Obligatory Control Research Articles

An innovative fractional-order evolutionary game theoretical study of personal protection, quarantine, and isolation policies for combating epidemic diseases

This study uses imposed control techniques and vaccination game theory to study disease dynamics with transitory or diminishing immunity. Our model uses the ABC fractional-order derivative mechanism to show the effect of non-pharmaceutical interventions such as personal protection or awareness, quarantine, and isolation to simulate the essential control strategies against an infectious disease spread in an infinite and uniformly distributed population. A comprehensive evolutionary game theory study quantified the significant influence of people’s vaccination choices, with government forces participating in vaccination programs to improve obligatory control measures to reduce epidemic spread. This model uses the intervention options described above as a control strategy to reduce disease prevalence in human societies. Again, our simulated results show that a combined control strategy works exquisitely when the disease spreads even faster. A sluggish dissemination rate slows an epidemic outbreak, but modest control techniques can reestablish a disease-free equilibrium. Preventive vaccination regulates the border between the three phases, while personal protection, quarantine, and isolation methods reduce disease transmission in existing places. Thus, successfully combining these three intervention measures reduces epidemic or pandemic size, as represented by line graphs and 3D surface diagrams. For the first time, we use a fractional-order derivate to display the phase-portrayed trajectory graph to show the model’s dynamics if immunity wanes at a specific pace, considering various vaccination cost and effectiveness settings.

Noncanonical Obligatory Control

AbstractIntensive research on Obligatory Control (OC) in the past 2 decades has revealed a rich crosslinguistic terrain of deviations from the classical format. Five types of noncanonical OC are surveyed here: Finite control, controlled overt pronouns, partial control, proxy control and crossed control. Each one is described and illustrated, paying attention to methodological difficulties in establishing its characteristic empirical signature. We then turn to a critical assessment of leading theoretical accounts of these phenomena, pointing to merits and faults, and indicating how they can be integrated with broader concerns of syntactic theory.

Control, restructuring and temporal interpretation

In this paper, we investigate whether there is a correlation between the temporal properties of control verbs and the possibility of restructuring with obligatory control predicates, taking clitic climbing as a diagnostic for restructuring. We review the findings of previous studies on earlier stages of Portuguese and on (non-)standard varieties of contemporary European Portuguese. Additionally, we perform an analysis of both diachronic and synchronic corpus data, as well as of data collected through an acceptability judgement task. Based on our findings, we argue against a correlation between temporal dependence and restructuring and suggest that restructuring depends on the selectional properties of verbs, occurring when a functionally defective infinitive is selected. Diachronically, there is a change in the selectional properties of control verbs, whereas, synchronically, there is variation both across varieties and across speakers in the set of restructuring control verbs. Factors like the type of clitic and the presence of proclisis triggers affect the acceptability of clitic climbing.

Obligatorily Overt PRO in San Martín Peras Mixtec

This article presents obligatory control constructions in San Martín Peras Mixtec, a language in which PRO must be exponed with an overt pronoun. I propose a morphological analysis of this phenomenon in which this language lacks a null allomorph for bound minimal pronouns (Kratzer 2009, Safir 2014, Landau 2015, 2018), posited to underlie silent PRO in other languages. This suggests that null exponence ought not be ontologically tethered to PRO’s distribution or interpretation; rather, it can be reduced to the routine functions of language-specific contextual allomorphy.

Partial control with overt embedded subjects in Chirag

Abstract: This article documents a previously unattested variety of obligatory control (OC) in the Nakh-Daghestanian language Chirag Dargwa, which lies at the intersection between two phenomena known from previous research: overt controlled subjects and partial control. Despite being less widespread crosslinguistically, these two phenomena do occur in various unrelated languages and are known to not quite fit in with existing theories of OC. Combined in a single construction, they yield a new empirical option in the typology of OC and provide evidence in favor of a pro analysis of controlled subjects.

