Obstetric Instruments Research Articles

УНИВЕРСИТЕТСКИЕ УСТАВЫ КАК ЗАКОНОДАТЕЛЬНАЯ ОСНОВА МУЗЕЙНОГО ДЕЛА В РОССИЙСКИХ УНИВЕРСИТЕТАХ (XIX – НАЧАЛО XX в.)

For the first time in the museum literature, the article traces the influence of university charters on the museum business in Russian universities in the XIX – early XX century. Using the original act documents extracted from the “Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire”, the author showed that the charter of 1804 and all subsequent legislative acts provided for the formation of auxiliary educational institutions in universities – offices, assemblies, anatomical theaters. It is particularly stipulated that the charter of 1804 did not use the term “museum”, since it was not widely used in Russia at that time. In the act documents at the beginning of the XIX century, the word “cabinet” was used, which was in some sense a synonym for it and was used in the sense of storage, collection. But the work prescribed by legislative acts on the selection, description and preservation of exhibits, tools, and other objects necessary for teaching, allows us to talk about the birth of museum functions in universities. Starting in 1835, the charters introduced the term “museum”, they expanded the list of educational materials and aids. Taking into account the obvious lack of knowledge on the subject under study, the author gives the entire list of educational and auxiliary institutions listed in the statutes. These are the cabinets: physical, mineralogical, botanical, zoological, technological, and the collection of machines and models for applied mathematics, collections – architectural models, pharmacological, surgical instruments, obstetrical instruments, anatomical theater and collection of exhibits, zootomic theater, and collection of exhibits, as well as the Museum of Fine Arts and Antiquities. The statutes prescribe ways to replenish university collections, including through the unhindered discharge of benefits from abroad. In the university charters and staff schedules attached to the charters, it was mandatory to specify monetary amounts, determine their distribution for the maintenance of offices and museums, as well as the heads and general staff of these university departments. The article emphasizes that the charter of 1863 spelled out in detail the procedure for approving the position of curators of cabinets and museums, and in addition, their pension provision was separately prescribed. The charter of 1884 provides an expanded list of university museums, establishes the number of employees, and addresses issues of museum management. At the end of the article, it is quite appropriate to conclude that the university charters defined the legislative foundations of the museum business in Russian universities of the XIX-early XX century

About tongs

Mm. Yy! In the quality of an old practitioner-obstetrician, I will allow myself to occupy your attention at this moment with a purely obstetric question. In obstetrics, as well as in medicine in general, each approach, each theory is modified over time; from excessive enthusiasm they go to oblivion and vice versa. Such a fate befell one of the most common and useful obstetric instruments - forceps. There was a time when they were carried away. Oziander the Elder applied them almost at every birth; then his son and Stein limited their use; Outside, the obstetric forceps were indicated in the appropriate place, they were used more or less by one or another obstetrician.

Cases of acquired uterine infection. (Atresia uteri aequisita)

Uterine infections usually occupy the inner orifice, owing their origin to some pathological processes leading to adhesive inflammation to the area of ​​the inner mouth; the process consists in the violation of the integrity of the tissue (ulcerative!) with the formation of a scar. Most often this happens after gangrene, after difficult labor, especially with the rough use of obstetric instruments, after which infectious diseases (diphtheria, smallpox, typhus, scarlet fever, measles), from non-rational means of caustic pointed out cases of atresia depending on senile atrophy of the genital organs, (which easily leads to the development of the ulcerative process); finally, some authors (Fritsch, Pozzi) point to one more ethiological moment of atresia after amputation of the vaginal part.

До питання синонімії назв медичних інструментів і приладів (на матеріалі української і польської термінології акушерства та гінекології)

The article presents the analysis of synonymic terms in Polish and Ukrainian terminology. The study was conducted on the names of instruments and equipment used in gynecology and obstetrics in both above mentioned languages. The research results show that synonymy is presented in both terminological systems. Taking into consideration the quantity of synonymic terms in the fi eld of gynecological and obstetric instruments this phenomenon occurs more often in Ukrainian than in the Polish language. The possible reasons of that are considered as well as the solutions for the abovementioned issue. The collected data is an integral part of further substantial case study.

