Obsessive-compulsive Symptoms In Patients Research Articles

The Effects of Metacognition on Social Functioning in Patients With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of metacognitive beliefs and thought-control strategies on social functioning and obsessive-compulsive symptoms in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The cross-sectional study sample consisted of 62 patients diagnosed with OCD and 58 healthy controls. OCD was determined by detailed mental examination and the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) was applied. All the participants completed the Metacognition Questionnaire-30 (MCQ-30), Thought Control Questionnaire (TCQ), Social Functioning Scale (SFS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). There was no statistically significant difference in terms of age, gender, education, or marital status between the patients and the healthy control group ( P > 0.05). The MCQ-30 total and subgroups scores except positive belief, BDI, and BAI of patients with OCD were statistically higher than healthy controls. SFS total and the subgroup scores of patients with OCD were statistically lower than healthy controls. The results revealed that metacognition was associated with obsessive-compulsive symptom severity and social functioning; social functioning was affected by all of the symptoms but mainly by depression. Handling metacognition and depressive symptoms may be useful for increasing social functioning of patients with OCD. More studies in the future should consider the results. [ Psychiatr Ann . 2024;54(4):e125–e134.]

Increased Frequency of Self-Reported Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms in Patients with Functional Movement Disorders.

Functional movement disorders (FMD) are associated with a high prevalence of psychiatric comorbidities. To assess the frequency of obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS) in FMD. A total of 167 consecutive patients with clinically definite FMD (mean age = 44.4 years, standard deviation [SD] = 12.0, 119 females) and 145 healthy controls (mean age = 43.2 years, SD = 11.8, 103 females) completed the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R), which is a widely used tool for assessing OCS. The cutoff score ≥21 is indicative of clinically significant obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Motor symptom severity was assessed using the Simplified FMD Rating Scale (S-FMDRS). All subjects completed questionnaires for depression, anxiety, pain, fatigue, cognitive complaints, health-related quality of life, and childhood trauma. Personality traits were assessed using the Big Five questionnaire. FMD patients had higher mean OCI-R score and higher proportion of individuals with OCI-R ≥ 21 42%, 95% confidence interval (CI) = (30.2, 54.6) versus 16%, 95% CI = (8.2, 28.2) in controls, P < 0.001. Patients had higher scores in three domains: checking, ordering, and obsessing (P < 0.001). FMD patients with OCI-R score ≥21 had higher depression, anxiety, cognitive complaints, and lower quality of life compared to those with score <21 (P < 0.001). No correlation between OCI-R and S-FMDRS scores was found. FMD patients reported higher rates of OCS compared to controls, along with higher rates of non-motor symptoms and lower quality of life. This finding may have clinical implications and raises the possibility of shared risk factors and common pathophysiological mechanisms in FMD and OCD.

Prevalence of Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms in Patients with Schizophrenia at a Tertiary Care Center, Karnataka

Prevalence of Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms in Patients with Schizophrenia at a Tertiary Care Center, Karnataka

A Case Series of Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation Treatment for the Supplementary Motor Area Twice a Day in Patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Real World TMS Registry Study in Japan.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a psychiatric disorder characterized by patterns in which unwanted thoughts and fears are evoked as obsessions and furthermore, compulsive behaviors are provoked repeatedly, with a prevalence rate of 2% of the population. These obsessive-compulsive symptoms disrupt daily life and cause great distress to the individual. At present, OCD is treated with antidepressants, mainly selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and psychotherapy, including the exposure and response prevention method. However, these approaches may only show a certain level of efficacy, and approximately 50% of patients with OCD show treatment resistance. This situation has led to the research and development of neuromodulation therapies, including transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment, for OCD worldwide in recent years. In this case series, we retrospectively analyzed the TMS registry data of continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) therapy targeting the bilateral supplementary motor cortex for six patients with OCD whose obsessive-compulsive symptoms had not improved with pharmacotherapy. The results suggest that treatment with cTBS for the bilateral supplementary motor area may reduce obsessive-compulsive symptoms in patients with OCD, despite the limitations of an open-label preliminary case series. The present findings warrant further validation with a randomized, sham-controlled trial with a larger sample size in the future.

Concurrent Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms in Patients With Schizophrenia: A Retrospective Study From a Tertiary Care Centre in Sindh, Pakistan.

