). Other sites also contribute to this record of human occupation; a second locality at Happisburgh, referred to as Site 1, attests to human presence at around 500 ka (MIS 13). This paper provides the first comprehensive account of research undertaken at Happisburgh Site 1 since 2000. The early human landscape and depositional environment was that of a river floodplain, where an active river channel, in which a grey sand was deposited, was abandoned, forming a floodplain lake, with marginal marsh/swamp environments, which was infilled with organic mud. This succession is sealed by Middle Pleistocene glacial deposits. An assemblage of 199 flint flakes, flake tools and cores was recovered from the grey sand and organic mud. The evidence from Happisburgh Site 1 is placed in the context of the wider British and European MIS 13 record. The growing evidence for a significant dispersal of humans into northern Europe around 500 ka raises critical questions concerning the environmental conditions under which this took place. We also consider the evolutionary and behavioural changes in human populations that might have enabled the more widespread and persistent period of human presence in northern Europe at this time.

The submerged archaeology of the North Sea: Enhancing the Lower Palaeolithic record of northwest Europe

The Lower Palaeolithic hominin occupation of northwest Europe occurred during a period of significant climatic change. In Britain, hominin populations were present discontinuously, from strongly continental sites to those characterised by a balmy Mediterranean environment. Whilst apparently able to survive a range of conditions, the configuration of the associated landscapes, in particular the presence or absence of a land connection with the continent, would have had a fundamental impact on the density of hominin occupation in Britain at any given time. Similarly, the environments once present in the now-drowned North Sea Basin and Channel regions would presumably have played an important role in attracting and sustaining hominin populations. However, our understanding of the physical and environmental character of these landscapes, as well as the timing of marine transgressive and regressive periods, remains frustratingly murky, hindering the ability to imagine how these landscapes may have been used. A growing body of data from recent research and commercial offshore development is beginning to help researchers understand this issue, but there is still an immense amount of work to do. With the contribution that evidence from these lost landscapes could provide to Lower Palaeolithic archaeology as a focus, this paper begins with a review of the current state of affairs with regard to commercial and research methods and practices. It then discusses the ways that we are moving this forward through specific archaeological projects, providing tentative suggestions for how current methods could be developed and the kinds of information that these could provide.

MIS 13–12 in Britain and the North Atlantic: understanding the palaeoclimatic context of the earliest Acheulean

ABSTRACTResearch over the last two decades has revealed a rich record of Lower Palaeolithic occupation in Britain before 450 000 years. Acheulean industries (Mode II) first appear in the later part of the early Middle Pleistocene [Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 19–13]. This paper reviews: (i) the age of the earliest Acheulean in Britain; (ii) the climates under which the earliest Acheulean industries occur, as recorded by the palaeoecological assemblages that are found at key archaeological sites; and (iii) the spatial and temporal pattern of regional climate change, i.e. the magnitude of glacial/interglacial cycles that occurred as a backdrop to the first arrival of Mode II archaeology in Britain. This review suggests that in Britain, the earliest Acheulean populations arrived during MIS 13 and that early occupation occurred under a range of climatic/environmental settings but frequently under post‐temperate late interglacial or interstadial‐type cool boreal environments. Furthermore, this review shows that the pattern of climate forcing in Western Europe during MIS 13–12 was not analogous to the interglacial cycles of the past 450 000 years as latitudinal climate gradients appear to have been less pronounced. The paper concludes by discussing the significance of these observations for understanding the arrival of the earliest Acheulean in Britain.

Navigating the Spanish Lake: the Pacific in the Iberian world, 1521-1898

Navigating the examines Spain's long presence in? the Pacific Ocean (1521-1898) in the context of its global empire. Building on a growing body of literature on the Atlantic world and indigenous peoples in the Pacific, this pioneering book investigates the historiographical Spanish Lake as an artifact that unites the Pacific Rim (the Americas and Asia) and Basin (Oceania) with the Iberian Atlantic. Incorporating an impressive array of unpublished archival materials on Spain's two most important island possessions (Guam and the Philippines) and foreign policy in the South Sea, the book brings the Pacific into the prevailing Atlanticentric scholarship, challenging many standard interpretations. By examining Castile's cultural heritage in the Pacific through the lens of archipelagic Hispanization, the authors bring a new comparative methodology to an important field of research. The book opens with a macrohistorical perspective of the conceptual and literal Lake. The chapters that follow explore both the Iberian vision of the Pacific and indigenous counter- narratives; chart the history of a Chinese mestizo regiment that emerged after Britain's occupation of Manila in 1762-1764; and examine how Chamorros responded to waves of newcomers making their way to Guam from Europe, the Americas, and Asia. An epilogue analyzes the decline of influence against a back- drop of European and American imperial ambitions and reflects on the legacies of archipelagic Hispanization into the twenty-first century. Specialists and students of Pacific studies, world history,?the colonial era, maritime history, early modern Europe, and Asian studies will welcome Navigating the as a persuasive reorientation of the Pacific in both Iberian and world history.

