Obstacle In Terms Research Articles

Implementasi Metode Simpleks dalam Penentuan Jumlah Keuntungan pada Jus Buah

The problem that is often felt by small MSMEs, such as sellers of fresh fruit juice drinks, is the shortage of ingredients which results in a lack of production. This is an obstacle in terms of linear programming models. To maximize production and production yields, there needs to be a method that can be used to increase production yields and reduce the number of raw material constraints on Mauza Jus. This study aims to determine the implementation of the simplkes method in determining the amount of profit in the fruit jur, in order to increase efficiency and optimal results in a system by applying the simplex method in solving optimization problems. By using the simplex method Mauza Jus can increase profits by up to 60%, this happens because Mauza Jus can determine the amount of production per day and does not experience any losses at all. The processing results are done in QM For Windows. In conclusion, Mauza Jus is getting a considerable increase in profits

XRan: Explainable deep learning-based ransomware detection using dynamic analysis

Recently, the frequency and complexity of ransomware attacks have been increasing steadily, posing significant threats to individuals and organizations alike. While traditional signature-based antiransomware systems are effective in the detection of known threats, they struggle to identify new ransomware samples. To address this limitation, many researchers have focused on analyzing the behavior and actions of executables. During this dynamic analysis process, various dynamic-based features emerge, offering different perspectives on the executable's behavior, including Application Program Interface (API) call sequences, dynamic link libraries (DLLs), and mutual exclusions. Existing methods mostly perform machine or deep learning models for feature engineering and detection. These methods usually perform learning according to a single perspective or by combining data from different perspectives into the frequency domain. In this case, they may ignore the information from the other aspects or the sequence relationship between the features. In addition, learning models used in these solutions are mostly incomprehensible to humans, which could be an obstacle in terms of having an insight through the model's mentality and also ransomware's way of work. In this study, we provide XRan (eXplainable deep learning-based RANsomware detection using dynamic analysis), an Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) supported ransomware detection system that combines different dynamic analysis-based sequences, each representing a different view of the executable, in order to enrich the feature space. XRan employs a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architecture to detect ransomware and two XAI models as Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanations (LIME), and SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) to provide local and global explanations for detection. Experimental results demonstrate that XRan provides up to 99.4% True Positive Rate (TPR), and outperforms the state-of-the-art methods.

Gram-scale synthesis of graphene quantum dots via energetic material deflagration for bioimaging application

Graphene quantum dots, which possesses unique photoluminescence property, have received enormous attention for bio-sensor, photovoltaic devices and bioimaging application. However, synthesizing high-quality of GQDs remains a formidable obstacle in terms of the two conventional methods since the “top-down” method usually requires expensive raw materials while the “bottom-up” method suffers from incompatibility between quality and production. Thus, developing new strategies to trade-off these issues is promising for GQDs production. Here, we reported an ultrafast deflagration strategy by igniting Al and pentafluoropyridine mixture to prepare high-quality of carbon nanomaterials (CNs) with high graphitization, reaching a high yield of ∼3 g. Combining with a subsequent Hummer's exfoliation and dialyze method, the CNs materials were successfully exfoliated into the uniform-dispersed graphene quantum dots (D-GQDs) with size of 1∼2 nm. The as-prepared D-GQDs derivatives shows remarkable optical properties and it is successfully applied in fluorescence imaging of HeLa cells. Our results in this study highlighted the high efficiency of deflagration technique to prepare functional carbon-based nanomaterials, and proposed a facile and fast strategy for gram-scale synthesis.