Place of Birth and Concepts of Wellbeing

AbstractThis article is based on analysis of a series of ethnographic case studies of midwifery units in England. Midwifery units1 are spaces that were developed to provide more home-like and less medically oriented care for birth that would support physiological processes of labour, women’s comfort and a positive experience of birth for women and their families. They are run by midwives, either on a hospital site alongside an obstetric unit (Alongside Midwifery Unit – AMU) or a freestanding unit away from an obstetric unit (Freestanding Midwifery Unit – FMU). Midwifery units have been designed and intended specifically as locations of wellbeing and although the meaning of the term is used very loosely in public discourse, this claim is supported by a large epidemiological study, which found that they provide safe care for babies while reducing use of medical interventions and with better health outcomes for the women. Our research indicated that midwifery units function as a protected space, one which uses domestic features as metaphors of home in order to promote a sense of wellbeing and to re-normalise concepts of birth, which had become inhabited by medical models and a preoccupation with risk. However, we argue that this protected space has a function for midwives as well as for birthing women. Midwifery units are intended to support midwives’ wellbeing following decades of professional struggles to maintain autonomy, midwife-led care2 and a professional identity founded on supporting normal, healthy birth. This development, which is focused on place of birth rather than other aspects of maternity care such as continuity, shows potential for restoring wellbeing on individual, professional and community levels, through improving rates of normal physiological birth and improving experiences of providing and receiving care. Nevertheless, this very focus also poses challenges for health service providers attempting to provide a ‘social model of care’ within an institutional context.1The term midwifery unit was adopted by the Birthplace research programme in place of the more popular term ‘birth centre’ to avoid ambiguity. In a midwifery unit care is not only provided by mid-wives but is also managed by midwives and does not normally include use of obstetric instruments or interventions. If a woman planning birth in a mid-wifery unit develops obstetric complications, or decides she wishes to have a medical intervention such as epidural pain relief, she is transferred for care to an obstetric unit. Some units called birth centres are not managed by midwives in this way.2Midwife-led care refers to care where the midwife, rather than an obstetrician or other professional is the lead professional, who takes responsibility for a woman’s maternity care through from pregnancy to postnatal. Following the Changing Childbirth report in 1993, this was re-established as the usual model for women classified as at low risk of pregnancy and birth complications.

Textbook of Obstetrics by JB Sharma

Textbook of Obstetrics by JB Sharma

Instrumente und ihre Namensgeber: Christian Casper Gabriel Kielland (1871–1941) und die Kielland-Zange

Der Kielland-Forzeps, auch als „Nordische Zange“ bezeichnet, gehörte Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts neben der Naegele-Zange wohl zu den meist verwendeten geburtshilflichen Instrumenten. Der Norweger Christian C. G. Kielland (1871–1941) hatte diese Zange nach 8-jähriger Entwicklungsarbeit erstmals 1915 in München der Fachöffentlichkeit vorgestellt. Die Kielland-Zange war eigentlich zur Optimierung der sogenannten hohen Zangen gedacht.

Comparaison ventouse forceps

The aim of the study was to search for objective criteria witch might help us to make a choice between obstetrical forceps and vacuum extractor in front of such a clinical situation. In that purpose, we realised a medline research to compare those two obstetrical instruments in term of advantages, disadvantages and specific complications. Vacuum extractor is the most used in the industrialized countries, learning seems to be quickest, time from decision to extraction a little bit longer than with forceps (Level II-2). Vacuum extractor is recommended in case of low presentation with transversal or posterior variety (Level III) or when no analgesia is available (Level III). Forceps are more successful than vacuum (Level II-1), are recommended in case of prematurity and complete anesthesia (Level III). Immediate maternal complications (cervical tear, vaginal and perineal laceration, use of episiotomy) are less frequent with vacuum extractor (Level II-1). Long term effects on the pelvic floor and the bladder continence are comparable with natural delivery for both forceps and vacuum (Level II-1) but anal incontinence is increased, especially with forceps (Level II-1). Benign immediate neonatal morbidity is comparable for both instruments, but there are some specific complications (Level II-1). Thus, cephalhaematomas and potentially dramatic extensive subgaleal haematomas (even rare), retinal haemorrhage are more frequent with the use of vacuum extractor (Level II-1). Facial nerve paralysis, skull fracture (even rare) are more frequent with forceps (Level II-2). Neonatal convulsions frequency is comparable with both instruments (Level II-2), such are middle and long term complications (Level II-3). Finally, failure of forceps extraction needs a caesarean section but there is no clear evidence in the literature for the sequential use of forceps after failure of vacuum (Level III).

