Obligations Of People Research Articles

Legal status of a disabled person in executive penal proceedings

This article discusses the problem of the position of a disabled person appearing in executive criminal proceedings. Due to the wide range of topics concerning both the disability itself and the rights and obligations of people with disabilities in various aspects of life, the author focuses on issues related to the position of a disabled person in the course of executive proceedings. In particular, the considerations concern the access of a disabled person, including a convicted disabled person, to a court, understood not only as a constitutional right, but also the use and access to a building intended for the needs of the judiciary. Due to not only domestic, but also international legal regulations introducing solutions in the field of enabling and facilitating the effective participation of disabled persons in conducted proceedings, the situation of disabled persons as parties to enforcement proceedings has significantly improved in terms of securing their rights and obligations. This is manifested in particular by better access for people with disabilities to buildings, signage in buildings in Braille and in forms easier to read and understand, and finally by providing assistance from officials and employees as well as other people, including professional representatives or sign language interpreters.

KHILAFAH, KESULTANAN, DAN KEPEMIMPINAN DALAM PERSPEKTIF ISLAM

Khilafah is one formof government that once existed in the historical and civilizational trajectory of Muslims in the world. Allah and His apostles, does not directly mention the model of government that must be formed by Muslims. Even after the death of the Messenger of Islam the Muslims in Medina at that time only committed them selves in determining who would replace the position of the prophet Muhammad as the head of the state of Medina, including the non-apostolic spiritual office he was in. However, in al-Qur'an and al-hadith found a number of designations for leaders such as the Khalifah, Malik, Wali, Shulthân, Ulil Amri, Imam, Ra`inand Amir. In al-hadith it self, the apost leclearly states the limits of obedience to the leader, there sponsibilities and functions of the leader and the people obligations towards the leader. This paper examines the sematters through content analysis, especially of text sabout ladership contained in the Qur'an and al-Hadith.

Asertivna komunikacija u zdravstvu

In the middle of the last century, it was noticed that developed communication skills applied in the health practice holds great importance for establishing and maintaining healthy interpersonal relations, turning successful communication into a professional skill. Authors often point out that successful communication is considered one of the most important aspects of health professionals' practice and a vital part of providing health care, as the foundation of human relations. According to the World Health Organization, quality communication is defined as one of the five skills necessary for a healthy and happy life, and therefore communication skills must be constantly refined and improved. Communication in health care is a complex, continuous and interactive process, which forms the basis for building positive relations between medical professionals and patients. As they communicate with a large number of people who are different in terms of education, culture, religion and social status, it is necessary for health professionals to master the skill of effective professional communication. Assertiveness is a communication style that represents a person's ability to freely protect their own rights and confidently express their opinion, at the same time respecting and appreciating another person's opinion and showing empathy for their feelings. After determining the concept of assertiveness, the authors will also consider other communication styles, where assertiveness represents the middle point between passive and aggressive style. Obstacles or difficulties in the application of assertive behavior include: anxiety, excessive modesty, acceptance of other people's obligations, at the same time neglecting one's own needs, and being burdened by the "gender role", especially among women.

KEWAJIBAN PEMIMPIN DAN RAKYAT DALAM PERSPEKTIF AL-QUR;AN SURAH AN-NISA AYAT 58-59


 
 
 The Qur'an is a guideline that must be implemented by anyone, namely Muslims. Especially for a leader so that his leadership is able to bring prosperity to his people and peace to his country. Surah An-nisa Verses 56 to 59 can be a reference for a leader in the one he leads. The purpose of this study is to determine the obligations of leaders and the people contained in the letter An- Nisa verses 58-59, as well as recommendations to apply them in the life of society and state. The methodology of this study is descriptive qualitative with literature research (literature) which is compiled using the concepts of Tafsir Tahlili, Tafsir Maudhu'I, and Interpretive. The results showed that the leader's obligation to the people was divided into five aspects, namely; responsibility, sacrifice, hard work, service, and exemplary. Meanwhile, the people's obligations to the leader are divided into five aspects, namely; sincere and praying, respecting and glorifying, listening and obeying, delivering advice and reminding, defending and helping. As for the wisdom of the obligations of the leader and the people in the perspective of the letter An-Nisa verses 58- 59 in the group into four parts, namely; the command to fulfill the mandate, the command to be fair in establishing the law, the command to obey the leaders in good matters, and the command to return to the Qur'an and Sunnah when in dispute.
 
