Obligatory Connection Research Articles

К защите «иррационального неверия в науке»

The article is devoted to the relationship of science to religion, in particular, to the argu­ments about the similarity of the processes of obtaining knowledge in these areas of human life in the article by A.V. Ivanov “The relationship between science and religion: new facets of the old problem”. The author notes the weak argumentation of the concept of “immanent evidence” and the misuse of the phrase “external experience”. In addition, the dependence of the process of obtaining knowledge on the area in which this knowledge will be used is shown. The author clearly demonstrates the fundamental difference between the influence of science and religion as a system of culture on human life. The development of science from other forms of true knowledge is considered. The deep roots of religious consciousness are stated to solve two existential problems that are present in the life of any person: the obvious social injustice of the structure of society and the death of loved ones. The concept of the obligatory connection of scientific knowledge of the world with the religious vision of being is criticized. The example of the concept of “two truths” shows the independence of the sci­entific exploration of the world from religious consciousness and the dependence of the reli­gious on scientific discoveries.

On the convexity condition for the Semi-Geostrophic system

We show that conservative distributional solutions to the Semi-Geostrophic systems in a rigid domain are in some well-defined sense critical points of a time-shifted energy functional involving measure-preserving rearrangements of the absolute density and momentum, which arise as one-parameter flow maps of continuously differentiable, compactly supported divergence free vector fields. We also show directly, with no recourse to Monge-Kantorovich theory, that the convexity requirement on the modified pressure potentials arises naturally if these critical points are local minimizers of said energy functional for any admissible vector field. The obligatory connection with the Monge-Kantorovich theory is addressed briefly.

Venous return and the physical connection between distribution of segmental pressures and volumes.

More than sixty years ago, Guyton and coworkers related their observations of venous return to a mathematical model. Showing steady-state flow (F) as proportional to the difference between mean systemic pressure (Pms) and right atrial pressure (Pra), the model fit their data. The parameter defined by the ratio (Pms - Pra)/F, first called an "impedance," came to be called the "resistance to venous return." The interpretation that Pra opposes Pms and that, to increase output, the heart must act to reduce back pressure at the right atrium was widely accepted. Today, the perceived importance of Pms is evident in the efforts to find reliable ways to estimate it in patients. This article reviews concepts about venous return, criticizing some as inconsistent with elementary physical principles. After review of basic background topics-the steady-state vascular compliance; stressed versus unstressed volume-simulations from a multicompartment model based on data and definitions from Rothe's classical review of the venous system are presented. They illustrate the obligatory connection between flow-dependent compartment pressures and the distribution of volume among vascular compartments. An appendix shows that the pressure profile can be expressed either as decrements relative to arterial pressure or as increments relative to Pra (the option taken in the original model). Conclusion: The (Pms - Pra)/F formulation was never about Pms physically driving venous return; it was about how intravascular volume distributes among compliant compartments in accordance with their flow-dependent distending pressures, arbitrarily expressed relative to Pra rather than arterial pressure.

Dmitriy I. Meyer's Ideas and their Significance for Contemporary Legal Education

The article is devoted to the analysis of the interrelationship between historical and traditional principles of Russian law and Russian legal education. The authors demonstrate the relevance of Prof. Dmitriy I. Meyer’s ideas for training future lawyers and modern legal education. The paper justifies the obligatory connection between the legal theory and practice in the learning process, which originates from Dmitriy Meyer’s understanding of a practice-oriented education. A legal clinic forms a necessary basis for the development of Dmitriy I. Meyer’s idea regarding the interrelationship between practical work and legal education. Dmitriy I. Meyer’s opinion concerning the dependence of the “measure of freedom” on the “legal views of the people that in turn are inextricably linked with the moral law, i.e. with the concepts of what is just and what is unjust,” is relevant for the development of modern client-oriented legal education. Dmitriy I. Meyer, as well as his contemporaries and followers, have drawn attention to the quality of normative texts, which is important due to the fact that law schools do not pay attention to such a specialization in legal education as a “norm-writer.” Today, the concept of combining practice and theory in training lawyers has become important, which requires reference to Dmitriy I. Meyer and other predecessors on the issue of combining theoretical and practical foundations in legal education. It is impossible to become a highly qualified specialist in the field of jurisprudence with a complex of necessary general cultural and professional competencies without the ability to resolve practical cases, without using theoretical knowledge in practice, without the corresponding knowledge of digital technologies in the field of jurisprudence, without the ability to write normative texts.