The present study aimed to evaluate the proportion of concurrent symptoms of obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCSs) among patients with schizophrenia. A retrospective study was undertaken at the Department of Psychiatry, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Center, Sindh, Pakistan between 1st March 2019 and 1st April 2020.All cases with diagnosed schizophreniairrespective of gender, age, or ethnicity were eligible for the study. We excluded patients with acute psychosis due to isolatedsubstance use disorder or any organic brain disease. The medical records for each patient were retrieved from the departmental database. Sociodemographic factors including age, gender, ethnicity, and presence of OCSs and other psychiatric comorbidities were recorded in a predefined pro forma. The presence of OCSs was noted by the attending psychiatrist during history taking as positive or negative. A total of 139 patients were included. A predominance of the male gender was noted.There were 63 (45.3%) patients with concurrent OCSs. Out of the total patients, 42 (66.67%) males and 21 (33.33%) females had OCSs. A total of 28 (44.44%) patients between 31 and 45 years of age had OCSs. Out of the 63 patients with OCSs, 36 (57.14%) had a history of substance abuse (p = 0.471). In the study, 17 (26.98%) Balochi and 19 (30.16%) Pashtuns had OCSs. However, the difference was statistically insignificant. In conclusion, OCSs were frequent in patients with schizophrenia, according to the current study. We discovered that males, individuals between the ages of 18 and 30 years, Balochis, Pashtuns, and those with a history of substance abuse were more likely to have OCSs. However, the difference was not statistically significant.

Obsessive-compulsive symptoms in patient with schizophrenia: The influence of disorganized symptoms, duration of schizophrenia, and drug resistance.

Schizophrenia is a chronic mental disorder with a many-faced clinical presentation. Obsessive-compulsive symptoms are often part of it. The characteristics of the clinical picture and the course of schizophrenia are factors related to both the resistance and the manifestation of obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Our study aims to establish the relationship between the peculiarities of the schizophrenia process and the influence of resistance on the expression of obsessive-compulsive symptoms. A study was conducted on 105 patients with schizophrenia. Of them, 39 are men and 66 are women. The evaluation of the effectiveness of the treatment showed that 45 were resistant to the applied therapy, while the remaining 60 responded. Clinical assessment of patients was performed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). Assessment of obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS) was conducted with the Dimensional obsessive-compulsive symptoms scale (DOCS). In 34% of all patients, we found clinically expressed obsessive-compulsive symptoms. In 40% of the patients with resistance, we found clinically expressed obsessive-compulsive symptoms, which are within the range of moderately expressed. In 30% of the patients in clinical remission, we found obsessive-compulsive symptoms, but mildly expressed. We found a statistically significant relationship between the severity of OCS and the disorganized symptoms and the duration of the schizophrenia process. No differences were found in the expression of OCS in patients of both sexes. We registered both an increased frequency and an increased expression of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in patients with resistant schizophrenia. These symptoms were positively associated with disorganized symptoms and duration of schizophrenia. No relationship was established with the positive, negative symptoms, as well as with the gender distribution.

Comorbid Obsessive Compulsive Symptoms in Patients with Schizophrenia

本稿では，統合失調症患者に併存する強迫症状に関する疫学，臨床的特徴，治療について概説する。一般人口に比べ，統合失調症患者における強迫症状の有病率は高い。統合失調症患者に強迫症状が存在することは，予後を悪くし，患者の情動と心理社会的機能に悪影響を与える。強迫症状を伴う統合失調症患者において，強迫症状について病識を欠く患者はわずか15.8％であり，純粋な強迫症患者中の病識を欠く患者の割合と類似している。治療には，薬物療法と曝露反応妨害法を用いた認知行動療法がある。第二世代抗精神病薬の使用によって強迫症状が誘発されている場合，薬物療法としては，原因となっている抗精神病薬の減薬や他の抗精神病薬への変更，アリピプラゾールの付加がある。抗精神病薬誘発性の場合も含め，統合失調症患者に併存する強迫症状についても，SSRIの投与は有益である。

Investigation of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in patients with schizophrenia in a specialized-treatment program (PubMed).