 

POLITICAL ETHNICITY AND MUSLIMS AROUND THE WORLD A SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

Political ethnicity has remained a core analytical aspect for individuals, politicians, and scholars regarding their substantial roles in society, economy, politics, and religion. Under some extensive measures, the study of ethnic politics is not as new as it seems. Eventually, the politics revolving around the state arena started from the advent of the imperial rules of empires vesting towards the voyage of obtaining substantial interest and economic gain, which surprisingly oriented the turmoil of class differences and other racial and religious conflicts over the decades. Furthermore, the concept of ethnic politics has often changed its dimensional paths with the unification of revolutionary, ethnic groups, which conjugates into never-ending movements with incessant consequences. Wherever ethnic politics tend to exist, world politics' climax drifts apart because a humanitarian approach does not just infer superficial societal changes. There is a common assumption, and the West's misconception is effective than the East, and Muslims are not much advanced as they often exhibit incapacity. Unlike other ideologies and civilizations, Islam, from its very start, acknowledged the sociopolitical rights and obligations of people. The view of Islam for individuals is the total submission to Allah's need, not subjugation to people's will. The study focusses on the issues of Muslim political ethnicities around the world in the sociological point of view.

Procedural justice and incarcerated people's obligation to obey institutional rules: An examination of current, former, and never-gang members.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between procedural justice perceptions and obligation to obey institutional rules among incarcerated populations with an emphasis on the impact of gang membership on this relationship. MethodsUsing a cross-sectional research design, we collected data from self-reported surveys of incarcerated individuals from three male and two female correctional facilities (N = 3411). To answer our proposed research questions, we perform group-based structural equation modeling. ResultsFindings indicate that procedural justice perceptions and obligation to obey are positively associated. Results also reveal that procedural justice was positively associated with obligation to obey across all groups of gang membership—current, former, and never-gang. However, we found no support for significant differences across gang membership. ConclusionsThis study provides empirical evidence supporting the positive relationship between perceptions of procedural justice and obligation to obey among a sample of incarcerated men and women. However, results found no statistically significant difference across groups suggesting that the relationship between procedural justice and obligation to obey is important regardless of gang status.

Keep the cat in the bag: Children understand that telling a friend's secret can harm the friendship.

Secrets play a powerful role in human social relationships. Here, we examine the developmental trajectory of 3- to 10-year-old children's (N = 630) expectations about (a) how relationships impact whether people will keep secrets, and (b) how relationships are impacted when a confidee keeps versus tells a confider's secret. Sophisticated expectations about the role of secrets in relationship maintenance develop across childhood. In particular, school-age children (6- to 10-year-olds) expect friends to be more likely to keep each other's secrets than nonfriends (Study 1), and expect that if a friend breaks this norm and shares his friend's secret with a third-party, it will harm the friendship (Studies 2 and 3). These expectations were specific to inferences about secrets: school-age children did not expect that sharing (or keeping) a friend's fact or surprise would impact the friendship strength (Studies 2 and 3). These findings did not hold for preschoolers (3- to 5-year-olds), who did not have clear expectations linking secret sharing to friendship strength. Taken together, our results indicate that by 6 years of age, children understand that social relationships can increase people's obligations to keep each other's secrets, and that failing to do so can harm the relationship. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Who are "we"? Dealing with conflicting moral obligations.

Satisfying one's obligations is an important part of being human. However, people's obligations can often prescribe contradictory behaviors. Moral obligations conflict (loyalty vs. fairness), and so do obligations to different groups (country vs. family when one is called to war). We propose that a broader framework is needed to account for how people balance different social and moral obligations.