Таксономічний склад кормових рослин гусені совкоподібних (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea) в умовах напівприродних екосистем приміської зони міста Житомир

Унаслідок проведених досліджень зібрано 2154 екземпляри комах, що належать до 125 видів совкоподібних, які належать до 3 родин і 24 підродин. Проаналізовано розподіл гусені совкоподібних у виявлених родинах та підродинах Noctuoidea відносно основних життєвих форм рослин, а також таксономічний склад кормових рослин. Встановлено, що частка хортофагів становить 53 %. Частка дендрофагів та хорто-дендрофагів є приблизно однаковою (22 та 25 % відповідно). Виявлено, що гусінь совкоподібних досліджуваного району трофічно пов'язана зі 105 родинами 3 відділів наземних рослин флори України. З'ясовано, що частка представників відділів папоротеподібних (Polypodiophyta) та голонасінних (Pinophyta) незначна: 5,7 та 1 % відповідно. Кормовими рослинами з відділу Polypodiophyta є представники 6 родин. З відділу голонасінних як кормові рослини виявлено представників однієї родини – Pinaceae. Досліджено, що переважаючу частку кормових рослин виявлених видів совкоподібних становлять покритонасінні рослини (Magnoliophyta) – 93,3 %. З класом однодольних (Liliopsida) облігатно пов'язано 10 видів; з дводольними (Magnoliopsida) облігатно пов'язано 45 видів. Найбільшу кількість видів виявлено на представниках родин Rosaceae, Asteraceae та Poaceae (71, 69 та 68 виявлених видів відповідно). Встановлено, що більшість шкідливих видів за харчовою спеціалізацією є хортофільними поліфагами із широкими трофічними зв'язками.

Megawatt‐scale solar variability study: an experience from a 1.2 MWp photovoltaic system in Australia over three years

With more photovoltaic (PV) systems being integrated into distribution networks, power utilities are facing many challenges in both planning and operation. Network operators are concerned with PV variability and associated necessity of voltage regulation, control coordination, reserve adequacy and dispatch constraints. While to address the obligatory connection agreement, it is vital for PV farm owners to accurately estimate PV variability and then provide the most cost-effective compensation method. In the literature, PV variability of different scales has been investigated over the last 20 years. However, little has focused on output fluctuations of PV systems with long-term and high-resolution recorded data at a low-voltage distribution feeder level where voltage regulation has become a serious issue. This is particularly true in Australia, where PV penetration is growing in many states and is expected to grow further in the near future. This study utilises the data of a distributed 1.2 MWp PV system in the University of Queensland recorded over the last three years with 1-min resolution to analyse the statistical characteristics of PV power variability. The results from this study will provide very useful information for both power utilities and solar farm owners regarding network operation and future PV system development.

Contribution of Four Class Labeled Attributes of Kdd Dataset on Detection and False Alarm Rate for Intrusion Detection System

KDD Cup dataset has been key in studying the Intrusion Detection Systems whose attributes can be labeled in four classes. The objective of this study is to assimilate the contribution of attributes from each of these four classes in achieving high detection rate and low false alarm rate. Machine learning algorithms are employed to study the classification of KDD Cup dataset in two classes of normal and anomalous data. Different variants of KDD Cup dataset are created with respect to four labels and each of these variants is simulated on a set of same algorithms. The results derived from the study of each data variant is analyzed and compared to derive a broad conclusion. This pragmatic study compiles the findings for detection rate and false alarm rate in intrusion detection systems with respect to data under each of the four labels. The study contributes to the estimation of desired attributes for achieving maximum detection rate and minimum false alarm rate simultaneously while adhering to the earlier findings signifying the obligatory connection of basic labeled attributes in intrusion detection. The study can help reduce the data complexity while identifying major attributes of a particular label that are significant in getting high detection rate and low false alarm rate at the same time.