Partial control with overt embedded subjects in Chirag

This article documents a previously unattested variety of obligatory control (OC) in the Nakh-Daghestanian language Chirag Dargwa, which lies at the intersection between two phenomena known from previous research: overt controlled subjects and partial control. Despite being less widespread crosslinguistically, these two phenomena do occur in various unrelated languages and are known to not quite fit in with existing theories of OC. Combined in a single construction, they yield a new empirical option in the typology of OC and provide evidence in favor of a pro analysis of controlled subjects

Possessor raising and structural variations within the <em>v</em>P domain

In this paper, we analyze external possessors in Brazilian Portuguese, showing that those realizing Nominative-Case (Nominative-possessors) are not syntactically uniform, varying derivationally. These variations are related to the vP internal structure. In agentive argument structures, Nominative-possessors are licensed in obligatory control configurations. Non-agentive argument structures give rise to raising configurations. In turn, raising configurations are not syntactically uniform either. Unaccusative vPs, differently from inchoative ones, contain a dative position at the vP edge. This position is used as an intermediate landing site for the raised Nominative-possessor. Importantly, a copy of a possessor in this intermediate position alters information structure at LF, having three interpretative effects: (a) affectedness: the possessor is interpreted as being affected by the denoted event, (b) presupposition of existence: the possessor must be an existent entity, and (b) contextual confinement: the possessor-possessum is interpreted as an integral part-whole at the event time.

On the resilience of obligatory control in inflected infinitives under object control verbs

This study investigates the interpretation of inflected infinitives under object control verbs in European Portuguese. It contrasts the behaviour of two different types of control verbs, represented by obrigar ‘force’ and convencer ‘convince’, and belonging each to one of the two classes of control verbs established by Landau (2015). It is argued that inflected infinitives under different object control verbs show a different behaviour: whereas inflected infinitives under convencer ‘convince’ do not maintain obligatory control readings (as previously shown by Barbosa, 2021), under obrigar ‘force’ and similar verbs an obligatory control reading is maintained. This empirical observation is in agreement with the predictions of Landau (2015), to the extent that, in the set of verbs that Landau associates to predicative control, agreement inflection does not block control, even though some further questions are raised to Landau’s analysis. In the present study, a correlation is established between different types of object control verbs, their semantics, and the availability of non-controlled inflected infinitives.

A relative clause analysis of event existential constructions in Aklanon

This study is the first to document and analyze the ‘event existential construction’ (EEC) in Aklanon (AKL), an understudied Central Philippine language. In EECs, the apparent correlation between Philippine-type voice and nominal case appears to break down. However, I argue that the ‘case-cleaving effect’ of EECs is superficial. I argue for an analysis wherein the existential maj selects a relative clause as its complement and allows optional possessor raising of a relative- clause-external agent, which obligatorily controls a DP-internal PRO, to topic position, producing the case-cleaving effect. This study presents a typologically unusual type of obligatory DP control and contributes to a richer understanding of cross-linguistic variation in Philippine languages, while allowing us to maintain the robust generalization that Philippine-type voice is correlated with the argument role of the topic-marked nominal.

Adjunct control in German, Norwegian, and English

This paper presents an overview of adjunct control in German, Norwegian, and English, comprising adverbial infinitives, adverbial present and past participle constructions, as well as adverbial small clauses headed by the particle als in German, som in Norwegian, and as in English. We show that the height of the adjunction site (and thus, following scope-based adjunct theories, the underlying semantics of the adjuncts) determines the control possibilities. Based on a large set of data, we argue that event- and process-modifying adjuncts, i.e. adjuncts adjoined in the verbal domain (at the vP- or VP-level, respectively), display obligatory control (OC) properties, whereas sentence and speech act adverbials, which are adjoined at the TP- and CP-level, respectively, rather involve non-obligatory control (NOC). To capture these data theoretically, we propose a structural account that assumes that OC relations are syntactically licensed under upward Agree with PRO being the referentially defective probe that needs to be referentially identified in the course of the derivation by the controller, i.e. the goal. If the adjunct is adjoined in the verbal domain, such an Agree relation can be successfully established and OC is derived. If adjunction occurs in higher adjunction sites, i.e. outside of the verbal domain, feature valuation under Agree fails; as a last resort strategy, the control relation is then licensed on the basis of pragmatic factors, which yields NOC.