Strategi Guru PPKn dalam Mengembangkan Sikap Toleransi Peserta Didik Kelas X E-7 Menggunakan Pendekatan Active Learning Tipe True or False di SMA Negeri 2 Sipora Kepulauan Mentawai

This research is motivated by the attitude problems of students in class X E-7 which are considered quite good, but the implementation has not been optimal, especially the character of tolerance in learning Civics at SMA Negeri 2 Sipora. The purpose of this research is to introduce the strategy active learning type true or false on students class X E-7 at SMA Negeri 2 Sipora. This study aims to describe the implementation and constraints in the strategy active learning type true or false., as well as describing solutions in overcoming obstacles to implementing the strategy active learning type true or false in increasing the tolerance attitude of class X E-7 students through Civics subjects at SMA Negeri 2 Sipora, Mentawai Islands Regency. The type of research used is qualitative research with descriptive methods, the research informants are school principals, Civic Education teachers, and students. Data collection techniques used, namely observation techniques, interviews, and documentation studies. Data processing with data analysis with data reduction steps,display data, and drawing conclusions/verification. The results of the research show that the implementation of the strategy active learning type true or false in PPKn subjects in class X E-7 it is considered quite fun and does not make students bored and is very suitable for use by PPKn teachers in the last lesson. Excellence, strategi active learning type true or false This can form teamwork, train students to think critically, be active, and can also instill an attitude of tolerance in students in class X E-7 SMA Negeri 2 Sipora. Meanwhile, constraints in the implementation of the strategy active learning type true or false is that PPKn teachers must have mature preparation physically, materially, and knowledge. Meanwhile, the obstacle in terms of tolerance is the unification of the perceptions of each individual. Civics teacher's solution in overcoming obstacles in implementing strategies true or false, namely (1) prepare yourself physically, materially, and emotionally and accompanied by knowledge, (2) must carry out teaching exercises using strategies true or false gradually, (3) look for creative learning strategies to make students active and not get bored quickly while learning in class, and (4) evaluate learning strategy activities true or false which has been implemented. SMA Negeri 2 Sipora has a Youth Character Development Program and a Religious Literacy Program to instill values of tolerance and deepen their respective religious knowledge.

Potential of 3D Hierarchical Porous TiO2-Graphene Aerogel (TiO2-GA) as Electrocatalyst Support for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells

Fuel cells have already demonstrated their potential for green energy generation. However, the low reaction performance becomes an obstacle in terms of large-scale commercial manufacturing. Accordingly, this work focuses on a new unique fabrication of three-dimensional pore hierarchy TiO2-graphene aerogel (TiO2-GA) supporting PtRu catalyst for anodic catalyst direct methanol fuel cell, which is facile, ecologically benign, and economical. In this work, a hydrothermal technique was used, followed by a freeze-drying technique and a microwave-assisted ethylene reduction technique. The structural properties of the studied materials were confirmed by UV/visible spectroscopy, XRD, Raman spectrum, FESEM TEM, and XPS. Based on existing structural advantages, the performance of PtRu/TiO2-GA has been investigated on DMFC anode catalysts. Furthermore, electrocatalytic stability performance with the same loading (~20%) was compared to commercial PtRu/C. Experimental outcomes show that the TiO2-GA support offered a significantly high surface area value of 68.44 m2g−1, mass activity/specific activity (608.17 mAmg−1/0.45 mA/cm2PtRu) that is higher than commercial PtRu/C (79.11 mAmg−1/0.19 mA/cm2PtRu). In passive DMFC mode, PtRu/TiO2-GA showed a maximum power density of 3.1 mW cm−2, which is 2.6 times higher than that of the PtRu/C commercial electrocatalyst. This suggests that PtRu/TiO2-GA has a promising possibility for methanol oxidation and may be used as an anodic element in DMFC.

Hole-Transport Material Engineering in Highly Durable Carbon-Based Perovskite Photovoltaic Devices.

Despite the fast-developing momentum of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) toward flexible roll-to-roll solar energy harvesting panels, their long-term stability remains to be the challenging obstacle in terms of moisture, light sensitivity, and thermal stress. Compositional engineering including less usage of volatile methylammonium bromide (MABr) and incorporating more formamidinium iodide (FAI) promises more phase stability. In this work, an embedded carbon cloth in carbon paste is utilized as the back contact in PSCs (having optimized perovskite composition), resulting in a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 15.4%, and the as-fabricated devices retain 60% of the initial PCE after more than 180 h (at the experiment temperature of 85 °C and under 40% relative humidity). These results are from devices without any encapsulation or light soaking pre-treatments, whereas Au-based PSCs retain 45% of the initial PCE at the same conditions with rapid degradation. In addition, the long-term device stability results reveal that poly[bis(4-phenyl) (2,4,6-trimethylphenyl) amine] (PTAA) is a more stable polymeric hole-transport material (HTM) at the 85 °C thermal stress than the copper thiocyanate (CuSCN) inorganic HTM for carbon-based devices. These results pave the way toward modifying additive-free and polymeric HTM for scalable carbon-based PSCs.