Tooth-implant Connection: A Literature Review

ABSTRACT Aim The aim of this review is to summarize and discuss the available information concerning the connection between the tooth and implant in a fixed partial denture. Background Although implant-supported prosthesis (ISP) has substantial biological and biomechanical advantages, due to the extensive use of implant in partially edentulous patients, encounter to cases of obligatory connection between the tooth and implant is not rare. However, because of their differences, especially in support mechanism, long-term prognosis of this treatment method is a special debate in dental literature. Materials and methods The literature published over the past 25 years was searched through PubMed, Medline, Google and indexed journals (search terms: tooth implant connection, tooth implant-supported fixed partial denture, tooth implant splinting, implant and tooth). The most valuable and relevant articles were selected and analyzed. Results and discussion The existing studies reveal that there are certain conditions in which this method is applicable. The main advantage of the method based on literature reviewed is reducing the need to the removable prosthesis in patients that otherwise require it. The disadvantages of this connection, mainly due to different movement range of components under loading, reportedly will be minimized if some guidelines are followed. Clinical significance According to available studies, this literature review supports tooth-implant connection technique where indicated, with complete attention to prudent guidelines. Further researches preferably concentrating on new methods and also long-term longitudinal studies are certainly needed before this approach can be widely used. How to cite this article Ghodsi S, Rasaeipour S. Tooth-implant Connection: A Literature Review. World J Dent 2012;3(2):213-219.

The genome of the green anole lizard and a comparative analysis with birds and mammals

The evolution of the amniotic egg was one of the great evolutionary innovations in the history of life, freeing vertebrates from an obligatory connection to water and thus permitting the conquest of terrestrial environments1. Among amniotes, genome sequences are available for mammals2 and birds3–5, but not for non-avian reptiles. Here we report the genome sequence of the North American green anole lizard, Anolis carolinensis. We find that A. carolinensis microchromosomes are highly syntenic with chicken microchromosomes, yet do not exhibit the high GC and low repeat content that are characteristic of avian microchromosomes3. Also, A. carolinensis mobile elements are very young and diverse – more so than in any other sequenced amniote genome. This lizard genome’s GC content is also unusual in its homogeneity, unlike the regionally variable GC content found in mammals and birds6. We describe and assign sequence to the previously unknown A. carolinensis X chromosome. Comparative gene analysis shows that amniote egg proteins have evolved significantly more rapidly than other proteins. An anole phylogeny resolves basal branches to illuminate the history of their repeated adaptive radiations.

Gebührenfinanzierung im Wettbewerb. Refinanzierungs- und Legitimationsprobleme des Gebührenrechts

<bold>Financing through Charges in a Competitive Framework – The Problems of Refinancing and of Legitimation in German Charge Law</bold> Charges as a financing instrument for individual public services are traditionally directed at the notion of a monopolistic service provider without the risks of use or financing. This powerful position is enhanced by an obligatory connection to and the use of main services, a statutory guarantee regarding the recuperation of costs, and the official control of duties and taxes. To limit this official control of duties and taxes, the law relating to charges formulates extensive limitations regarding the calculation of charge rates that seek to reconcile the interests of the service provider (the need to refinance) and those of the debtor (the protection of rights and legal claims), and thus also serves as a source of legitimacy. In practice, services often have to be provided under competitive conditions which renders the fulfillment of the statutory guarantee to recuperate costs impossible. Consequently, the legitimation of the protection regulations for the charge debtor becomes fragile. This article illustrates generally as well as specifically on the basis of communal public services at burial sites and the collection of road charges according to the German Road Construction Private Financing Act (FStr-PrivFinG) the competitive framework of services rendered as well as the legal limitations regarding the tolerance in ascertaining the remuneration. In particular the transfer of the strict protection measures from the law relating to charges (which should limit the legislation of an obligatory refinancing for an investment in a monopoly that is practically without risk) to private economic investment projects hardly seems feasible. A further substantive development of the law relating to charges, which is driven by case law also and in particular with respect to financing, is therefore necessary. In individual fields legal policy must consider relinquishing charges in favour of a special law on price control.