Interview with Associate Professor of Rijeka University Iva Rinčić

Interview with associate professor Iva Rincic feels like meeting a close-minded person on a very long journey. Meet and feel that you are “on the same page”. What is urban bioethics? How is it different from bioethics in general? What is this “Project on Bioethical Urban Life Standards: The City as the Basis for Ethics Life”? – are the main points laid down in the conversation.
 So, during the interview, you will find out that despite the fact that bioethics is perceived as a modern version of biomedical ethics, originally it covers a much wider area of ​​interest. Bioethics implies moral obligations of people not only to each other, but also to everything living (animals and plants) (F. Jahr (1926)). This is the science of survival (V. R. Potter (1971)). If we see bioethics in this way, then urban life is necessary as a (bio) ethical object, purpose and scope, and "the city as a living creature that is constantly growing and transforming." Within the framework of the project the main goal is to create a list of urban bioethics standards. In order to activate the mechanism of urban bioethics, Iva talks about such valuable characteristics of local people as Responsibility, Committment, Awareness, Trust, Belonging.
 The project “European Bioethics in Action” fed into the list of bioethical standards. Iva Rincic also presented a list of 97 standards that determine relationships between animals, plants, people and environment. Further this list will be simplified for residents of the city. Iva wants all citizens to be included in these lists. She is also sure that this is the only way to have a rather bright tool to achieve bioethical city in the future.

Reporting about disability evaluation in European countries

Purpose: To compare the official requirements of the content of disability evaluation for social insurance across Europe and to explore how the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health is currently applied, using the rights and obligations of people with disabilities towards society as frame of reference. Methods: Survey. We used a semi-structured questionnaire to interview members of the European Union of Medicine in Assurance and Social Security (EUMASS), who are central medical advisors in social insurance systems in their country. We performed two email follow-up rounds to complete and verify responses. Results: Fifteen respondents from 15 countries participated. In all countries, medical examiners are required to report about a claimant’s working capacity and prognosis. In 14 countries, medical reports ought to contain information about socio-medical history and feasible interventions to improve the claimant’s health status. The format of medical reporting on working capacity varies widely (free text, semi- and fully structured reports). One country makes a reference to the ICF in their reports on working capacity, others consider doing so. Conclusion: Official requirements on medical reporting about disability in social insurance across Europe follow the frame of four features: work capacity, socio-medical history, feasibility of intervention and prognosis of disability. There is an increasing trend to make formal or informal reference to the ICF in the reports about working capacity. The four features and the ICF may provide common references across countries to describe disability evaluation, facilitating national and international research.Implications for RehabilitationReporting about disability in social insurance in different countries is about work capacity, social medical history, feasibility of intervention and prognosis of disability.Formats of reporting on work capacity vary among countries, from free text to semi-structured report forms to fully structured and scaled report forms of working capacity.The ICF could serve as a reference for describing work capacity, provided the ICF contains all necessary categories.

PARE0002 I know, therefore i can - why we started to issue a e-newsletter

BackgroundIt is known that information is extremely important. We from BOPRD(Bulgarian organization for people with rheumatic diseases) are aware that information for rights, duties and obligations of people with rheumatic...

Troubling transitions? Young people's experiences of growing up in poverty in rural Andhra Pradesh, India

Global policy attention has begun to focus on young people in developing countries and much of the discourse is framed around notions of ‘transition to adulthood’ based on the idea that individuals develop in linear ways, separate from family and community. This idea has already been widely critiqued in western contexts. This article explores the lives of children growing up in rural Andhra Pradesh, India, who are no longer in formal schooling, drawing on data from Young Lives, a longitudinal study of children in four developing countries. Analysis combines descriptive statistics and qualitative longitudinal research. This article suggests that many of the assumptions underpinning the international discourse fail to match with the realities of young people's everyday lives in rural India. It suggests that young people's obligations to family, combined with a sense of destiny, constrained by gender norms, help to explain their ‘transitions’ – transitions that are interconnected and depend on each other. This article concurs that the concept of transition may be useful as a heuristic device, but that it must be used critically and not simply be imposed on contexts that are themselves in transition and in process of rapid social change.