HISTORICAL AND LEGAL AND COMPARATIVE ASPECTS OF COUNTERING EXTREMISM

The article provides a study of the retrospective of the emergence and formation of an understandingof extremism. The author refers to the etymology of the very concept of “extremism”. The term “extremism”originates from the Latin word “extremus”, which in translation into Russian means “extreme, excessive”,going beyond the established limits and norms. Based on etymology, extremism can be interpreted as acommitment to extreme views, methods of action. Already in the period of the Ancient World and throughoutthe main stages of history, situations arose in which certain categories of people were ready to violate andviolate existing norms in order to achieve their goals and ideals, while applying measures prohibited by anypublic regulator. In fact, this is what will be called terrorism much later.In political, sociological, journalistic literature, the concepts of “terror”, “terrorism” and “terrorist act”are most often proposed to be used as synonyms. Synonymization in this case is convenient in a utilitariansense, but becomes an obstacle in terms of methodology. Based on etymology, any act of violence can beinterpreted as terrorism only if it pursues the goal of intimidation. But from the point of determining thesubject and object of such crimes, synonymization does not take into account the specific situation in whichthe specified crime is committed. Hence, when considering the history of extremism, as the author notes,it is necessary to trace the change in the interpretation of the term “extremism” at different stages of thedevelopment of society.

Composing On-Program Triggers and On-Demand Stimuli into Biosensor Drug Carriers in Drug Delivery Systems for Programmable Arthritis Therapy.

Medication in arthritis therapies is complex because the inflammatory progression of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) is intertwined and influenced by one another. To address this problem, drug delivery systems (DDS) are composed of four independent exogenous triggers and four dependent endogenous stimuli that are controlled on program and induced on demand, respectively. However, the relationships between the mechanisms of endogenous stimuli and exogenous triggers with pathological alterations remain unclear, which results in a major obstacle in terms of clinical translation. Thus, the rationale for designing a guidance system for these mechanisms via their key irritant biosensors is in high demand. Many approaches have been applied, although successful clinical translations are still rare. Through this review, the status quo in historical development is highlighted in order to discuss the unsolved clinical difficulties such as infiltration, efficacy, drug clearance, and target localisation. Herein, we summarise and discuss the rational compositions of exogenous triggers and endogenous stimuli for programmable therapy. This advanced active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) implanted dose allows for several releases by remote controls for endogenous stimuli during lesion infections. This solves the multiple implantation and local toxic accumulation problems by using these flexible desired releases at the specified sites for arthritis therapies.

An Integrated Risk Assessment Process of Safety-Related Digital I&C Systems in Nuclear Power Plants

Upgrading the existing analog instrumentation and control (I&C) systems to state-of-the-art digital I&C (DI&C) systems will greatly benefit existing light water reactors. However, the issue of software common cause failure (CCF) remains an obstacle in terms of qualification for digital technologies. Existing analyses of CCFs in I&C systems mainly focus on hardware failures. With the application and upgrading of new DI&C systems, design flaws could cause software CCFs to become a potential threat to plant safety, considering that most redundancy designs use similar digital platforms or software in their operating and application systems. With complex multilayer redundancy designs to meet the single failure criterion, these I&C safety systems are of particular concern in U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission licensing procedures. In Fiscal Year 2019, the Risk-Informed Systems Analysis (RISA) Pathway of the U.S. Department of Energy’s Light Water Reactor Sustainability Program initiated a project to develop a risk assessment strategy for delivering a strong technical basis to support effective, licensable, and secure DI&C technologies for digital upgrades and designs. An integrated risk assessment for the DI&C process was proposed for this strategy to identify potential key digital-induced failures, implement reliability analyses of related digital safety I&C systems, and evaluate the unanalyzed sequences introduced by these failures (particularly software CCFs) at the plant level. This paper summarizes these RISA efforts in the risk analysis of safety-related DI&C systems at Idaho National Laboratory.

