Observe, Orient, Decide And Act Research Articles

Observability Practice with OODA Principles and Processes

Observability is essential in numerous areas, including software engineering, business operations, and Information Technology (IT). Created by Colonel John Boyd in a military setting, the OODA (Observe, Orient, Decide, and Act) loop has expanded into a flexible framework for enhancing observability in various areas. This study improves observability and decision-making by applying OODA concepts and procedures in software engineering and business. These domains work together to guarantee smooth workflows in the age of Industry 4.0 and disruptive technology breakthroughs when observability is essential to success. The OODA cycle in software engineering allows engineers to gather information, comprehend context, make logical decisions, and take appropriate action to maximize system security and performance. The “Observe” phase focuses on metrics, logs, events, including data collection, monitoring, and real-time analysis. The “Orient” phase emphasises how crucial anomaly detection and data visualization are to comprehending context. While the “Act” phase handles automation and the implementation of enhancements, the “Decide” phase directs engineers to optimize systems and increase security. From operational indicators to market trends and consumer feedback, the OODA loop helps businesses make data-driven decisions by collecting information during the “Observe” phase. The “Orient” phase helps organizations comprehend customer preferences and market dynamics by analysing data and spotting trends. The “Act” phase makes it easier to implement selected plans, while the “Decide” phase aids in strategic decision-making and resource allocation.

Relational holon science and Popper's 3 worlds in engineering practice

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to outline, briefly, Rosen's relational theory of biology engendered relational holon science and Popper's metaphysical ontology of ‘three worlds’ as the shared physical and non‐physical. We consider both theories, explore their similarities and to begin to interpret and integrate them into new ways of thinking about the processes of creating engineered systems We propose a model that consists of holons set in a holarchy that is based on a modern interpretation of Aristotle's four causes. Relational holon science is mathematically sound through the causal closure of a holon and formal consistency in category theory. The schema relates the material reality of Popper's world1 and the formal knowledge of world3 through the subjective/experiential world2. The overall aim is to help to improve engineering practice within a theoretical foundation for practical common‐sense schema such as Plan, Do Check and Act (PDCA) and Observe, Orient, Decide and Act (OODA) and a different worldview of our natural world.

Digitalization Strategy for Consignment, Franchising, and Partnership Networks Through the Implementation of e-KOlab (Electronics for Consignments, Franchising, Organizational Networks) (Study on MSMEs member of DPD IWAPI Bali Association)

The province of Bali as a tourism area is feeling the impact of the Covid 19 pandemic. The indicator is the decline in the number of MSMEs. IWAPI (Indonesian Women Entrepreneurs Association) Bali Province which fosters MSMEs and Cooperatives as partners in this research requires a strategy that moves many elements to collaborate and co-optise together. The purpose of this study is: to bring together institutions, capital and MSME actors through digitalization or applications. The purpose of developing the application is to encourage MSMEs owned by Balinese women to operate locally with global quality. The research method used in this study is the OODA (Observe, Orient, Decide and Act) method. The first step is observation by collecting and observing primary data and secondary data of SMEs/IWAPI assisted. The second step is orientation by conducting root causal analysis with fishbone, SWOT and analysis of service policies towards MSMEs/IWAPI assisted, especially during pandemic recovery. The third step is Decide, namely developing e-collaborations. The last step is Act: implementation of e-collaboration, readiness testing there is application of e-collaboration. The e-Kolab application is a strategy for SMEs Scale Up and can be a Model Business Continuity Plan (BCP) in conducting business collaborations to apply the principle of local wisdom "PangPadePayu". The short-term strategy of this application will provide a digital service boost for MSME actors. While the long-term strategy is to build digital technology as a platform in MSME business processes; and the development of modern MSME business models.

Paraplegic Dimensions of Asymmetric Warfare: A Strategic Analysis of Resilience Policy Plan

Asymmetric warfare is a game of nerves and thoughts with least vigorous participation for large anticipated losses by creating partial or permanent paraplegia. Strategic analysis of asymmetric warfare since the World War I till the post-cold-war era exposits that the courage makes nations win the battle of warriors to battle of comrades. Despite preparations, asymmetric warfare has been difficult to fight due to uncertainty of circumstances and lethality of weapons. Thoughts before action may be the best-assumed strategy to mix Regional Security Complex Theory (RSCT) and Observe, Orient, Decide and Act (OODA) loop to develop the Paraplegic Resilience Policy Plan (PRPP) to win asymmetric warfare. PRPP may serve to control and halt the ongoing wave of terrorism, guerrilla warfare and insurgencies. PRPP, along with a strategic work plan, is based on psychometric analysis to deal with any possible war condition and tactic to save millions of innocent lives. However, self-imposed epistemic dilemmas result in regret[s] that become the course of action. This is a descriptive study of war conditions with generic application of probability tests to find the best possible options and conditions to develop PRPP for any adverse condition possible. Innovation in technology begets modernisation in strategy to serve as a rheostat approach to deal with asymmetric warfare.