Abstract The aim of the study was to investigate if obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS) diminished from baseline to follow-up maximum two years later in patients with early course of schizophrenia undergoing a specialized multi-professional treatment program. The secondary outcome was to show the association between baseline values of, or the difference from baseline to follow-up of positive and negative symptoms, depressive symptoms, and general psychosocial functioning respectively regarding the difference in the score of OCS from baseline to follow-up.

A Pilot Study on the Side Effects of Using Atypical Antipsychotics in Patients with Schizophrenia on Developing Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms

Aims: This study aimed to investigate the side effects of using Atypical antipsychotics in Patients with Schizophrenia on developing Obsessive-Compulsive symptoms.&#x0D; Method: In this pre-experimental research, 90 hospitalized patients with Schizophrenia who received Atypical antipsychotics were studied. Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale(YBOCS) was used. &#x0D; Results: The mean score of the YBOCS test at the first week(before using atypical antipsychotics), one month(after using Atypical antipsychotics), and two months(after using Atypical antipsychotics) was 12.13, 16.26, 22.64.&#x0D; Obtained data indicates that using Atypical antipsychotics has a significant effect on developing obsessive-compulsive symptoms in patients with Schizophrenia.&#x0D; Conclusion: Atypical antipsychotics can cause obsessive-compulsive symptoms in patients with Schizophrenia.

The Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms in Tic Disorders and the Psychometric Properties of Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale: An Evidence-Based Survey in a Chinese Sample.

ObjectivePatients with tic disorders (TDs) usually also have obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). The severity of obsessive–compulsive symptoms (OCSs) in TD is widely evaluated using the Children’s Yale–Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS). However, there is no survey on the severity of OCSs in patients with TD based on a Chinese sample, and the reliability and validity of the CY-BOCS in patients with TD have not been well established in China. This study examined the severity of OCSs in TDs and the psychometric properties of the CY-BOCS in Chinese pediatric patients with TD.MethodsA total of 367 patients who were diagnosed with TD [152 with Tourette syndrome (TS)] were enrolled in the Department of Psychiatry at Beijing Children’s Hospital in China. The mean age of the patients was 9.21 ± 2.06 years (range: 5–16 years). The Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS) and CY-BOCS were used as screening tools. The psychometric properties of the CY-BOCS were assessed using Cronbach’s alpha, test-retest reliability, and construct validity.ResultsThe OCSs in TDs were 3.93 ± 5.15 based on the CY-BOCS in the whole sample. The older adolescent group showed higher scores than the young adolescent groups (Z = −3.37, p = 0.001). However, the young adolescent group showed a higher incidence rate of OCSs than the older adolescent group (p < 0.01). Men with TDs also showed a higher incidence rate of OCSs than women (p = 0.03). The reliability and validity analyses of the CY-BOCS showed Cronbach’s alpha and test-retest reliability values of 0.81 and 0.82, respectively. The CY-BOCS showed an acceptable level in the two-factor structure (obsession and compulsive) in patients with TD. The comparative fit index (CFI) was 0.84 for TD, 0.86 for Tourette, 0.94 for the younger adolescent group, and 0.74 for the older adolescent group.ConclusionMore OCSs were identified in the TS group and the older adolescent group with TDs. The CY-BOCS showed good psychometric properties in children and adolescents with TD, especially in younger patients with TD. OCSs might be associated with age and functional impairment of TD.

Clozapine-related obsessive-compulsive symptoms and their impact on wellbeing: a naturalistic longitudinal study.

Obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS) are commonly associated with clozapine treatment but are frequently overlooked by clinicians despite their potential impact on patients' quality of life. In this study, we explored whether OCS severity impacted subjective wellbeing and general functioning, independently of depressive and psychotic symptoms. We used anonymised electronic healthcare records from a large cohort of patients who were treated with clozapine and assessed annually for OCS, wellbeing, general functioning, and psychopathology using standardised scales as part of routine clinical practice. We used statistical mixed linear model techniques to evaluate the longitudinal influence of OCS severity on wellbeing and general functioning. A total of 184 patients were included, with 527 face-to-face assessments and 64.7% evaluated three or more times. Different linear mixed models demonstrated that OCS in patients treated with clozapine were associated with significantly worse wellbeing scores, independently of depression and psychotic symptoms, but OCS did not impair general functioning. Obsessional thinking and hoarding behaviour, but not compulsions, were significantly associated with the impact on wellbeing, which may be attributable to the ego-syntonic nature of the compulsions. Given the frequent occurrence of OCS and their negative impact on wellbeing, we encourage clinicians to routinely assess and treat OCS in patients who are taking clozapine.