AUTOMATIC TRAINING DATA GENERATION IN DEEP LEARNING-AIDED SEMANTIC SEGMENTATION OF HERITAGE BUILDINGS

Abstract. In the geomatics domain the use of deep learning, a subset of machine learning, is becoming more and more widespread. In this context, the 3D semantic segmentation of heritage point clouds presents an interesting and promising approach for modelling automation, in light of the heterogeneous nature of historical building styles and features. However, this heterogeneity also presents an obstacle in terms of generating the training data for use in deep learning, hitherto performed largely manually. The current generally low availability of labelled data also presents a motivation to aid the process of training data generation. In this paper, we propose the use of approaches based on geometric rules to automate to a certain degree this task. One object class will be discussed in this paper, namely the pillars class. Results show that the approach managed to extract pillars with satisfactory quality (98.5% of correctly detected pillars with the proposed algorithm). Tests were also performed to use the outputs in a deep learning segmentation setting, with a favourable outcome in terms of reducing the overall labelling time (−66.5%). Certain particularities were nevertheless observed, which also influence the result of the deep learning segmentation.

ДИФЕРЕНЦІАЦІЯ СПОЖИВАННЯ ПРОДОВОЛЬСТВА В КОНТЕКСТІ ДОСЯГНЕННЯ ПРОДОВОЛЬЧОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ УКРАЇНИ

The degree of influence of socio-economic inequality on meeting the vital needs of various social groups in Ukraine is analyzed. It is noted that such inequality becomes the main obstacle in terms of physical and financial access to food and, ultimately, the emergence of disparities in the formation and development of an inclusive society. The evolution of views on the interpretation of food security is determined: from food security (that is, the production of a sufficient amount of food products) to the orientation of food security as an important component of the quality of life of the population. The importance of a multi-aspect analysis of the food security system, namely its social, economic and biological components, is emphasized. Based on the biological aspect of nutrition, the level of its balance in terms of the main macro- and micronutrients and caloric content was investigated. During the studied period (2000 - 2020), the nutritional content of the Ukrainian diet exceeded the recommended norm due to the consumption of plant products; at the same time, the calorie content of products of animal origin was no more than 30% of the actual daily requirement (the norm is 55%). Based on the application of regression analysis, the existence of a noticeable direct (linear) relationship between the life expectancy of a person (both sexes) and the caloric content of the diet of animal origin was established. It is calculated that if the physiological norm of products of animal origin is used, the expected life expectancy of a Ukrainian will be 79.9 years. An analysis of the differentiation of consumer spending by Ukrainian households by quintile (20%) groups was conducted during 2010-2020. It was established that over the past 5 years, there has been an increase in the differentiation of food spending between the fifth and first quintile groups. It is noted that the main conditions for achieving food security and nutrition security according to the criterion "economic availability of food" are the growth of incomes, the leveling of income differentiation and the reduction of the scale of population poverty. The main factors of influence on the food security of Ukraine in the conditions of martial law have been determined. The results of the study can be used by state authorities in developing areas of food security support taking into account food security.

Solar Thermochemical Hydrogen Production in the USA

Hydrogen produced from renewable energy has the potential to decarbonize parts of the transport sector and many other industries. For a sustainable replacement of fossil energy carriers, both the environmental and economic performance of its production are important. Here, the solar thermochemical hydrogen pathway is characterized with a techno-economic and life-cycle analysis. Assuming a further increase of conversion efficiency and a reduction of investment costs, it is found that hydrogen can be produced in the United States of America at costs of 2.1–3.2 EUR/kg (2.4–3.6 USD/kg) at specific greenhouse gas emissions of 1.4 kg CO2-eq/kg. A geographical potential analysis shows that a maximum of 8.4 × 1011 kg per year can be produced, which corresponds to about twelve times the current global and about 80 times the current US hydrogen production. The best locations are found in the Southwest of the US, which have a high solar irradiation and short distances to the sea, which is beneficial for access to desalinated water. Unlike for petrochemical products, the transport of hydrogen could potentially present an obstacle in terms of cost and emissions under unfavorable circumstances. Given a large-scale deployment, low-cost transport seems, however, feasible.

