Stakeholder Obligations Research Articles

Ethical Considerations in Artificial Intelligence: Addressing Bias and Fairness in Algorithmic Decision-Making

The expanding use of artificial intelligence (AI) in decision-making across a range of industries has given rise to serious ethical questions about prejudice and justice. This study looks at the moral ramifications of using AI algorithms in decision-making and looks at methods to combat prejudice and advance justice. The study investigates the underlying causes of prejudice in AI systems, the effects of biased algorithms on people and society, and the moral obligations of stakeholders in reducing bias, drawing on prior research and real-world examples. The study also addresses new frameworks and strategies for advancing justice in algorithmic decision-making, emphasizing the value of openness, responsibility, and diversity in dataset gathering and algorithm development. The study concludes with suggestions for further investigation and legislative actions to guarantee that AI systems respect moral standards and advance justice and equity in the processes of making decisions. Keywords Ethical considerations, Artificial intelligence, Bias, Fairness, Algorithmic decision-making, Ethical implications, Ethical responsibilities, Stakeholders, Bias in AI systems, Impact of biased algorithms, Strategies for addressing bias, Promoting fairness, Algorithmic transparency.

Rights And Obligations Of Stakeholders In The Local Financial Legal System

The financial relationship between the central and local governments is a mandate of the law. In the implementation of regional autonomy, regional financial management is fully given to local governments. So that local governments are stakeholders in the regional financial legal system. This study aims to determine the rights and obligations of stakeholders in the regional financial legal system. The method in this research is a literature review method with a qualitative approach. So that data is obtained through the results of various sources such as scientific books, research reports, scientific essays, theses and dissertations, regulations, decrees, yearbooks, encyclopedias, and other printed and electronic written sources. The results of the study found that the rights of stakeholders in the regional financial legal system are to plan and compile regional budgets, manage regional finances to meet community needs, and establish regional financial policies. While their obligations are to comply with laws and regulations related to regional financial management, submit financial reports in a transparent and accountable manner, and manage regional finances efficiently and effectively.

The puzzling association between accounting conservatism and corporate social responsibility

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to focus on exploring the mutual impact of accounting conservatism and corporate social responsibility (CSR).Design/methodology/approachTo empirically assess the theoretical arguments the authors estimate a simultaneous equations system for accounting conservatism and corporate social responsibility determination by two-stage least squares in a sample of 175 firms listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) for the period 2009–2019.FindingsThe results of the present study showed that accountability in companies listed on the TSE has led to an increase in the use of conservative practices. Therefore arguably, companies that seek CSR activities are more conservative in preparing and presenting financial reports. Also, companies that engage in conservative practices for the benefit of stakeholders are better able to implement CSR activities to meet stakeholder obligations. These results show a two-way relationship between CSR and accounting conservatism.Practical implicationsAccording to the results obtained from this study and the elimination of conservatism from the qualitative features of financial reporting in International Accounting Standards, it is recommended for the trustees and authorities of national accounting standards to decide whether this qualitative feature is effective or not.Originality/valueFurthermore, the findings of this study suggest that the application of corporate social responsibility theories calls for more inquiry.

Implementasi Peremajaan Sawit Rakyat (Studi Kasus: KUD Tunas Muda Kabupaten Siak-Riau)

The decision to replant oil palm is a complex decision for smallholder farmers in Teluk Merbau Village who are members of the Tunas Muda KUD, Siak Regency, Riau Province. Oil palm replanting needs to be done because the age of oil palm plantations for KUD Tunas Muda farmers on average has reached a planting age of >30 years with a production yield of only 1.47 tons per hectare per year. The implementation of oil palm replanting is carried out through the People's Palm Oil Rejuvenation (PSR) program. This research aims to examine the applicable regulations regarding the implementation of oil palm replanting at KUD Tunas Muda and analyze the perception of smallholder farmers on the implementation of oil palm replanting. Data were analyzed using gap analysis and qualitative descriptive analysis. Adjusted to the Director General of Plantation Decree No.29/KPTS/KB.120/3/2017 concerning guidelines for the implementation PSR. The results of the analysis of the perception farmers indicate input aspects, financial aspects and institutional aspects that influence farmers' decisions in the implementation of oil palm rejuvenation. The stakeholder involvement aspect consists of 3 components: related stakeholders, stakeholder rights and stakeholder obligations. The implementation PSR program is very helpful and this program can only be accepted by oil palm farmers who are members of the Tunas Muda KUD membership.

