Occipital Horn Of Lateral Ventricle Research Articles

Elmukashfi’s Protocol for Hippocampal Volumetry; 2022

There is a relation between many neuropsychiatric disorders and reduction in hippocampal volume. So, a protocol for researches in this area is highly needed. Study aimed to design and validate a protocol for hippocampal volumetry to facilitate manual segmentation of hippocampus region. It was a comparative study, carried at Diagnostic Imaging Clinic at Elmoalem Hospital; where 65 Sudanese individuals were surveyed in period (December 2021 –April 2022). Data was collected through master sheet for sociodemographic information, 3D magnetic resonance imaging for measuring hippocampus volume, and imaging acquisition. Software for measurements 3D slicer version (4.11) was used, where hippocampus is mapped by delineating its boundaries. Protocol was composed of mapping hippocampus. Mapping hippocampus: identify sagittal view, lateral fissure, temporal horn of lateral ventricle, hippocampus region, temporal and occipital horn of lateral ventricle, choroid plexus of lateral ventricle. Among these slides hippocampus has been delineated. Statistical Computing: Data was analyzed using SPSS version 23. Reliability test was performed by obtaining Cronbach’s alpha. Protocol considered reliable if value of Cronbach’s alpha is close to (+1). P-value ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Validation of Protocol: Calculation of hippocampus volume is valid as total volume correlates strongly with both right and left measurements (correlation coefficient 0.76 and 0.87 respectively and p-value <0.001). Reliability test was 0.85; which was close to (+1). Conclusion and recommendation: This protocol represents a valid, reliable, and applicable method for measuring hippocampal volume. It could be a step to develop an international standard protocol for hippocampal volumetry.

Brain Injury Patterns in Neonates With Hypernatremic Dehydration: Single Center Experience

To find out the incidence, spectrum, and topographical distribution of brain lesions in neonatal hypernatremic dehydration. We prospectively enrolled 100 consecutive neonates admitted with hypernatremic dehydration. 93 neonates underwent magnetic resonance imaging brain to identify the nature and site of neurological injury. Neuroradiological lesions were found in 42 (45.2%) babies. Edema was the most common finding in 37 (39.8%), followed by hemorrhage in 13 (13.9%) and thrombosis in 6 (6.4%). Edema predominantly affected juxtacortical/subcortical white matter followed by periventricular white matter and centrum semiovale, posterior part of internal capsule, and basal ganglia/thalamus. Occipital horns of lateral ventricle were the main sites of hemorrhage. Thrombotic lesions predominantly involved sagittal, straight and transverse sinuses. Brain lesions were observed only in severe hypernatremia group. In neonatal hypernatremic dehydration, edema was the most common neurological lesion, followed by hemorrhage and thrombosis. Subcortical/juxtacortical white matter was the most commonly affected site.

Pediatric Air Gunshot Penetrating Head Injury with Good Outcome: A Case Report

Abstract: Ball bearing (BB) and pellet guns are non-power guns but their related injuries have been reported worldwide. They represent a significant cause of injury especially among children and teenagers. Their potentially harmful and lethal effects have been well documented in the medical literature since the early 1980s. Fatality rate is closely related to the damaged part of the brain and the level of the damage. In this Case Report we documented a 6-years-old girl was getting shot at the head by herself, who initially want to play around, using her neighbour’s Air gun rifle. The pellet trajectory passed through the left frontal lobe, left temporal lobe, left posterior putamen, posteriorly left crus posterior of internal capsule, left occipital horn of lateral ventricle, left occipital lobe, and ended at left cerebral falx between both medial surfaces of occipital lobes. Directional slope of the pellet was medially upward, with its tracking left Intracerebral Hemorrhage (ICH) with perifocal edema and Intraventricular Hemorrhage (IVH) dominant in the left lateral ventricle. After 8 days management, the patient was discharged from our hospital with stable condition, GCS 15 without any significant neurological deficits. Intracranial intracerebral pellet due to air gun shot injury, may have fatal and lethal manifestation if the pellet damage the eloquent area and/or deep area of the brain (hypothalamus, thalamus and brain stem). If accessible the foreign body or pellet should be removed immediately for better outcome. Keywords: Head Injury, Air Gun Shot, Intracerebral Haemorrhage