Impact of polyaluminum chloride on the bioaccumulation of selected elements in the tissues of invasive spiny-cheek crayfish (Faxonius limosus) – Potential risks to consumers

The effect of coagulants used in lake reclamation on crayfish is poorly understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate changes in the bioaccumulation of Al, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Na and Zn in the gills, exoskeleton, muscle and hepatopancreas of spiny-cheek crayfish (Faxonius limosus) as a result of exposure to PAX®18 coagulant, containing polyaluminum chloride. The study also evaluated the risk to human health from the consumption of crayfish muscle. Metal levels, determined using atomic absorption spectrometry, differed between metals (the highest concentrations for Ca, K, Na, Mg) and the body part. Calcium was most abundant in the exoskeleton, K in the muscles, while Cu and Al in the hepatopancreas. The bioaccumulation of metals was affected by exposure to the coagulant, with a statistically significant (p < 0.05) increase in muscle concentration of Al and Na and a decrease in Ca and Fe. The concentrations of elements (in μg g−1) in the muscle of the control group crayfish and those in contact with the coagulant were, respectively: K (2150; 2090), Na (1540; 2020), Ca (749; 602), Mg (207; 174), Al (103; 164), Zn (21.1; 19.1), Fe (7.6; 3.8) and Cu (8.4; 7.6). Most elements were below 12% of the Dietary Reference Values (DRV). The Al concentration in the muscle exceeded the tolerable weekly intake (TWI) (maximum 164% TWI for muscle of crayfish exposed to polyaluminum chloride). In conclusion, the studied F. limosus had typical elemental bioaccumulation for a crayfish, but the contact with the coagulant increased Al concentration and decreased Fe, Ca, Mg, Zn and Cu concentrations. The muscle of crayfish can be used as a supplementary source of essential elements in the human diet, but it seems necessary to introduce obligatory control of Al levels due to the use of polyaluminum chloride in lake restoration.

Interpretive asymmetries between null and overt PRO in complement and adjunct infinitives in (Colombian) Spanish

Cross-linguistically, control complement clauses have been reported to allow overt pronominal subjects displaying the diagnostic properties of obligatory control (‘Overt PRO’; see Livitz (2011) and reference therein). Building on Gómez (2017), we extend the empirical range of the overt PRO phenomena to para finality adjunct clauses in (Colombian) Spanish. We show that the controlled subject of para-infinitives ―be it null PRO or overt PRO― has the same distribution and interpretive properties as that of complement infinitives. We bring to light unexpected asymmetries in the interpretive properties of overt vs. null PROs which we dub the Overt vs. covert PRO paradox: while they both only allow a bound variable reading under ellipsis, overt PRO, unlike null PRO, also allows a coreferential reading under association-with-focus. Here again, the data are identical in complement vs. adjunct control. We account for this paradox by putting forth the Anaphor Generalizations, which state that (i) both overt and null anaphors must be syntactically bound, and (ii) while null anaphors must be semantically bound, overt anaphors can but need not be semantically bound. We further show how the Anaphor Generalizations can be extended to account for similar patterns of interpretation reported for English and French reflexives.

Dynamics of productivity and indicators of functional homeostasis of lactating cows when supplements based on natural zeolites enriched with a biocomplex of free L-amino acids are introduced into the diet