Implementasi Peremajaan Sawit Rakyat (Studi Kasus: KUD Tunas Muda Kabupaten Siak-Riau)

The decision to replant oil palm is a complex decision for smallholder farmers in Teluk Merbau Village who are members of the Tunas Muda KUD, Siak Regency, Riau Province. Oil palm replanting needs to be done because the age of oil palm plantations for KUD Tunas Muda farmers on average has reached a planting age of >30 years with a production yield of only 1.47 tons per hectare per year. The implementation of oil palm replanting is carried out through the People's Palm Oil Rejuvenation (PSR) program. This research aims to examine the applicable regulations regarding the implementation of oil palm replanting at KUD Tunas Muda and analyze the perception of smallholder farmers on the implementation of oil palm replanting. Data were analyzed using gap analysis and qualitative descriptive analysis. Adjusted to the Director General of Plantation Decree No.29/KPTS/KB.120/3/2017 concerning guidelines for the implementation PSR. The results of the analysis of the perception farmers indicate input aspects, financial aspects and institutional aspects that influence farmers' decisions in the implementation of oil palm rejuvenation. The stakeholder involvement aspect consists of 3 components: related stakeholders, stakeholder rights and stakeholder obligations. The implementation PSR program is very helpful and this program can only be accepted by oil palm farmers who are members of the Tunas Muda KUD membership.

The Next Pandemic

The Next Pandemic

Etika di Tempat Suci menurut Lontar Kramapura

<em>The rapid flow of globalization has changed the order of life of Hindus in behaving. Not infrequently Hindus are trapped in a behavior that is not in accordance with sesana as Hindu, so it affects the behavior that deviates. The phenomenon of Hindus dressed in fashion to the temple, the number of gambling operations in the plate of Pura is a deviant behavior that is not in accordance <em>with sesana as Hindus. So it needs to be explored guidelines to behave for Hindus. One of the guidelines for behaving in the shrine is the Lontar Kramapura Manuscript. This manuscript text is a type of papyrus Sesana that contains the teachings of behavior to maintain the sanctity of the temple. This Lontar Manuscript outlines the teachings and prohibitions that are not allowed if you want to enter the temple. The teachings contained in this Lontar Kramapura (1) The doctrine of preserving the sanctity of the Pura where this doctrine contains the duties for the pengempon and pemaksan Pura to keep the holiness is maintained. (2) The Doctrine of Sesana Pemangkuan, in this doctrine contains the obligations of stakeholders as Pangempon Pura in maintaining the sanctity and sacredness of the temple through the improvement of jnana with the obligation to learn sesana become Pemangku. This manuscript of Lontar Kramapura also contains restrictions on holy places such as (1) Various kinds of offerings that should not be placed in the temple, (2) Prohibition for people entering temples like for men who are menstruating, cuntaka and others. (3) Prohibition for people who behave badly like confessing kerauhan, stealing in the temple, saying that is not good at the temple, people who fight in the temple, and behave that do not know the courtesy.</em></em>

SME response to major exogenous shocks: The bright and dark sides of business model pivoting.

Within this short commentary, we explore the notion of pivoting; following major exogenous shocks, firms often contemplate business model pivoting where they change product or service offerings to capitalise on emerging opportunities. We assess the potential bright and dark sides of pivoting for new and existing firms in regard to quality of opportunities, fit with current capabilities and potential costs. The extant literature suggests that two forms of opportunities exist, arbitrage and innovation. We discern that post-shock, new firms may be better positioned to pursue arbitrage opportunities, whereas existing firms should target innovation. Existing firms may have more complications when pursuing arbitrage due to resource embeddedness and stakeholder obligations, and have a greater ability to innovate with an established resource base. Conversely, new firms can capitalise on arbitrage due to lack of embeddedness, as arbitrage requires a significant investment in opportunity selection. In addition, we offer suggestions for future research in regard to the current pandemic and more broadly, exogenous shocks.