Obsessive–compulsive symptoms in anxiety and depressive disorders: Influence of recent and/or traumatic life events

IntroductionA high prevalence of obsessive–compulsive symptoms (OCSs) in anxiety-depressive disorders ranging from 30 to 67% has been described. ObjectiveThis study aims to assess the presence and persistence of OCSs in an outpatient sample of subjects with anxiety and depressive disorders, as well as its relationship with recent life events (RLEs) and/or traumatic experiences (TEs). MethodWe conducted a prospective, observational, analytical study of 200 subjects with DSM-5 diagnoses of anxiety and/or depression. Participants were included by consecutive sampling and were evaluated at baseline and after 6–12 months (mean 8.5 months) of follow-up. The severity of the symptoms was assessed through the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HARS) and Hamilton Scale for the evaluation of depression (HRSD-17), and comorbidity was assessed through the International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). The Revised Inventory of Obsessions and Compulsions (OCI-R), the Recent Vital Changes Questionnaire (CVSV), and the Diagnostic Scale for Post-Traumatic Stress (PDS) were also administered. Results54% of the sample presented OCSs, and 30.5% presented one or more TEs throughout life. At the baseline visit, the presence of OCSs was associated with the severity of depressive symptoms (p=0.028), the presence of TEs (p<0.01), symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (p<0.01) and the number of RLEs (p<0.01). Response rate at follow-up was 38%, and persistence of OCSs was found in 60.5% of patients, independent of depressive or anxious symptoms, but was associated with the number of RLEs (p<0.01). ConclusionThe presence of OCSs in patients with anxiety and depressive disorders is frequent and persistent. Anxious-depressive patients with a history of TEs and RLEs had higher OCS levels. These findings highlight the importance of early detection and the use of therapeutic strategies focused on resilience to stress and trauma.

Obsessive-compulsive symptoms in anxiety and depressive disorders: Influence of recent and/or traumatic life events.

A high prevalence of obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCSs) in anxiety-depressive disorders ranging from 30 to 67% has been described. This study aims to assess the presence and persistence of OCSs in an outpatient sample of subjects with anxiety and depressive disorders, as well as its relationship with recent life events (RLEs) and/or traumatic experiences (TEs). We conducted a prospective, observational, analytical study of 200 subjects with DSM-5 diagnoses of anxiety and/or depression. Participants were included by consecutive sampling and were evaluated at baseline and after 6-12 months (mean 8.5 months) of follow-up. The severity of the symptoms was assessed through the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HARS) and Hamilton Scale for the evaluation of depression (HRSD-17), and comorbidity was assessed through the International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). The Revised Inventory of Obsessions and Compulsions (OCI-R), the Recent Vital Changes Questionnaire (CVSV), and the Diagnostic Scale for Post-Traumatic Stress (PDS) were also administered. 54% of the sample presented OCSs, and 30.5% presented one or more TEs throughout life. At the baseline visit, the presence of OCSs was associated with the severity of depressive symptoms (p=0.028), the presence of TEs (p<0.01), symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (p<0.01) and the number of RLEs (p<0.01). Response rate at follow-up was 38%, and persistence of OCSs was found in 60.5% of patients, independent of depressive or anxious symptoms, but was associated with the number of RLEs (p<0.01). The presence of OCSs in patients with anxiety and depressive disorders is frequent and persistent. Anxious-depressive patients with a history of TEs and RLEs had higher OCS levels. These findings highlight the importance of early detection and the use of therapeutic strategies focused on resilience to stress and trauma.

The severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in Tourette syndrome and its relationship with premonitory urges: a meta-analysis

ABSTRACT Objectives Nearly half of the patients with Tourette Syndrome (TS) present with comorbid Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms (OCS) and premonitory urges (PUs). However, inconsistent results have been found in the correlation between PUs and OCS in patients with TS. Methods A meta-analysis was applied to identify the severity of OCS and its correlation with PUs in TS patients. Subgroup and meta-regression analyses were used to identify potential heterogeneity. Results A total of 13 studies, including 576 patients, were enrolled in this study. The pooled correlation coefficient (r) was 0.29 (95% confidence interval: 0.18, 0.38) and heterogeneity (I2) of pooled r was 40% based on a fixed-effect model. The mean level of OCS based on the assessment of Children’s Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Symptom Scale/Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Symptom Scale was 14.99 (95% CI: 11.41, 18.57) by a random effect model. Results of meta-regression analysis demonstrated that the severity of tic symptoms based on the assessment of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale was the predictor of severity of OCS (p = 0.018). Conclusion There was a mild positive correlation between the PUs and OCS in patients with TS. The severity of OCS in TS patients was mild to moderate and positively predicted by the severity of tic symptoms.

PREVALENCE OF OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE SYMPTOMS IN PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS: A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY

Background : Obsessive compulsive symptoms (OCS) have known to co-occur with various psychiatric disorders and have an impact on severity and course of these psychiatric disorders. Knowing the prevalence of OCS in different psychiatric disorders can give a better understanding about the illness and help in shaping its management. This study aims at finding prevalence, types &amp; severity of OCS in patients presenting with different psychiatric disorders in Psychiatry Out patient department at a tertiary care institute. Methodology : A total of 380 patients were included in the. Clinical diagnosis of obsessions &amp; compulsions was made as per criteria in Diagnostic &amp; Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM IV- TR). Yale brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (YBOCS) was applied for assessing severity of obsessive compulsive symptoms. Results &amp; Conclusion: Prevalence of OCs in Psychiatric Disorders to be 5%. The Prevalence of OCS in patients with Psychotic Disorders was found to be 9.9% , in patients with Mood Disorders was found to be 6.6%, in patients with Anxiety Disorders was found to be 2.3% and in patients with Substance Use Disorders was found to be 1.8%. The most common Form of Obsession was Obsessive Thoughts (31.6%), the most common Content was Inanimate-Impersonal (31.6%) and the most common Compulsion was Washing (60%). Mean YBOCS Score of all 19 patients was 9.95 (SD=5.1, Median=9). 36.8% patients had Subclinical Severity (0-7), 47.4% patients had Mild Severity (8-15) and 15.8% patients had Moderate Severity (16-23). Psychotic &amp; mood disorders were further assessed for types &amp; severity of OCS. Though the prevalence of OCS in current study is less compared to previous studies, it still is significant. Thus various psychiatric disorders should be evaluated for presence of OCS.

Assessing The Relationship Between Clinical Characteristics and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Comorbidity and Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms in Patients With Schizophrenia

Amaç: Şizofrenide obsesif kompülsif semptomların (OKS) ve obsesif kompülsif bozukluğun (OKB) görülme sıklığı yüksek olup; şizofrenide OKS/OKB eş tanısının özelliklerini araştıran çalışmalarda çelişkili sonuçlar elde edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada şizofreni hastalarında OKS/OKB eş tanısının sosyodemografik ve klinik özellikler ile ilişkisinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Bu çalışmaya Dışkapı Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi Psikiyatri Polikliniğine başvuran 280 şizofreni hastası dahil edilmiştir. Çalışmaya alınan Pozitif ve Negatif Belirtileri Değerlendirme Ölçeği (SAPS-SANS), Calgary Şizofrenide Depresyon Ölçeği (CŞDÖ) ve Yale Brown Obsesyon Kompülsiyon Ölçeği (YBOKÖ) uygulanmıştır. OKB eş tanısı olmayan hastalar ve eşik altı OKS bulunan hastaların klinik özellikleri ayrı olarak OKB eş tanılı hastaların özellikleriyle karşılaştırılmıştır. İstatistiksel analiz için tanımlayıcı testler ve Pearson korelasyon analizi kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: OKB eş tanısı olan hastaların SANS, SAPS ve KPDÖ puanları eş tanısı olmayan hastalardan daha yüksek bulunmuştur (p&amp;lt; 0.05). Ayrıca, OKB eş tanılı hastalarda eş tanı bulunmayan hastalara göre daha düşük İGD puanı ile daha yüksek CŞDÖ puanı saptanmıştır (p&amp;lt; 0.05). OKB eşik altı semptomları bulunan hastaların klinik özellikleri SANS ve CŞDÖ puanları OKB eş tanısı bulunan hastalardan istatiksel farklılık göstermemiştir (p&amp;gt; 0.05). Sonuç: OKB eş tanısı bulunan ve bulunmayan hastaların klinik özellikleri arasında önemli farklılıklar olduğu görülmüştür. OKB eş tanısında pozitif, negatif ve depresif semptom şiddeti daha yüksek işlevsellik ise daha düşük bulunmuştur. Bununla beraber, eşik altı OKS olan hastalar ile OKB eş tanılı hastaların negatif ve depresif belirti şiddetleri arasında anlamlı bir farklılık görülmemiştir. Şizofrenide OKS ve OKB eş tanısının klinik öneminin daha iyi anlaşılabilmesi için prospektif çalışmalara ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır.