Purpose: to study the effect of feeding lactating cows with a feed additive enriched with a biocomplex of free L-amino acids of plant origin on the indicators of functional homeostasis, productivity and quality characteristics of milk.Materials and methods. Research and production tests were carried out on the basis of the OS "Streletskaya" branch of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Federal Research Center of Legumes and Groats". To conduct scientific and production tests, 2 groups of cows of 3-4 lactation were formed, 70 heads each. The groups were formed on the principle of analogous pairs.The cows of the experimental group, starting from the second day after calving, in the morning, once a day, received a granulated feed additive "ZEO-AMINO" (Russia) fraction 0.2-0.7 mm at the rate of 2% of the dry matter of the ration daily for the first 100 days lactation. Experimental animals were monitored daily. Clinical examination of animals was carried out with obligatory control of the general condition, thermometry, counting of respiratory movements and rumen contractions, assessment of the udder condition. The productivity of cows was determined according to the results of control milking. Morphological and biochemical blood tests were performed.Results. It was revealed that the daily use of a granular feed additive of fraction 0.2-0.7 mm, starting from the second day after calving, once a day at the rate of 2% of the dry matter of the diet during the first 100 days of lactation, contributes to an increase in the average daily milk yield of cows on average by 15.9%; by 7 months lactation, an increase in the average daily milk yield was established by an average of 18.3%. It was found that feeding the supplement to cows after calving due to better absorption of nitrogen in the diet and accumulation of proteins in the animal's body allows partially neutralizing the negative consequences of negative energy balance after calving, and contributes to a more intensive recovery of live weight loss, which is reliably confirmed by indicators of animal productivity. The results of a biochemical blood test suggest that the use of a feed supplement in obtaining milk has a positive effect on the assimilation of the diet, metabolism and assimilation processes in the body, activates a number of vital functions during the normal course of physiological processes and ensuring functional homeostasis, which ultimately determines increasing the milk production of animals. Analysis of the quality indicators of milk allows us to conclude that the mass fraction of fat when feeding the additive increased by an average of 0.12 abs. %; the mass fraction of protein increased by an average of 0.22 abs.%.Conclusion. To increase milk productivity, reduce the negative effects of negative energy balance after calving, and more intensively restore body weight loss, as well as increase the efficiency of using feed proteins and normalize metabolic processes, it is recommended that daily use of the feed granulated dietary supplement "ZEO-AMINO" fraction in the diets of dairy cows 0.2-0.7 mm at the rate of 2% of the dry matter of the diet, starting from the second day after calving, once a day during the first 100 days of lactation.

THE ROLE OF “CLINICAL PRACTICE” DISCIPLINE IN PREPARATION OF FUTURE SPECIALISTS OF HIGHER MEDICAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS

Резюме. Клінічна практика студентів-медиків одна із найважливіших складових професійної підготовки будь-якого спеціаліста і є центральним елементом викладання і вивчення навчальної програми. Клінічна практика з терапії є процесом закріплення теоретичних знань, практичних умінь і навичок, отриманих в процесі навчання студента, і формування універсальних та професійних компетенцій майбутнього лікаря-терапевта, сімейного лікаря, лікаря загальної практики, тобто набуття досвіду у вирішенні реальних професійних завдань.&#x0D; На кафедрі внутрішньої медицини №2 та медсестринства із 2020-2021 навчального року введена вибіркова дисципліна «Клінічна практика в терапії» для студентів 5 курсу медичного факультету (спеціальність «лікувальна справа», «педіатрія»). Клінічна практика в терапії складається із трьох змістових модулів: «Основні методи обстеження та діагностики в кардіології», «Особливості обстеження та діагностики в ревматології, гастроентерології, нефрології. Діагностика основних інфекційних хворіб», «Клінічна практика в пульмонології, ендокринології, гематології».&#x0D; На практичних заняттях велика увага приділяється виконанню практичних навичок і умінню розв’язувати ситуаційні задачі. Студенти вдосконалюють свої навички з фізикального обстеження всіх органів і систем та встановлюють ступінь їх порушення, навчаються реєстрації електрокардіограми, проводити серцево-легеневу реанімацію, пікфлуометрію, аспірацію кісткового мозку, інтерпретувати результати лабораторних та інструментальних методів дослідження, обґрунтовувати та формулювати попередній діагноз, призначити лікування і вибрати подальший маршрут пацієнта залежно від діагностованої патології.