Developing the Islamic Reading Center Through Fostering the Village Youth Organization to Improve Children’s Literacy

The study of literacy always becomes the main issue in education, because this skill is a benchmark for the progress and development of a nation. Indonesia is a large country with a large area, however with its wide area it turns out to be an obstacle in terms of equalizing education in Indonesia. In fact, some rural villages have not had adequate access to education and it causes the paradigm about education among rural villages is less open. Moreover, Indonesia is a country which majority of the population are Muslims, so the literacy skills improvement program which is being pursued should have an Islamic value. . Unfortunately, there have not been many reviews about increasing literacy skills based on Islamic education. Therefore, it needs an effort that can develop literacy skills for children especially for the nation's next generation. The fostering of villages youth organizations through the Islamic Reading Center (IRC) which aims to increase children's literacy is a literacy collaborative (LC) program starting from rural villages’ level, local government and central government which involves youth organization from the rural villages’ level, sub-district, regency, education and culture agency, social agency, regional and national libraries, and the directorate general of Islamic education of religious ministry of Republic of Indonesia. The Islamic reading center provides Islamic books and media that can be managed by the youth organizations in a rural village. So, through Islamic reading centers and literacy activities, it can increase literacy skills in rural villages which need more attention in education.

Determinants of Informal Competition faced by Formal Firms inPakistan: AnEmpirical Evaluation from 2013 World Bank Enterprise Survey

There is no denying in the fact that informal sector of any economy offersemployment flexibility by absorbing a pool of labor force. However, the rapid progression of the informal sector in Pakistan andthe consequent increase in competition faced by the formal firms urge a need to understand the dynamics of informal competition.The current study is an attempt toidentifythecorefactors responsible for the incidence of informal competition faced by formal firms in Pakistan,along with an investigation of the determinantsof the severity of thiscompetition.The study investigates the variables of firm’s characteristics and regulatory measures in order to examine the incidence and severity of informal competition faced by formal firms employing World Bank Enterprise Survey 2013 (WBES).The study not only conducts frequency analysis of the variables but based on the nature of data;it uses thelogit and ordered logit techniques todetermine the significant variables.The results of the study show that out of totalof 1125 formal firms used inthe analysis, 583 firms (46.75%) reported facing informal competition. Among these firms facing informal competition, only 16.98% reported informal competition as no obstacle in terms of its severity, however, rests of the firms (almost 83 %) consider the severity of informal competition as an obstacle in one or the other form and consider informal competition as a threat to their businesses.The result of logit model shows thatcharacteristics of formal firms resembling more to the informal firms in terms of size and locality have more likelihood of facing the informal competition. However, indetermining the severityof informal competition through the ordered logit model, theregulatory variables such as taxation, licensing & permits and corruption are found to be more significant and relevant.These results call on to introduce regulatory reforms making the regulatory system less burdensome and better enforcement mechanism of those reforms. There’s a need to create ease for the existing formal firms to fulfill the regulatory requirements as well as encourage the informal firms to join the mainstream formal setup of economy. Furthermore, the current research can be extended by availing the latest datasettoexplore the dynamics of informal sector andthe resultant competitionfor the formal firms in an ever-changingbusiness environment.