Dynamic vacuolation in skeletal muscle fibres after fatigue.

Vacuoles develop after fatiguing stimulation in frog skeletal muscle fibres. Experiments on isolated Xenopus muscle fibres show that this vacuolation is a dynamic process that reaches its maximum about 20 min after the end of fatiguing stimulation and then recedes. Fatigue-induced vacuoles originate from the t-tubular system. Recent data indicate that vacuoles are formed because of lactate accumulation in the t-tubules resulting in increased osmotic pressure and subsequent water influx. There is no obligatory connection between the presence of vacuoles and force depression, which is another common feature during the recovery from fatigue. Nevertheless, extensive vacuolation may exaggerate this force depression.

Electric and ionic dimensions of apical growth in Achlya hyphae

Hyphae of Achlya bisexualis generate endogenous electric currents, which are thought to represent the spatial organization of the chemiosmotic proton circuit. The experiments reported here bear on the relationship between currents and apical extension. The polarity of the current reverses as the colony ages, yet mature hyphae (as well as young ones) extend only at the apex. We also do not find an obligatory connection between inward current and the emergence of antheridial branches in Achlya ambisexualis . Applied electric fields orient hyphal extension, but whether the hyphae grow towards the anode or the cathode depends on the medium. We conclude that the hypothesis that electric currents localize outgrowth and determine polarity is no longer useful, and offer a reassessment of the currents' nature and significance.

Nuclear omnipotent suppressors of premature termination codons in mitochondrial genes affect the 37S mitoribosomal subunit.

nam3 and R705, yeast nuclear omnipotent suppressors of mitochondrial mit- mutations, reverse the superimposed spectrum of trans-recessive splicing defects by affecting the protein composition of the small mitoribosomal subunit. Analysis of the suppressor's interaction suggests that suppression results from mutations in the mitoribosomal polypeptides. These data indicate an obligatory connection between mitoribosome function and splicing of introns bI2, bI4 and aI1 in yeast mitochondria.

Maturation of rabbit reticulocytes: susceptibility of mitochondria to ATP-dependent proteolysis is determined by the maturational state of reticulocyte

(1) A simple procedure is described to separate reticulocytes of different maturity in high yield. (2) It is shown that exhaustion of supply of mitochondria susceptible to degradation by the lipoxygenase-ATP-dependent proteolysis system limits the extent of breakdown of mitochondria during in vitro maturation. The susceptibility of mitochondria depends on the maturity of the reticulocytes. (3) Incubation in the presence of calcium ions and calcium ionophore leads to full susceptibility of mitochondria in immature reticulocytes but has no effect on those in mature reticulocytes which are already fully susceptible to degradation. (4) Conditions which lead to rapid degradation of mitochondria do not affect the behaviour of the reticulocyte count. There appears to be no obligatory connection between the breakdown of mitochondria and of ribosomes.

Accounting for the ATP-consuming processes in rabbit reticulocytes.

The report deals with a detailed balance of ATP production and consumption of the rabbit reticulocyte. The sum-total of ATP produced amounts to 135 mmol . 1-1 . h-1. About 70% of the ATP consumption has been accounted for by specific processes. The main contributing processes are the globin synthesis with about 28%, the Na+, K+-ATPase with 23% and the proteolysis with more than 15%. 30% of ATP consumption has not been accounted for. Cycloheximide (20 microM) leads to a dissociation between synthesis and degradation of proteins, which argues against any obligatory connection between these processes. More than 90% of the lysine liberated from mitochondria by proteolysis were reutilized for the globin synthesis demonstrating the high nitrogen economy of reticulocytes. Each of the ATP-consuming processes studied appears to control ATP production in an independent manner without competition with each other.