Letter

99 CHILD’S PLAY In Newsweek, January 21, 2008, Jon Scieszka, the first ‘‘children’s literature laureate ’’ ever so designated, and the author of ‘‘Stinky Cheese Man,’’ and ‘‘The True Story of the 3 Little Pigs,’’ listed his ‘‘five most important books.’’ Number Two on the list was Tristram Shandy, about which he writes, ‘‘My own book ‘Stinky Cheese Man’ owes a ton to this quixotic, convoluted narrative.’’ Number Three on the list was Thomas Pynchon ’s Gravity’s Rainbow. Numbers One, Four, and Five were books for children. FROM THE SHANDEAN In volume 17 (2006) of the Shandean, are several brief notes of interest. Accepting the challenge thrown out by an overly skeptical critic that no one has ever seen a drawing on the blank page provided by Sterne in volume VI of Tristram Shandy, David A. Brewer notes a copy in the Alexander Turnbull Library in Wellington, New Zealand, where a reader accepted Sterne’s invitation to draw the Widow Wadman; and, in a second note, Brigette Friant-Kessler locates a second drawing in the BL (shelfmark 1509/3513). Both illustrations are reproduced—one a very faint caricature, the other, a ‘‘rather poorly executed pencil drawing of a female subject but with strikingly masculine features .’’ As Mr. Brewer notes, the exception (s) in this case may amply prove the rule. Also in this issue are 95 lines from an epic adaptation of Tristram Shandy by Irving Washington, of Forest City, Iowa, submitted to a local poetry journal, the Grub Street Grackle, a week before the author’s death on April 1, 2006. This information is gathered from prefatory remarks submitted by Amos Hunt, the journal’s editor—the Shandean gives no hint of the probability that Mr. Hunt is to Irving Washington as Sterne is to Tristram Shandy (April 1!). At any rate, the poem is said to run to 20,000 lines and will be made available (serially, we assume) at grubstreetgrackle.com. A brief sample here will suffice, a passage based on Obadiah’s ‘‘eight knots’’ securing Dr. Slop’s bag of obstetrical instruments: . . . And is there not in this an allegory fitted to the case? For Laurence Sterne had nothing else in mind in his derangement of chronology but preservation of the human right to be amused. The number of the knots may also signify, for 8 is shaped as knotted rope, and also, on its side, is the sign of the eternal length of time for which Sterne doomed the fullness of his tale to suffer, prisoned in its tortured form. LETTER To the Editors: In a letter to the Scriblerian (40, Nos. 1 & 2, Autumn 2007–Spring 2008) about textual problems in The Political History of the Devil (1726), Irving N. Rothman—one of the two editors of this work in the Stoke Newington Daniel Defoe Edition—criticises the edition in the Pickering & Chatto Works of Daniel Defoe, of which we are the General Editors, for adopting an emendation in the second edition (1727). The first edition reading of the passage in question refers to ‘‘one imperial Devil, Monarch or God of the whole clan of Hell.’’ In the second edition, ‘‘God’’ is changed to ‘‘King.’’ We are baffled by Rothman’s reproach, because in fact the Pickering & Chatto text edited by John Mullan (London, 2005) follows the first edition reading (see p. 46). Moreover, in his Textual Notes, Mullan cites this very passage as one in which the changed reading of the second edition ‘‘seems decidedly inferior, and unlikely to be authorial’’ (p. 325). W. R. Owens and P. N. Furbank The Open University Irving Rothman replies: With regard to my statement in the Scriblerian (40, Nos. 1 & 2, Autumn 2007– 100 Spring 2008, 207), the paragraph in question should have read as follows: The editor must ocasionally use his judgment. The first edition speaks of ‘‘one imperial Devil, Monarch or God of the whole clan of Hell;’’ (Stoke Newington, p. 17; Pickering & Chatto, p. 46). The second edition diction changes ‘‘God’’ to ‘‘King,’’ which is a synonym of ‘‘Monarch’’ and simply repeats the term as a tautology. We think that Defoe was being ironic in his progression from the most undesirable personal to...

Jürgen Schlumbohm and Claudia Wiesemann (eds), Die Entstehung der Geburtsklinik in Deutschland 1751–1850: Göttingen, Kassel, Braunschweig, Göttingen, Wallstein Verlag, 2004, pp. 144, illus., €19.00 (paperback 3-89244-711-X).