İn Vitro Et’e Karşı Olan Tutumun Araştırılması: Erzurum Meslek Yüksekokulu Öğrencileri Örneği

Artan dünya nüfusu nedeniyle ete olan talep günümüzde sürekli olarak artmaktadır. Mevcut kaynakların yetersiz oluşu, etik kaygılar, hayvan refahı gibi faktörler alternatif et kaynaklarının keşfi konusunda yeni çalışmalar yapmaya teşvik etmektedir. Bu alternatiflerden biri de temelde bir laboratuar ortamında üretilen in vitro ettir (IVE). IVE oldukça yeni ve bilinmeyen bir alternatif olduğundan, tüketicilerin ürüne karşı algılarının ve algılarını etkileyen parametrelerin ortaya konulmasıyla ilgili çalışmalara ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, mevcut araştırmamız, IVE’ye karşı genel tutumları araştırmak ve tüketicilerin tutumları üzerinde bazı öngörücü faktörlerin bir etkisi olup olmadığını incelemek için kurulmuştur. Çalışma Atatürk Üniversitesi Erzurum Meslek Yüksekokulunda okuyan 80 erkek ve 81 kadın öğrenci katılımcı kullanılarak kurulmuştur. Katılımcılara sorulan tüm sorular 1 ± 5 likert tipi ölçekte sunulmuştur. Katılımcılar IVE'yi denemeyeceklerini belirttiyse, diğer takip soruları sunulmamıştır. Daha sonra tüm katılımcılara, hangi koşullarda IVE'yi denemek istemeyeceklerini araştıran çok yönlü bir seçenek verilmiştir. İstatistiksel analizler, öğrencilerin bir şekilde IVE tüketmeye istekli olduklarını göstermektedir. Diğer taraftan IVE tüketimi konusunda tat/görünüşün öncelikli engel olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bununla birlikte, cinsiyet ve et türünün, IVE’ye yönelik tutumda en önemli değişkenler olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ancak elde edilen tüm sonuçlar IVE algısı konusunda derin bir karmaşının olduğunu göstermektedir. Çalışma küçük ölçekli olsa da, IVE’ye yönelik algıların ölçülmesinde önemli bir adım olduğu ve IVE konusu hakkında daha fazla araştırmanın gerekliliğini ortaya koymuştur.

Radiation and space flights safety: An insight

Cosmic radiation hazard is cornerstone of space flights safety. Different properties of solar electromagnetic and corpuscular radiation with emphasis on its dangerous influence on astronauts and spacecraft equipment and systems are discussed. Solar and galactic cosmic rays (SCR and GCR) pose a serious obstacle in terms of safety and security of space flights, especially beyond the Earth's magnetosphere. Solar flares and GCR are of special concern. Solar flares are distinguished as extremely complex phenomena observing across the whole electromagnetic spectrum from radio wavelength to extreme ultraviolet, X-ray and gamma ray. Powerful fluxes of energetic particles in very wide energetic spectrum are generated which interact with the home planet and disturbing tremendously our space environment. Altogether, it is referred to as space weather. Geomagnetic storms induced by solar flares affect the ground facilities, social-economic infrastructure and global system operations involving electric power supply, aviation and ground transportation, oil-gas pipelines, geographic information system/data management (GIS), etc. As systems become more complex over time, the impacts of space weather on space flights and humanity in general are likely to increase. We analyze flares complexity and classification depending on their size, duration, morphology or magnetic topology and characteristic corpuscular radiation based on different classification systems as well protective measures to mitigate their consequences. Humans will encounter extremely serious problems of space flights safety at the beginning of new phase of the Moon exploration. Of the risks evaluation of habitation in the lunar hostile environment, specifically in the potential sites of Lunar Base deployment, monitoring of radiation doses absorbed by astronauts on the lunar surface is the first one. Underground shelters could be used to provide safe habitation and maintain the long-term humans' activity. Nowadays we face numerous problems involving many unknowns and dangers of the natural origin in the outer space, which runs in parallel with the needs of great technological advancements and breakthroughs. It is incremental in the course of growing complexity of space flights and progressive development of the human missions with an ultimate goal of undertaking manned flights to the Moon, Mars and beyond.