The Romano-British Peasant: Towards a Study of People, Landscapes and Work during the Roman Occupation of Britain. By M. McCarthy . Windgather Press/Oxbow Books, Oxford, 2013. Pp. 160, illus. Price: £29.95. isbn 978 1 905119 47 9.

The Romano-British Peasant: Towards a Study of People, Landscapes and Work during the Roman Occupation of Britain. By M. McCarthy . Windgather Press/Oxbow Books, Oxford, 2013. Pp. 160, illus. Price: £29.95. <scp>isbn</scp> 978 1 905119 47 9.

The Age of Nationality and the Origins of the Zionist-Palestinian Conflict

Since the late 1970s, most scholarship on the origins of the Zionist–Palestinian conflict has emphasised the actions and agency of the Palestinian Arabs and Zionists, with a focus on the period before 1914. It is argued in this article, however, that the expectation of and commitment to political independence on both sides, a defining feature of the conflict, did not emerge until 1918, and that the actions of the British government in Palestine during the final year of the First World War drove this fundamental shift. Following Britain's occupation of southern Palestine in December 1917, the British administration undertook an extensive propaganda operation in the country to advertise their backing for Arab nationalism and Zionism. This campaign was part of the British government's wider endeavour to mobilise support for the Allied war effort and British imperial expansion in the Middle East in the new age of nationality. It led, the article contends, to a war for national sovereignty over Palestine between two statist nationalist movements. Rather than emphasise British colonial agency at the expense of that of the Palestinian Arabs and Zionists, the article argues that this development derived from a complex interaction between the three parties within the context of radical changes in international politics.

High-risk occupations for suicide.

High occupational suicide rates are often linked to easy occupational access to a method of suicide. This study aimed to compare suicide rates across all occupations in Britain, how they have changed over the past 30 years, and how they may vary by occupational socio-economic group. Method We used national occupational mortality statistics, census-based occupational populations and death inquiry files (for the years 1979-1980, 1982-1983 and 2001-2005). The main outcome measures were suicide rates per 100000 population, percentage changes over time in suicide rates, standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) and proportional mortality ratios (PMRs). Several occupations with the highest suicide rates (per 100000 population) during 1979-1980 and 1982-1983, including veterinarians (ranked first), pharmacists (fourth), dentists (sixth), doctors (tenth) and farmers (thirteenth), have easy occupational access to a method of suicide (pharmaceuticals or guns). By 2001-2005, there had been large significant reductions in suicide rates for each of these occupations, so that none ranked in the top 30 occupations. Occupations with significant increases over time in suicide rates were all manual occupations whereas occupations with suicide rates that decreased were mainly professional or non-manual. Variation in suicide rates that was explained by socio-economic group almost doubled over time from 11.4% in 1979-1980 and 1982-1983 to 20.7% in 2001-2005. Socio-economic forces now seem to be a major determinant of high occupational suicide rates in Britain. As the increases in suicide rates among manual occupations occurred during a period of economic prosperity, carefully targeted suicide prevention initiatives could be beneficial.

Contemporary workplace occupations in Britain

PurposeThis paper aims to examine the more militant response of a minority of workers to collective redundancy and restructuring in Britain since 2007.Design/methodology/approachThe paper deploys secondary sources to develop a series of grounded micro‐factors to help explain the presence and absence of the deployment of the occupation tactic.FindingsSome headway is made in explaining why only a limited number of occupations took place against redundancy and restructuring.Practical implicationsThe method of occupation was not shown to be as effective as might have been thought in opposing redundancies.Social implicationsThese concern union strategies and tactics for resistance to redundancy and restructuring.Originality/valueThe paper provides a grounded explanation of the phenomenon and incidence of worker occupations against collective redundancy and closure.