Anatomical study of size variability of temporal and occipital horns of lateral ventricles of human brain: MRI study

Introduction and Aims: The lateral ventricles lies in each cerebral hemisphere with its three horns and body. The study of normal and variant anatomy of ventricles of brain is very useful for clinicians and neurosurgeons in their routine practice. This study is directed to look for the changes in size of occipital and temporal horn of lateral ventricle as per age and sex of brain by MRI study. Materials and Methods: MRI scan of 55 patients (25 females and 30 males) with age ranging from 1yr to 90 years were studied and the diameter of occipital and temporal horns were measured. Data was analyzed with respect to age and sex of individuals. Results: It was observed that mean diameter of both horns decreases from1yr to 10yr age group and increases from then to advancing age. No significant gender difference in dimensions of both the horns of lateral ventricle was observed. Conclusion: The present study showed that the age factor is responsible for change in the size of occipital and temporal horns of lateral ventricle. The present study will be helpful to radiologist and neurosurgeons to differentiate the enlarged size of occipital and temporal horns by aging from that of other pathological conditions. Keywords: Lateral ventricle, Occipital horn, Temporal horn.

Anatomical study of size variability of temporal and occipital horns of lateral ventricle of human brains: A magnetic resonance imaging study

Introduction: The lateral ventricles lie in each cerebral hemisphere with its three horns and body. The study of normal and variant anatomy of the ventricles of brain is very useful for clinicians and neurosurgeons in their routine practice. This study is directed to look for changes in the size of occipital and temporal horns of the lateral ventricle as per age and sex of the brain by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study. Material and Methods: MRI scans of 55 patients (25 females and 30 males) with age ranging from 1 to 90 years were studied and the diameters of occipital and temporal horns were measured. Data were analyzed with respect to age and sex of individuals. Results: It was observed that the mean diameter of both horns decreases from 1 to 10 years of age group and increases from then to advancing age. No significant gender difference in the dimensions of both the horns of lateral ventricle was observed. Discussion and Conclusion: The present study showed that the age factor is responsible for change in the size of occipital and temporal horns of the lateral ventricle. The present study will be helpful to radiologists and neurosurgeons to differentiate the enlarged size of occipital and temporal horns by aging from that of other pathological conditions.

EP09.07: Prenatal ultrasonographic differential diagnosis of absent cavum septi pellucidi

Cavum septi pellucidi (CSP) is a fluid filled cavity between two thin membranes called septum pellucidum. The CSP is visible on ultrasonography as an anechoic rectangular box along the axial planes. Prenatal ultrasonographic finding of CSP is an important landmark to evaluate the fetal brain and its visualisation convinces of normal central forebrain development. Invisible CSP is rarely isolated and typically associated with other central nervous system malformations such as holoprosencephaly, agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC), severe hydrocephaly and septo-optic dysplasia (SOD). We performed a retrospective review of absent CSP cases between January 2011 and December 2017. A total 20 cases of absent CSP were found. Of these, 4 fetuses were delivered in our department and the diagnosis was confirmed by postnatal brain ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): ACC in two cases, isolated absent CSP in one case and SOD in one case. In ACC cases, absent CSP and other ultrasonographic findings such as non-visualisation of pericallosal artery using Doppler in sagittal view, disproportionate enlargement of the occipital horns of lateral ventricles known as tear-drop sign and dilatation of 3rd ventricle helped to investigate ACC. In one patient, prenatal ultrasonography and fetal MRI demonstrated absent CSP and visible optic nerve without other abnormal findings suggestive isolated absent CSP. In a second patient, ultrasonographic coronal plane of brain showed the absent septum pellucidum with downward point of the frontal horns suspecting SOD. Our report provided informative examples for differential diagnosis of absent CSP. If an abnormality of CSP is indentified, stepwise finding of ultrasonographic signs of ACC is needed. Also the visualisation an optic tract and downward pointing of frontal horns of lateral ventricles on ultrasonography are feasible to distinguish isolated absent CSP with SOD. MRI also could be supportive to allow more definitive diagnosis. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.