TEACHERS’ OBSTACLES IN UTILIZING INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

This study aims to study teacher barriers to utilizing information and communication media (ICT) for learning media. This research was carried out at Public Elementary School 24 Pulau Rimau located in Karang Manunggal village, Pulau Rimau sub-district, Banyuasin district. The subjects of this study were teachers at Public Elementary School 24 Pulau Rimau who tested 16 people. In conducting this research, data from certain sources are needed that are as expected in this study. The technique of collecting data is by observation and interview. Data were analyzed using percentages to see the percentage of respondents' answers. Furthermore, all data is processed by analyzing qualitative data, namely data reduction, data display, and data verification. The formulation of the problem in this study is what forms are questioned by the teacher in utilizing technology-based media in Public Elementary School 24 Pulau Rimau ? From the results of research on teacher barriers to using Information Technology (ICT) in Public Elementary School 24 Pulau Rimau, two aspects related to the ability of teachers and Information and Communication Technology (ICT) were inadequate. The obstacle of the teacher's ability to master ICT is that the teacher is not proficient in using computers, judging from the percentage of teacher answers, 75% say they are not proficient in using technology-based media, whereas using computers is one of the activities that support computer-based media. In addition, teachers do not have an advanced educational background in the use of ICT media. Another obstacle in terms of facilities, in Public Elementary School 24 Pulau Rimau there is no electricity network (PLN). In addition to not having a PLN, there is also the unavailability of computer facilities and laptops at the Public Elementary School 24 Pulau Rimau.

On the surveys of household debt in Poland

The current grow of household debt requires a new approach to household indebtedness surveys in Poland. The aim of the article is to present and compare research methodologies in the field of consumer debt. The research is focused on presenting the theoretical context of indebtedness, and subsequently on the main aspects of methodological research on household borrowing at the microeconomic level. Selected international and national household surveys as well as data sources available in Poland regarding household indebtedness were discussed and compared. The review of available data sources on household indebtedness indicates that, compared to surveys in other countries, data on the microeconomic level are collected to a limited extent in Poland. The sources of these data can be treated complementary, however this is an obstacle in terms of both their comparability and access to them. This indicates the lack of a single long-term survey on the issue of household debt in Poland. Recommendations for directional changes in research on discussed issues conducted in Poland were formulated in the conclusion.

Elderly human hematopoietic progenitor cells express cellular senescence markers and are more susceptible to pyroptosis.

The maintenance of effective immunity over time is dependent on the capacity of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) to sustain the pool of immunocompetent mature cells. Decline of immune competence with old age may stem from HSC defects, including reduced self-renewal potential and impaired lymphopoiesis, as suggested in murine models. To obtain further insights into aging-related alteration of hematopoiesis, we performed a comprehensive study of blood hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) from older humans. In the elderly, HPCs present active oxidative phosphorylation and are pressed to enter cell cycling. However, p53-p21 and p15 cell senescence pathways, associated with telomerase activity deficiency, strong telomere attrition, and oxidative stress, are engaged, thus limiting cell cycling. Moreover, survival of old HPCs is impacted by pyroptosis, an inflammatory form of programmed cell death. Lastly, telomerase activity deficiency and telomere length attrition of old HPCs may be passed on to progeny cells such as naive T lymphocytes, further highlighting the poor hematopoietic potential of the elderly. This pre-senescent profile is characteristic of the multiple intrinsic and extrinsic factors affecting HPCs in elderly individuals and represents a major obstacle in terms of immune reconstitution and efficacy with advanced age.

ONLINE BUYING AND SELLING TRANSACTIONS UNDER INTERNATIONAL PRIVATE LAW

Development of business transactions especially buying and selling has globally impact to daily activities, and in modern era it disrupted by technology. Distance and time was no longer an obstacle in terms of getting the desired goods or services. The buying and selling transaction is then called online buying and selling transaction, a term commonly used by business actors in Indonesia and even the world. Civilizations and actions of a person change drastically in fulfilling his desire to get something what he wants. The online buying and selling transaction is even considered the 5th Industrial Revolution for the order of trade and industrial civilization in the world today. This paper will see and examine online buying and selling transactions from the perspective of the International Private Law, because it is not impossible this online buying and selling transactions cross the border of the country. It is hoped that this paper will give different insight and perspective for readers about online transaction.