Photonic-assisted microwave frequency measurement towards cognitive radio

Cognitive radio frequency (RF) systems can be seen through an OODA (observe, orient, decide and act) loop, and electronic warfare (EW) can be used in some of these stages, namely the observe and the act. Instantaneous microwave frequency measurement (IFM) systems can contribute to cognitive RF technology taking the real world to the data world. In an OODA loop, IFM can be arranged as in the observe stage. Here we have proposed an IFM device that allows the adjustment of the directional couplers coupling coefficients, optical fiber lengths, modulation index and modulation formats, which makes the system tunable. The analytical model result shows good agreement with the simulation, achieving frequency differences of 130 MHz and 210 MHz for the lowest and the highest amplitude comparison function values, respectively.

A Framework for Multiple Ground Target Finding and Inspection Using a Multirotor UAS.

Small unmanned aerial systems (UASs) now have advanced waypoint-based navigation capabilities, which enable them to collect surveillance, wildlife ecology and air quality data in new ways. The ability to remotely sense and find a set of targets and descend and hover close to each target for an action is desirable in many applications, including inspection, search and rescue and spot spraying in agriculture. This paper proposes a robust framework for vision-based ground target finding and action using the high-level decision-making approach of Observe, Orient, Decide and Act (OODA). The proposed framework was implemented as a modular software system using the robotic operating system (ROS). The framework can be effectively deployed in different applications where single or multiple target detection and action is needed. The accuracy and precision of camera-based target position estimation from a low-cost UAS is not adequate for the task due to errors and uncertainties in low-cost sensors, sensor drift and target detection errors. External disturbances such as wind also pose further challenges. The implemented framework was tested using two different test cases. Overall, the results show that the proposed framework is robust to localization and target detection errors and able to perform the task.

A Real-time Linked Dataspace for the Internet of Things: Enabling “Pay-As-You-Go” Data Management in Smart Environments

As smart environments move from a research vision to concrete manifestations in real-world enabled by the Internet of Things, they are encountering a number of very practical challenges in data management in terms of the flexibility needed to bring together contextual and real-time data, the interface between new digital infrastructures and existing information systems, and how to easily share data between stakeholders in the environment. Therefore, data management approaches for smart environments need to support flexibility, dynamicity, incremental change, while keeping costs to a minimum. A Dataspace is an emerging approach to data management that has proved fruitful for personal information and scientific data management. However, their use within smart environments and for real-time data remains largely unexplored.This paper introduces a Real-time Linked Dataspace (RLD) as an enabling platform for data management within smart environments. This paper identifies common data management requirements for smart energy and water environments, details the RLD architecture and the key support services and their tiered support levels, and a principled approach to “Pay-As-You-Go” data management. The paper presents a dataspace query service for real-time data streams and entities to enable unified entity-centric queries across live and historical stream data. The RLD was validated in 5 real-world pilot smart environments following the OODA (Observe, Orient, Decide, and Act) Loop to build real-time analytics, decisions support, and smart apps for energy and water management. The pilots demonstrate that the RLD enables incremental pay-as-you-go data management with support services that simplify the development of applications and analytics for smart environments. Finally, the paper discusses experiences, lessons learnt, and future directions.

Vision-Based Target Finding and Inspection of a Ground Target Using a Multirotor UAV System

In this paper, a system that uses an algorithm for target detection and navigation and a multirotor Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) for finding a ground target and inspecting it closely is presented. The system can also be used for accurate and safe delivery of payloads or spot spraying applications in site-specific crop management. A downward-looking camera attached to a multirotor is used to find the target on the ground. The UAV descends to the target and hovers above the target for a few seconds to inspect the target. A high-level decision algorithm based on an OODA (observe, orient, decide, and act) loop was developed as a solution to address the problem. Navigation of the UAV was achieved by continuously sending local position messages to the autopilot via Mavros. The proposed system performed hovering above the target in three different stages: locate, descend, and hover. The system was tested in multiple trials, in simulations and outdoor tests, from heights of 10 m to 40 m. Results show that the system is highly reliable and robust to sensor errors, drift, and external disturbance.

Promoting responsible harvesting by mitigating IUU fishing: a three-block and OODA construct?

ABSTRACTKey aspects of illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing are grouped within four tactical challenges. These challenges are analogous to the four-block military dimensions of immediate action, peacekeeping, humanitarian assistance and psychological/information operations. They are nested within an overarching strategy focused on sustainable and responsible fishing, and are grouped within a tactical construct of five operational entities (beneficial owner, regulatory authority, Flag State, Port State and consumer). Sustainable and responsible fishing activities converge to meet the tactical challenges above through conservation measures agreed by the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR). For fisheries management purposes, adaptable, flexible and tactical, execution of strategically formulated compliance-enforcement measures must be tailored to address higher-order goals, including coherent action for effective compliance-enforcement. CCAMLR's countering of Toothfish (Dissostichus spp.) IUU fishing demonstrates how ‘intuitive competences’ could be applied in a formative decision-making framework directed at overcoming situational disadvantages. Examples from contemporary military strategies (the three-block-war construct, the OODA (Observe, Orient, Decide and Act) doctrine and manoeuvre conflict model) indicate that dynamic application of OODA competencies in a manoeuvre conflict framework are a useful, and novel, way to enhance the success of current efforts to counter IUU fishing activity and promote responsible fishing.