The first academic lying-in hospital in Europe was opened in Gottingen in 1751. This collection of essays commemorates the event while putting it into a German perspective. Claudia Wiesemann states quite rightly in her introduction that there can be no doubt that the medicalization of birth had its origin in the establishment of lying-in hospitals in the second half of the eighteenth century. The small university town of Gottingen in northern Germany took the lead. The founding of a lying-in hospital there was part of a policy of the kingdom of Hanover, on the one hand, to attract medical students to its new university while competing with Prussian universities, on the other, to provide care for unmarried pregnant women, thus reducing the number of infanticides. Teaching young doctors in obstetrics was just another aspect of bedside teaching which characterized the reform of medical education in the age of Enlightenment, as Isabelle von Bueltzingsloewen shows in her survey of the development of bedside teaching at German universities in the eighteenth century. The only lacuna of this otherwise concise overview by a French medical historian is that the seminal book by Christian Probst (Der Weg des arztlichen Erkennens am Krankenbett: Hermann Boerhaave und die altere Wiener medizinische Schule, Stuttgart, 1973) is not mentioned in the bibliography. Jurgen Schlumbohm, who can be considered the expert on the social history of the famous lying-in hospital in Gottingen, provides yet another stimulating essay on the teaching practices and the everyday life in this “total” institution. The second director of this lying-in hospital, Friedrich Benjamin Osiander (1759–1822) was one of the leading obstetricians of his time, admired by his colleagues and feared by his female patients because of his strong liking for the forceps. Forceps deliveries amounted to 40 per cent in this clinic. In other contemporary lying-in hospitals the rate was much lower. In Vienna, for example, it was 4 per cent of all births. Osiander and his successor were also collectors of embryological specimens and obstetrical instruments, as Christine Loytved describes in an essay which gives not only a brief history of this important collection of artefacts but also attempts to find out more about the use of these historical instruments. This includes the interesting question whether it is possible to trace emotions in the history of perinatal history. Christina Vanja provides a comparative view on the history of lying-in hospitals in Germany by shedding light on the history of the Accouchierhaus in Kassel founded in 1763. She raises an interesting point claiming that the female patients in such institutions had motives other than just to escape the usual punishment for fornication. The lying-in hospital was particularly attractive to unmarried pregnant women because it had a foundling hospital attached to it. Vanja's essay is an example of a recent trend in the social history of medicine which pays particular attention to the demand for medical services. Those who have been regarded as victims or objects of medicalization were not totally powerless; they had in fact their own strategies of getting what they wanted out of a system intended to control and discipline them. The final essay in this volume shows that not every lying-in hospital founded in the second half of the eighteenth century was a model institution. The case of Braunschweig makes clear that the success (e.g. low infant mortality rates) depended largely on the academic infrastructure and on the professional interest of those persons in charge of such innovative clinics.

Design of a New Instrumented Forceps: Application to Safe Obstetrical Forceps Blade Placement

Today, medical simulators are increasingly gaining appeal in clinical settings. In obstetrics childbirth simulators provide a training and research tool for comparing various techniques that use obstetrical instruments or validating new methods. Especially in the case of difficult deliveries, the use of obstetrical instruments-such as forceps, spatulas, and vacuum extractors-has become essential. However, such instruments increase the risk of injury to both the mother and fetus. Only clinical experience acquired in the delivery room enables health professionals to reduce this risk. In this context, we have developed, in collaboration with researchers and physicians, a new type of instrumented forceps that offers new solutions for training obstetricians in the safe performance of forceps deliveries. This paper focuses on the design of this instrumented forceps, coupled with the BirthSIM simulator. This instrumented forceps allows to study its displacement inside the maternal pelvis. Methods for analyzing the operator repeatability and to compare forceps blade placements to a reference one are developed. The results highlight the need of teaching tools to adequately train novice obstetricians.

Early modern childbirth.

THIS 16TH-CENTURY WOODCUT shows a pregnant woman sitting in a birthing chair, attended by 3 women, at least 1 of whom (seated, at left) is a midwife. This image was published in Ein schon lustig Trostbuchle von den Empfengknussen und Geburten der Menschen (A Very Cheerful Booklet of Encouragement Concerning the Conception and Birth of Man) in 1554.1 The book was written by Jacob Rueff (1500–1558), a surgeon and obstetrician in Zurich. Rueff was responsible for the instruction and examination of midwives in Zurich and, indeed, had copies of his book sent to all the midwives in the region. Much of Rueff’s book is essentially copied from Eucharius Rosslin’s Der Swangern Frauwen und Hebammen Rosegarten (The Rose Garden for Pregnant Women and Midwives), 1513, the first printed work dealing exclusively with obstetrics—and also intended as an instruction guide for midwives.2 In the later work, Rueff added some new material from his own experiences and placed more emphasis on the use of instruments as aids to childbirth. In this image, for example, one can see the obstetrical instruments and equipment on the table behind the women, whereas in Rosslin’s almost identical image, the background is plain. Rueff advocated new obstetrical instruments such as the toothed duck beak forceps and the use of internal and external manipulation for footling (feet first) presentations. Some version of the birthing stool or chair had been used for millennia, there being evidence of its use in Egyptian papyri and the Old Testament.3,4 The chair shown here incorporates certain early modern technical innovations, such as the sloping back that allows the birthing woman to recline slightly during contractions. One scholar even argues that this birthing chair was itself a technical innovation inspired by male professionals as a way to gain control over the birthing process and to displace earlier practices in which pregnant women sat on the laps of their birth attendants.5 As male midwives and obstetrical attendants gradually wrested control of the birth process from female midwives and from women themselves, the birthing chairs would be replaced by flat beds, these being more convenient to the person in charge of the “delivery.” Birthing chairs are now making something of a comeback in modern obstetrics as case– control studies are finding that their use may reduce the pain of childbirth, diminish perineal trauma, decrease the need for episiotomies, and increase the mother’s satisfaction with her birthing experience.6–9