Reviewing Minimalist Theories of Control and a Brief Look at Romanian Control

"Reviewing Minimalist Theories of Control and a Brief Look at Romanian Control. The phenomenon of control is a long-discussed topic within the enterprise of generative grammar. Multiple theories were composed and dismissed along with the advancement of the module, and with the development of the Minimalist program, more recent theories on control came to surface. The present article provides a review of two minimalist theories of control: the Movement Theory of Control and the Agree Model of Obligatory Control. A synopsis of one applied model of the MTC on Romanian data is also part of the paper, as is a brief commentary on the structure of Romanian control, namely an exploration of the tension between subjunctive and infinitive control complements. Keywords: control theories, minimalist program, Romanian control, Agree Model of Control, Movement Theory of Control "

ОЦІНКА ЕМОЦІЙНО-ВОЛЬОВОЇ СФЕРИ ТА РЕАКТИВНОЇ ТРИВОЖНОСТІ КУРСАНТІВ В КОНТЕКСТІ РОЗРОБКИ МОДЕЛІ ТРЕНУВАЛЬНОГО КОМПЛЕКСУ ДЛЯ СПОРТСМЕНІВ З ВІЙСЬКОВО-АВІАЦІЙНОГО П’ЯТИБОРСТВА

Мета. Оцінка, емоційно-вольової сфери, реактивної тривожності а також їх зміни за умов ознак втоми після стрес-тесту методом кросфіту у курсантів в контексті планування тренувальної діяльності з військово-авіаційного п’ятиборства. Методи. В дослідженні використані наступні методи: анкетування, психологічне тестування, математично-статистичний аналіз. У педагогічному експерименті приймали участь 48 курсантів першого курсу Харківського національного університету Повітряних Сил імені Івана Кожедуба (чоловіки), віком 17–18 років, з них 38 кандидатів в майстри та 10майстрів спорту. Рівень ситуативної (реактивної) тривожності визначали за тестом Ч. Спілбергера.Для оцінки стабільності емоційної сфери використовували показник емоційної лабільності за шкалою самопочуття В.А. Доскіна. Статистичну обробку отриманих даних проводили параметричним методом, а перевірку значущості отриманих даних здійснювали за допомогою t-критерія Стьюдента (для n &lt; 100) при заданому рівні надійності р = 0,95. Результати. Встановлені вихідні показники курсантів-спортсменів, кандидатів для подальшої тренувальної діяльності з військово-авіаційного п’ятиборства. Проведено розподіл кандидатів за такими видами спорту як ігрові, циклічні, складно-координаційні види та спортивні єдиноборства. Враховуючи те, що емоційно-вольова сфера, реактивна тривожність та когнітивні здібності є інтегрольними показниками прояву індивідуальних якостей кожного із спортсменів, були відібрані психофізичні тести, дані яких свідчать про найважливіші властивості емоційно-вольової сфери спортсменів, що можуть бути використані для прогнозування результату головних змагань з військово-авіаційного п’ятиборства. Висновок. Встановлена гетерогенність вихідних показників емоційно-вольової сфери, реактивної тривожності та когнітивних здібностей кандидатів в збірну команду з військово-авіаційного п’ятиборства. Обгрунтована необхідність розробки єдиного універсального алгоритму тренування з визначенням обов’язкових контрольних точок – періодів оцінки провідних психофізичних здібностей та розроблено комплекс допоміжних спортивних вправ (кросфіту) для покращення тих чи інших показників емоційно-вольової сфери, реактивної тривожності та когнітивнихздібностей курсантів у відповідності до конкретного виду спорту.Ключові слова: військово-авіаційне п’ятиборство, смуга перешкод, кросфіт, емоційно-вольова сфера, реактивна тривожність, курсанти.