Adaptive evolvement of information age C4ISR structure

Command, control, communication, computing, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (C4ISR) in information age is a complex system whose structure always changes actively or passively during the warfare. Therefore, it is important to optimize the structure, especially in ambiguous and quick-tempo modern warfare. This paper proposes an adaptive evolvement mechanism for the C4ISR structure to survive the changeable warfare. Firstly, the information age C4ISR structure is defined and modeled based on the complex network theory. Secondly, taking the observe, orient, decide and act (OODA) model into consideration, four kinds of loops in the C4ISR structure are proposed and their coefficient of networked effects (CNE) is further defined. Then, the adaptive evolvement mechanisms of the four kinds of loops are presented respectively. Finally, taking the joint air-defense C4ISR as an example, simulation experiments are implemented, which validate the evolvement mechanism and show that the information age C4ISR structure has some characteristics of small-world network and scale-free network.

Modernization of the Naval Logistics Information Infrastructure: Impact on Operational Readiness, Efficiency, and Platform Life Cycle

This study proposes novel flexible and expandable information infrastructure that integrates a grid of active Radio Frequency Identification Devices (RFID) geospatial/area nodes communicating with microsatellites and networks of a/pRFID devices (labels, tags, buttons, etc.) with linkages into modernized legacy systems and rests on the constellation of satellites, joint logistics vessel(s), mobile autonomous systems, flexible engineering systems, and agile and reconfigurable structures for real-time command and control of the naval logistics, operational readiness, and expeditionary force sustainment and protection. The Navy Logistics Information Infrastructure (NLII) pursues the focused logistics for shared activities “to include conduct physical inventory, deliver property and forces, perform budgeting, and manage receipt and acceptance.” In addition, the proposed “Solution” encompasses information infrastructures for the Navy expeditionary logistics, expeditionary combat readiness, autonomous logistics, maritime security surveillance, continuous asset visibility and movements optimization, and medical support. “Solution” employs the Observe, Orient, Decide and Act (OODA) Loop methodology for simulation and optimization of the battlespace, security, preparedness, readiness and intelligence scenarios. The NLII “Solution” will be deployed in 43 months at the estimated cost of US$636M in constant dollars; return on investment (ROI) coefficient of 7:1. The “Expeditionary Combat Information Infrastructure” pilot can be delivered in 22 months at the estimated cost of US$303M.

‘All hazards approach’ to disaster management: the role of information and knowledge management, Boyd's OODA Loop, and network‐centricity

The ever-increasing complexity of disasters demands utilisation of knowledge that exists outside domains traditionally drawn upon in disaster management. To be operationally useful, such knowledge must he extracted, combined with information generated by the disaster itself, and transformed into actionable knowledge. The process, though, is hampered by existing, business-oriented approaches to knowledge management, by technical issues related to access to relevant, multi-domain information/knowledge, and by executive decision-making processes based predominantly on historical knowledge. Consequently, as shown by many recent incidents, the management of large-scale (mega) disasters is often inefficient and exceedingly costly. This paper demonstrates that the integration of modified information and knowledge management into the concepts of network-centric operations and network-enabled capabilities, and the employment of Boyd's OODA (Observe, Orient, Decide, and Act) Loop-based decision-making in unpredictable and dynamically changing environments, may address some of these problems.

Innovations in multi-agent systems

This paper outlines an abridged history of agents as a guide for the reader to understand the trends and directions of future agent design. This description includes how agent technologies have developed using increasingly sophisticated techniques. It also indicates the transition of formal programming languages into object-oriented programming and how this transition facilitated a corresponding shift from scripted agents (bots) to agent-oriented designs. The trend shows that applications with agents are increasingly being used to assist humans, either at work or play. Examples include the ubiquitous paper clip, through to wizards, entire applications and even games. The trend also demonstrates that agents vary in the complexity of the problem being solved and their environment. Following the discussion of trends, we briefly look at the origins of agent technology and its principles, which reflects heavily on ‘Intelligence with Interaction’. We further pinpoint how the interaction with humans is one of the critical components of modern Distributed Artificial Intelligence (DAI) and how current applications fail to address this fact. The next generation of agents should focus on human-centric interaction to achieve intelligence. Utilising these advancements, we introduce a new paradigm that uses Intelligent Agents based on a Belief, Desire, and Intention (BDI) architecture to achieve situation awareness in a hostile environment. BDI agents are implemented using the JACK framework, and spawn agents with individual reasoning processes specifically relating to the goals being instigated in its environment. They depend on the environment or superior agents to generate goals for them to act upon. In order to improve the performance of the agents we need to remove this dependency. To this end, it is suggested that JACK can be extended to realise the Observe, Orient, Decide and Act (OODA) loop using feedback from a learning component within a team environment.