4453 Public Health Ethics: Utilizing open education methods to foster interprofessional learning and practices

4453 Public Health Ethics: Utilizing open education methods to foster interprofessional learning and practices

#MeToo and lessons in stakeholder responsibility

AbstractBusiness ethics literature regularly examines obligations of firms. This article examines the contrary and relatively under‐explored notion of obligations of stakeholders. It does so by discussing incidents of sexual misconduct arising under the umbrella of the #MeToo movement. This article explores how the theory of stakeholder responsibility can aid firms in understanding and addressing complex issues associated with stakeholder irresponsibility. It examines the moral responsibilities of regime members in the context of #MeToo incidents to provide a conceptual framework for firms addressing issues associated with irresponsible stakeholder actions.

Applications of good corporate governance relating to shareholders, commissioners, and directors of limited liability companies in Indonesia

This critical analysis seeks to explore the inclusivity and feasibility of the legal application of organizational governance principles related to limited liability companies (LLCs) in Indonesia, which are considered essential pillars of Indonesia’s economic stability. The investigators employed the non-probability purposive sampling to select 150 study participants from a population of 250 administrative panel members working in PT Bank Rakyat Indonesia and PT Bank Mandiri. Structured and semi-structured questionnaires were constructed and distributed online through emails. The subjects’ responses were coded manually, using the NVivo software for ease of analysis. The result showed that (1) 84.5% of participants believed that ineffective relationship building approaches, corruption, and inadequate information disclosure mechanisms among internal and external shareholders formed the main challenges to implementation of corporate governance principles in Indonesian LLCs, (2) 97.8% of the respondents believed the Indonesian Company Law (ICL) had achieved significant milestones in guiding the application of sound corporate governance principles by explicitly outlining the roles and responsibilities of stakeholders and providing sufficient protection for minority stakeholders, and (3) 78% of participants agreed that the ICL has introduced and reinforced critical rights and protections to shield shareholders from unfair regulations internally formulated by a company. In its findings, the investigation confirmed that poorly structured information sharing systems, fraud, and ineffective relationship building were the main factors that contributed to current inadequacies. 84.5% of the respondents believed that ineffective relationship building approaches, corruption, and inadequate information disclosure mechanisms among internal and external shareholders formed the main challenges, trends, and issues to the implementation of corporate governance principles in Indonesian LLCs. The study also confirmed that the implementation of GCG related legislations had reinforced the professional duties and obligations of stakeholders, alongside offering legal protections for minority business actors.

Stakeholder engagement in a water user association for agricultural irrigation management in the villages in Indonesia

Abstract The fostering and empowerment of water user associations (WUAs) has been regulated by the Minister of Agriculture since 2012. However, the implementation of this guideline varies. Some water user associations have achieved improvement, while some others have not. This study discusses how a WUA in the villages that use Bengawan Solo River water has successfully managed the irrigation. One of the factors leading to the success of this WUA is the stakeholder engagement in the agricultural irrigation management and farm business. This study was conducted from June 2016 to June 2017 by employing a qualitative approach. It aimed to identify and understand the stakeholder engagement in agricultural irrigation management by: 1) conducting an analysis on stakeholder power and interest indices, 2) mapping the positions, responsibilities, and obligations of stakeholders, and 3) identifying the stakeholder engagement in agricultural irrigation management. The research results are as follows: a) the analysis using Likert scale showed that the power index reached a value of 0.76, while the interest index reached a value of 0.78; b) the mapping of internal stakeholders, especially the responsibilities and obligations, has been regulated under the Articles of Incorporation of WUAs and obligations of external stakeholders, especially the government in making government regulations, irrigation infrastructure support, and flood prevention; c) cooperation of the stakeholders has an important role in the agricultural irrigation management and in solving the problems faced by WUAs.

The Social Value Requirement in Research: From the Transactional to the Basic Structure Model of Stakeholder Obligations.