Preliminary Data Examining the Neural Substrates of Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms in Patients With Neurodegenerative Disorders

Preliminary Data Examining the Neural Substrates of Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms in Patients With Neurodegenerative Disorders

Study of Obsessive Compulsive Symptoms in Patients with Schizophrenia

Study of Obsessive Compulsive Symptoms in Patients with Schizophrenia

Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and in Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Occurrence and Correlations.

Because of the heterogeneity of obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCDs) and their co-occurrence with anxiety disorders, we investigated the prevalence, severity, and correlations between obsessive and compulsive symptoms reported by patients diagnosed with OCD or generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). A retrospective study was conducted in 2 groups of patients: 76 patients diagnosed with OCD [F42 according to the 10th revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10)], and 186 patients diagnosed with GAD (F41.1 according to ICD-10), who had presented for therapy at the day ward. The Symptom Questionnaire "O," based on the Symptom Checklist 90-Revised (SCL-90-R) questionnaire, was used to assess obsessive, compulsive, and anxiety symptoms. The analysis took into account the impact of sex and the presence or absence of cognitive dysfunction (as assessed using the Bender Benton Visual Retention and Bender-Gestalt tests) on the associations being investigated. We observed that obsessive and compulsive symptoms were more prevalent and more strongly expressed in the group with OCD than in the group with GAD. However, almost all patients with GAD (94%) confirmed the presence of some obsessive-compulsive symptoms. The study revealed differences in correlations with obsessions and compulsions between the OCD and GAD groups. In the group with OCD, no significant correlation between the severity of obsessions and compulsions was identified, whereas in the group with GAD, a significant positive correlation was found between the severity of those symptoms. In both the GAD and OCD groups, a greater intensity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms was accompanied by an increase in the severity of anxiety symptoms (with this effect noted to a greater extent with obsessions than compulsions). The study revealed that patients with GAD often have coexisting obsessive-compulsive symptoms, which may not be identified during routine psychiatric examination. Obsessive-compulsive symptoms observed in patients with GAD may show a different structure than obsessive-compulsive symptoms in patients with OCD. The results of this study suggest that compulsions are more specific for the diagnosis of OCD than obsessions. Compulsions, such as counting related to the need for order and symmetry, may be associated with some cognitive dysfunctions and male sex, a finding that requires further research.

Childhood trauma and coping in patients with psychotic disorders and obsessive-compulsive symptoms and in un-affected siblings

BackgroundResearch on environmental and individual risk-factors in patients with a psychotic disorder and co-occurring obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS) is limited. ObjectiveThis study aimed to examine the role of childhood trauma and coping on the occurrence of OCS in patients with a psychotic disorder and on a subclinical level in siblings. Participants and setting626 patients and 638 siblings from the Genetic Risk and Outcome of Psychosis (GROUP) study were included in the current study. MethodsDifferences between patients and siblings with and without OCS were analyzed with between-group comparisons. Mediation analyses investigated the effect of coping on the association between trauma and OCS severity. ResultsPatients and siblings with OCS reported more childhood traumatic events, particularly sexual (OR = 1.62 / 3.26) and emotional (OR = 1.47 / 2.04) abuse compared to those without OCS. Both patients (d = 0.69) and siblings (d = 0.49) with co-occurring OCS showed a higher tendency for dysfunctional passive coping strategies compared to the group without OCS. The tendency for passive coping mediated the association between sexual and emotional abuse and OCS severity in patients. ConclusionsResults imply that childhood trauma is associated with the presence of co-occurring OCS. Enhancing active coping strategies might have a beneficial effect in the prevention and treatment of co-occurring OCS in patients with psychotic disorders.