The Obstetrician's Armamentarium. Historical Obstetric Instruments and Their Inventors.

The Obstetrician's Armamentarium. Historical Obstetric Instruments and Their Inventors.

The Obstetrician's Armamentarium: Historical Obstetric Instruments and Their Inventors (review)

The Obstetrician's Armamentarium: Historical Obstetric Instruments and Their Inventors (review)

The Obstetrician's Armamentarium: Historical Obstetric Instruments and Their Inventors.

The Obstetrician's Armamentarium: Historical Obstetric Instruments and Their Inventors.

The Obstetrician's Armamentarium. Historical Obstetric Instruments and Their Inventors.

The Obstetrician's Armamentarium. Historical Obstetric Instruments and Their Inventors.

The Obstetrician's Armamentarium: Historical Obstetric Instruments and Their Inventors

The Obstetrician's Armamentarium: Historical Obstetric Instruments and Their Inventors

Book of the month: The Obstetrician's Armamentarium: Historical Obstetric Instruments and their Inventors

Book of the month: The Obstetrician's Armamentarium: Historical Obstetric Instruments and their Inventors

Anaesthesia for mass casualties. Another possible solution for disaster circumstances.

AnaesthesiaVolume 22, Issue 1 p. 29-36 Free Access Anæsthesia for mass casualties Another possible solution for disaster circumstances L. ADLER md , L. ADLER md Research Assistant, Department of Anæthetics University of DurhamSearch for more papers by this authorJ.S. INKSTER mb, chb, ffarcs, J.S. INKSTER mb, chb, ffarcs Consultant Anæshetist, Royal Victoria Infirmary Newcastle upon TyneSearch for more papers by this author L. ADLER md , L. ADLER md Research Assistant, Department of Anæthetics University of DurhamSearch for more papers by this authorJ.S. INKSTER mb, chb, ffarcs, J.S. INKSTER mb, chb, ffarcs Consultant Anæshetist, Royal Victoria Infirmary Newcastle upon TyneSearch for more papers by this author First published: January 1967 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.1967.tb02692.xCitations: 2AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL References 1 TRAER, J.R. (1862). Surgical, medical and obstetrical instruments in the International Exhibition of 1862. Med. Times Gaz., ii, 148. 2 COOPER, E.A. and PASK, E.A. (1960). A bag for measuring respiratory volumes. Lancet, i, 369. 3 SOPER, R.L. (1959). Anæsthesia for major disasters. Proc. R. Soc. Med., 52, 239. 4 STEPHENS, K.F. (1959). The likely role of the anæsthetist and of anæsthesia in the early surgical treatment of mass casualties. Proc. R. Soc. Med., 52, 241. 5 STEPHENS, K.F. and BOURNE, J.G. (1960). Anæsthesia for mass casualties. Lancet, ii, 481. 6 O'CONNOR, A.P. (1961). Anæsthesia in nuclear warfare. Ir. J. med. Sci., 421, 1. 7 STEPHENS, K.F. (1965). Transportable apparatus for halothane anæsthesia. Br. J. Anaesth., 37, 67. 8 NUNN, J.F. (1961). Portable anæshetic apparatus for use in the Antarctic. Br. med. J., i, 1139. 9 PANTELIC, D., VAJS, E. (1965). Effect of halothane anæsthesia on Survival of dogs subjected to controlled posthaemorrhagic hypotension followed by retransfusion. Br. J. Anaesth., 37, 388. 10 FRREEMAN, J. (1962). Survival of bled dogs after halothane and ether anæsthesia. Br. J. Anaesth., 34, 832. Citing Literature Volume22, Issue1January 1967Pages 29-36 ReferencesRelatedInformation

A Short History of Gynecological and Obstetric Instruments and Equipments in Japan

A Short History of Gynecological and Obstetric Instruments and Equipments in Japan