The history of research ethics includes ethical norms that do not neatly fit into a rubric of "human subjects protections" but that are nevertheless seen as fundamental ethical dictates. Among these norms is the so-called social value requirement for clinical research. Recently, however, the ethical foundation for the social value requirement has come under criticism. I seek to clarify the terms of this foundational debate. I contend that much of this discussion-both critiques of the social value requirement as well as recent defenses-is predicated on a framework of research ethics that I refer to as the "transactional model of stakeholder obligations." I argue that this model does not fully capture the ethical considerations that ought to inform the design and conduct of clinical research, and I introduce and defend an alternative framework that I call the "basic structure model of stakeholder obligations." The basic structure model is grounded in a claim that clinical research plays a direct role in establishing the justice or injustice of our social organization and should therefore be governed more explicitly by justice-based considerations. As such, the model explicitly accounts for the fundamentally social nature of the research enterprise itself. In addition to defending the basic structure model, I show how it provides a more stable foundation for the social value requirement, and I consider some worries about whether the model may be too demanding in practice.

Benchmarking Nature-Based Solution and Smart City Assessment Schemes Against the Sustainable Development Goal Indicator Framework

Increasing global urbanization yields substantial potential for enhanced sustainability through careful management of urban development and optimized resource use efficiency. Nature-based solutions (NBS) can provide a means for cities to successfully navigate the water-energy-climate relationship, thus enhancing urban resilience. Implementation of NBS can improve local or regional economic resilience underpinned by the sustainable use of natural resources. The innovative governance, institutional, business, and finance models and frameworks inherent to NBS implementation also provide a wealth of opportunity for social transformation and increased social inclusiveness in cities. The ultimate benefit of NBS implementation in cities is increased livability, which is typically measured as a function of multiple social, economic and environmental variables. Given the range of different interventions classified as NBS and the cross-sectoral character of their co-benefits, different assessment schemes can be used to evaluate NBS performance and impact. Herein, performance and impact indicators within three robust NBS- and Smart City-related assessment schemes – Mapping and Assessment of Ecosystems and their Services (MAES), Knowledge and Learning Mechanism on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (EKLIPSE), and Smart City Performance Measurement Framework (CITYkeys) – were critically analyzed with respect to Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11, ‘Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable’. Each selected assessment scheme was benchmarked with respect to the Inter-Agency Expert Group on SDG Indicators’ global indicator framework for the sub-objectives of SDG 11. The alignment between each of the selected NBS assessment schemes and the SDG indicator framework was mapped with particular emphasis on consistency with city-level framework indicators for each SDG 11 sub-objective. The results were illustrated as composite scores describing the alignment of the analyzed NBS and Smart city assessment schemes with the SDG 11 sub-objectives. These results facilitate NBS assessment scheme selection based on alignment between each analyzed assessment scheme and specific SDG 11 sub-objectives. Cities face multiple challenges amidst a complex hierarchy of legislative, regulatory and other stakeholder obligations. The present study showed that strategic selection of an NBS assessment scheme which closely aligns with one or more sub-objectives within SDG 11 can maximize operational efficiency by exploiting synergies between evaluation schemes.

Multi-Level Corporate Responsibility: A Comparison of Gandhi’s Trusteeship with Stakeholder and Stewardship Frameworks

Mohandas Karamchand “Mahatma” Gandhi discussed corporate responsibility (CR) and business ethics over several decades of the twentieth century. His views are still influential in modern India. In this paper, we highlight Gandhi’s cross-level CR framework, which operates at institutional, organizational, and individual levels. We also outline how the Tata Group, one of India’s largest conglomerates, has historically applied and continues to utilize Gandhi’s concept of trusteeship. We then compare Gandhi’s framework to modern notions of stakeholder and stewardship management. We conclude that trusteeship has strong potential to help firms and their stakeholders achieve shared value by (a) considering the interactions between individual, organizational, and institutional factors, and (b) paying attention to a range of multi-level (reciprocal) stakeholder obligations.