A Study of Morphometric Variability of Temporal and Occipital Horns of Lateral Ventricle of Human Brains: A Dissection Study

A Study of Morphometric Variability of Temporal and Occipital Horns of Lateral Ventricle of Human Brains: A Dissection Study

Hidrocefalijos revizinių operacijų priežastys

Darbo tikslasNustatyti pacientų, sergančių hidrocefalija, pakartotinių operacijų dažnį ir priežastis. Įvertinti šunto revizijos poreikio bei vožtuvo gedimo dažnio priklausomybę nuo hidrocefalijos etiologijos, likvoro priešoperacinio slėgio, implantuoto vožtuvo gamintojo bei drenuoto smegenų skilvelio rago.Ligoniai ir metodaiRetrospektyviai išanalizuoti operacijų protokolai bei epikrizės visų 130 pacientų, kuriems nuo 2007 m. vasario 1 d. iki 2014 m. sausio 31 d. VšĮ Respublikinės Vilniaus universitetinės ligoninės (RVUL) Neurochirurgijos skyriuje atlikta 214 ventrikuloperitoneostomijos (VPS) operacijų dėl hidrocefalijos (HC). Rinkti duomenys: HC etiologija, likvoro slėgis prieš operaciją, operacijų skaičius, pakartotinių operacijų priežastys, drenuotas ragas, implantuotas vožtuvas bei nustatytas vožtuvo atsidarymo slėgis. Tarpusavyje lyginant pacientus pagal implantuotus skirtingų gamintojų vožtuvus, HC priežastis ir likvoro slėgį prieš operaciją, ieškota statistiškai patikimų koreliacijų su vožtuvo gedimo ir revizijos poreikio dažniu. Duomenys statistiškai apdoroti SPSS 22.0 programa.RezultataiPasiskirstymas pagal lytį: 49 % vyrų, 51 % moterų. Amžius svyravo nuo 20 iki 83 metų, amžiaus vidurkis 55±15,0 metų. 55 metų amžiaus arba jaunesni buvo 61 (46,9 %) pacientas, vyresni nei 55 metų – 69 (53,1 %) pacientai. Aptariamuoju laikotarpiu atlikta 214 VPS operacijų. Vieną kartą operuoti 84 (64,6 %) pacientai, pakartotinai – 46 (35,4 %) pacientai, kai kurie po keletą kartų. Nustatytos pakartotinės operacijos priežastys – galvinio kateterio užsikimšimas konstatuotas 2,17 % atvejų, vožtuvo gedimas – 30,43 % atvejų, pilvinio kateterio užsikimšimas – 10,87 %, mišrus šunto sistemos blokas – 23,92 %, šunto migracija – 10,87 %, sistemos šalinimas dėl infekcijos – 19,57 %, tiksli priežastis nenustatyta – 2,17 %. Dažniausia pakartotinės operacijos priežastis – vožtuvo gedimas. Tarpusavyje lyginant implantuotų skirtingų gamintojų vožtuvų – „Codman“, „Sophysa“, „Medtronic“ – gedimo dažnį, statistiškai reikšmingo skirtumo nerasta (p>0,05). Taip pat vožtuvo gedimo dažnis nesiskyrė drenavus priekinį ar užpakalinį ragą (p>0,05). Tačiau 55 metų amžiaus ir jaunesniems pacientams šunto revizijos reikėjo dažniau nei vyresniems (p=0,047). Be to, vožtuvas gedo gerokai dažniau, kai likvoro slėgis prieš operaciją buvo žemas, palyginti su vidutiniu (p=0,035) ir aukštu (p=0,036) likvoro slėgiu prieš operaciją. Nustatyta patikima atvirkštinė koreliacija – likvoro takų stenozės atveju vožtuvas genda daug rečiau nei esant kitoms HC priežastims (p=0,012).IšvadosPakartotinės VPS operacijos prireikė 35,4 % pacientų. Dažniausia pakartotinės operacijos priežastis – vožtuvo gedimas. Pacientų amžius pirmosios operacijos metu, HC etiologija, likvoro slėgis prieš operaciją reikšmingai susiję su vožtuvo gedimo dažniu ir revizijos poreikio dažniu. Vožtuvo gedimo dažnis ir šunto revizijos poreikis nepriklauso nuo implantuoto šunto gamintojo ir drenuoto rago.