Proxy control

The control dependency in grammar is conventionally distinguished into two classes: exhaustive (i→i) and non-exhaustive (i→i + (j)). Here, we show that, in languages like German and Italian, some speakers allow a new kind of “proxy control” which differs from both, such that, for a controller i, and a controllee j, j = proxy(i). The proxy function picks out a set of individuals that is discourse-pragmatically related to i. For such speakers, the German/Italian proxy control equivalent of the sentence: “Mariai asked Billj (for permission) [pro_{proxy(i)} to leave work early]” would thus mean that Maria asked Bill for permission for some salient set of individuals related to herself to leave early. We examine the theoretical and empirical properties of this new control relation in detail, showing that it is irreducible to other, more familiar referential dependencies. Using standard empirical diagnostics, we then illustrate that proxy control can be instantiated both as a species of obligatory control (oc) and non-obligatory control (noc) in German and Italian and develop a syntactic and semantic model that derives each and details the factors conditioning the choice between the two. We also investigate the factors that condition different degrees of exhaustiveness (exhaustive vs. partial vs. proxy) in control, which then sheds light on why proxy control obtains in some languages, but not others and, within a language, is possible for some speakers but not others.

Licensing of DP/PRO embedded subjects in Russian

abstract: The paper contributes to the ongoing discussion of DP/PRO alternation examining properties of Russian evaluative adjectival predicatives that embed a non-finite clause (i.e. važno ‘important’) and arguing that (i) sentences with these predicates and an embedded non-finite clause are ambiguous between obligatory control and overt embedded subject analyses, (ii) the DP/PRO alternation does not correlate with the feature specification or the structural size of an embedded clause, (iii) the alternation is not free and can be formally accounted for by an analysis in terms of cross-clausal licensing of embedded overt DP subjects. The novel data from Russian challenge existing approaches to DP/PRO distribution and non-finite subordination in Slavic languages and provide further support for (a version of) Case filter.

BACKGROUND CONCENTRATION OF HEAVY METALS (LEAD, CADMIUM, ZINC, COPPER, NICKEL, ARSENIC, MERCURY) IN SURFACE SOILS OF UDMURTIA CONTROLLED AT ENGINEERING-ECOLOGICAL RESEARCHES

Materials of engineering-ecological researches on various economic objects in Udmurtia are processed and systematized. Average (background) concentration of the heavy metals which are subject to obligatory control at engineering-ecological researches (lead, cadmium, zinc, copper, nickel, arsenic, mercury) for the main associations of soils and most wide-distributed kinds of soils are defined. It is revealed that with decreasing the soil’s podzol content and increasing the soil’s clay content, concentrations of heavy metals naturally raise. In general, similar soils are characterized by similar concentrations of heavy metals and similar ratios of concentration. It is established that excesses of hygienic standards on such elements as nickel, arsenic and to a lesser extent zinc, copper and cadmium, are not only something exclusive in Udmurtia, but also spreading more and more widely, especially in soils of light structure. The received average concentration can be accepted as background one at the subsequent engineering-ecological researches in the region.

Mycotoxins in food and the risk to consumer health

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of filamentous fungi mainly produced by Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium species. Presence of mycotoxins in food and feed may have numerous health consequences, for both human and animals. Furthermore, occurrence of fungi and mycotoxins in food and feed can cause great economic losses. Therefore, in the recent decades mycotoxins are recognized as significant worldwide concern. Although several hundred different mycotoxins are known, obligatory control as well as maximum levels are defined only for the following mycotoxins: aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, fumonisins and patulin. However, in the recent years, scientific attention is increasingly focused on many new mycotoxins and their involvement in different adverse effects on human and animals health. Furthermore, climate changes are recognized as important factors that seriously affect recent increases in fungi and mycotoxins occurrence worldwide. Based on everything stated above it could be noticed that mycotoxins, as one of the most toxic and the most frequent chemical contaminants of food chain, represent serious concerns and a growing global problem. However, due to non-implementation of continuous control and permanent monitoring of mycotoxins, there is still lack of data related to the occurrence of mycotoxins in the Republic of Srpska. There is a need for Republic of Srpska to enhance the control strategy of mycotoxins which would begreatly contribute to the increase of available data and further improvement of food and feed quality and safety, as well as decrease of economic losses. The aim of this chapter is to present an overview of the most significant and most recent researches related to the occurrence of mycotoxins in food.