Exploring corporate citizenship and purchase intention: mediating effects of brand trust and corporate identification

Corporate citizenship represents various organizational activities and status related to the organization's societal and stakeholder obligations. This study develops five different dimensions of corporate citizenship and examines the relationship between the five dimensions and purchase intention by including two key mediators. In the proposed model of this study, purchase intention is indirectly affected by economic, legal, ethical, general philanthropic, and strategic philanthropic citizenship via the mediation of corporate identification and brand trust. Empirical testing using a survey of 353 consumers from various industries confirms most of our hypothesized effects. Last, managerial implications for corporate leaders and limitations of our findings are discussed in depth.

Reconciling Political and Economic Goals in the Net Neutrality Debate

The net neutrality debate is one of several sites of struggles to adapt and redefine rights and obligations of stakeholders in the Internet-centric communications system. Its outcomes will shape the future of the Internet and influence the level and distribution of its benefits. We identify key values that drive the net neutrality discussion and examine the governance mechanisms proposed to achieve these objectives. We find that there is no single policy instrument that allows realization of the range of valued political and economic objectives simultaneously. Contrary to some of the claims advanced in the current debate, safeguarding multiple goals requires a combination of instruments that will likely involve government and nongovernment measures. Furthermore, promoting goals such as the freedom of speech, political participation, investment, and innovation calls for complementary policies.

Multi-Stakeholder Responses to the European Health Claims Requirements A Law and Economics Assessment of Regulation (EU) 1924/2006

Stakeholder groups have different interests in health claims which may be complementary but also conflicting. It is not clear on beforehand, how managers should deal with legal requirements on claims. Nor is it clear how legal authorities can adjust the present claims regime to address market, consumer, business and normative requirements. This article aims to assess the strategic responses to health claims legislation and implementation by multiple stakeholders with seemingly complementary wishes, but also controversial expectancies: especially consumers, businesses and public authorities. A multidisciplinary approach is carried out, using insights from food technological and medical, economic, legal and managerial sciences. The EU-claims regime and the responses of multiple stakeholder groups are investigated using available research supplemented with case studies of probiotics and botanicals. The system is evaluated within the context of the structure of food law and the legitimate rights and obligations of stakeholders in food supply chains and networks. The main finding is that the costs and uncertainties attached to health claims are important factors impacting the innovation efforts of businesses, the willingness-to-pay of consumers and the effectiveness of public policy. In order to cope with the shortfalls, the EU claims regime needs to switch from a regime-based to a product-based approach by levelling the disparities between the different legal regimes such as foods and pharmaceuticals. Furthermore, a dialogue between stakeholders and adjustment of the present legal system is suggested to reduce the perceived uncertainties and to be able to provide food information in an effective and less risky way.

Multi-stakeholder responses to the European Union health claims requirements

Stakeholder groups have different interests in health claims which may be complementary but also conflicting. It is not clear on beforehand, how managers should deal with legal requirements on claims. Nor is it clear how legal authorities can adjust the present claims regime to address market, consumer, company and normative requirements. This article aims to assess the strategic responses to health claims legislation and implementation by multiple stakeholders with seemingly complementary wishes, but also controversial expectations: especially consumers, companies and public authorities. A multidisciplinary approach is carried out, using insights from food technological and medical, economic, legal and managerial sciences. The EU-claims regime and the responses of multiple stakeholder groups are investigated using available research supplemented with case studies of probiotics and botanicals. The system is evaluated within the context of the structure of food law and the legitimate rights and obligations of stakeholders in food supply chains and networks. The main finding is that the costs and uncertainties attached to health claims are important factors impacting the innovation efforts of companies, the willingness-to-pay of consumers and the effectiveness of public policy. A dialogue between stakeholders and adjustment of the present legal system from a regime-based to a product-based approach is suggested to reduce the perceived uncertainties and to be able to provide food information in an effective and less risky way.

Ethics and Auditing : An International Perspective

The reasons for examining the state of a company's ethics are many and various. They include external societal pressures, risk management, stakeholder obligations, and identifying a baseline to measure future improvements. In some cases, companies are driven to it by a gross failure in ethics, which may have resulted in costly legal action or stricter government regulation. More often, however, companies choose to do it simply because it is right, it is important, and because it is likely to bring business benefits.