Pencil-thin ependymal enhancement in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders

AQP4 water channels are thought to be the target of autoimmune attack in neuromyelitis optica-spectrum disorders (NMOsd). AQP4 are highly expressed on ventricular ependyma. The objective of this study was to describe a novel pattern of linear, ‘pencil-thin’ enhancement of ventricular ependyma in NMOsd. We report two NMOsd patients with pencil-thin ependymal enhancement along the frontal and occipital horns of lateral ventricles. Differential diagnosis of ependymal enhancement should include NMOsd alongside with infectious and neoplastic etiologies. Pencil-thin ependymal enhancement may be a helpful radiological marker of NMOsd that can be used to differentiate this condition from multiple sclerosis.

A solid mass with a cystic component arising in the occipital horn of the lateral ventricle in an elderly women

A 74-year-old female was admitted with progressive confusion, lethargy, recurrent visual hallucinations and left homonymous hemianopsia. Symptoms developed progressively in less than 1 month before admission. The patient underwent a brain MRI that documented a solid mass in the occipital horn of the right lateral ventricle, isointense to gray matter on T1-weighted MRI and hypointense on T2-weighted MRI. The lesion had a cystic component and was intimately associated with the choroid plexus of the right occipital horn.

The contribution of diffusion-weighted MR imaging in multiple sclerosis during acute attack

Purpose The aims of the study are firstly, to determine the difference in diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in normal appearing white matter (NAWM) between patients with acute multiple sclerosis (MS) and controls; secondly, to determine whether there is a correlation between EDSS scores and DWI in acute plaques and also NAWM. Materials and method Out of 50 patients with acute MS attack, 35 patients had active plaques with diffuse or ring enhancement on postcontrast images. Eighteen healthy volunteers constituted the control group. While 26 of 35 had relapsing-remitting, 9 had secondary progressive MS. Apparent diffusion coefficients (ADC) of the active plaques, NAWM at the level of centrum semiovale and occipital horn of lateral ventricle in the patients and NAWM in control group were measured. ADC values of active plaques were compared with WM of the patients and the control group. The relationship of ADC value of active plaques and WM in MS with expanded disability status scale (EDSS) was investigated by using Mann–Whitney U-test. Results Of 63 plaques totally, 26 and 37 of the active plaques had diffuse and ring enhancement, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between ADC value of active plaques and EDSS ( p > 0.05). However, there was a statistically significant difference between ADC value of WM occipital horn and EDSS ( p < 0.05). ADC value of active plaques were higher than WM in both groups ( p < 0.001). The difference between ADC value of WM at the centrum semiovale ( p < 0.05) and occipital horns ( p < 0.001) in patients and controls was statistically significant. There was no statistically significant difference between EDSS scores, ADC value at centrum semiovale and WM around occipital horn and active plaques in subgroups ( p > 0.05). Conclusion Apparently normal tissue in MS patients may show early abnormalities when investigated carefully enough, and there is an even though moderate correlation between EDSS and ADC values and early alterations of ADC value are starting in the occipital white matter along the ventricles. This has to be verified in larger series.

Posterior fontanelle cranial ultrasound: anatomic and sonographic correlation.

The purpose of this study was to correlate normal brain anatomy as seen on posterior fontanelle cranial sonography with anatomical sections of the premature infant brain. Images obtained from 93 cranial ultrasound examinations performed via both the anterior and posterior fontanelle in 53 infants, ranging in gestational age from 24 to 42 weeks, were reviewed to determine the ultrasound anatomy visible and also the changing appearances with increasing gestational age. The brains of five infants were sectioned at post-mortem according to predetermined anatomical landmarks to correlate with posterior fontanelle ultrasound scan planes. Brain preservation techniques involved fixation in formalin at room temperature, refrigeration of brain following formalin fixation, and brain freezing at -17 degrees C. In the premature infant brain, the subarachnoid space is up to 15 mm in thickness. Occipital lobe anatomy well seen includes occipital horns of lateral ventricles, and white matter tracts to the visual cortex and visual association areas. Brain anatomy was better appreciated on sections obtained following brain freezing rather than formalin fixation. Satisfactory ultrasound anatomic correlation of the premature brain is possible using a brain freezing preservation technique. Posterior fontanelle ultrasound allows detailed illustration of occipital lobe anatomy.