Should People with Unhealthy Lifestyles Pay Higher Health Insurance Premiums?

This commentary sets the article by Dubois on the ethical justification for charging higher insurance premiums for people with unhealthy lifestyles in the context of US health care reform. It reviews the relevance and strength of normative concerns identified by Dubois about the acceptability of such differentiated "means-tested" plans. It identifies key issues involving whether certain health behaviors matter ethically, and if so, the grounds that would justify an obligation for people to take action. The article frames the answer in terms of the need to achieve an ethically acceptable balance between the principle of equality and principle of merit and concludes with four ethical standards to focus the terms of the debate.

The public's right to know in liberal-democratic thought vs. The people's obligation to know in Hebrew law

This study compares the codes of media ethics adopted by the PCCPress Complaints Commission, the IFJInternational Federation of Journalists and the SPJSociety of Professional Journalists based on the claim that it is the public's right to know, and examines the origins of this concept. A new approach is presented here which falls between the liberal-democratic approach on the one hand and on the other, the extreme ultra-Orthodox approach that claims that it is the public's duty not to know. This new approach which indicates that it is the public's duty to know has evolved from the analysis of Jewish texts from Biblical times and from the study of events in Jewish community life throughout the world. This novel approach is likely to effect a change in the contents of broadcasts and in the boundaries of media ethics.

Loyalty and the Law: The Meaning of Trust and the Right of Resistance in Seventeenth-Century England

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Who to Serve? The Ethical Dilemma of Employment Consultants in Nonprofit Disability Employment Network Organisations

The Welfare‐to‐work policy, implemented in July 2006 by the Federal Government, imposed a new work and activity obligation on people applying for the Disability Support Pension. This requirement not only created a new obligation for people with disability but also for employment consultants working in nonprofit Disability Employment Network organisations to monitor the conduct of this new cohort on behalf of Centrelink. For many employment consultants traditionally drawn to the nonprofit disability sector for altruistic reasons, this has created an ethical dilemma between their duty to their employer, and acting in the best interests of their clients. Drawing on aspects of ethical theory we find that, although most employment consultants justify their actions in terms of duty to the organisation, some find themselves in an ethical dilemma of ‘who to serve’ when the interests of the organisation and the welfare of the client are mismatched.

LA INICIATIVA DE VIVIENDA SALUDABLE EN EL PERÚ

The aim of this paper is to identify key indicators related to the health of families in their homes and surroundings, and so, to understand the importance of inform Peruvian people about the Healthy Housing Initiative promoted by Pan American Health Organization. We have focused on health factors related to housing in different regions of Peru, taking into account the local ways of life, prioritizing the analysis on lower-income socio-economic groups within the cities, and considering that healthy housing is an important component within environmental health. The material presented is resultant of interviews with professionals with experience in the health and housing field, as well as comparing bibliographic information and news with our subjective perception of reality, aiming to reach conclusions and recommendations. Given the status of housing conditions in Peru and their impact on the health of the population, it becomes necessary to encourage the formation of a national network that may bring together various public and private institutions that have been working from different approaches in promoting the improvement of housing and environmental conditions in Peru, in order to complement their capabilities and support each other in their activities. Finally, we believe that healthy housing is a right and an obligation for people, in tune with the right for health and life and it is also a shared responsibility between local governments and the population.

Age and equity: a case for an intergenerational charter

This article observes how western countries face a demographic transformation which will see the proportion of over 85 year-olds triple in the next four decades. Given the scale and nature of that transformation we run a risk of creating intergenerational inequities that may threaten the legitimacy of Australian democracy. Attention is given to policy agenda-setting activities and the framing of the issue as a fiscal problem, and in ways that feed into neo-liberal agendas. There are good reasons to move beyond an exclusive focus on economics by considering ‘the problem’ in terms of a need to ensure all Australians have access to quality basic services by 2040. There also is value in the idea of an intergenerational charter and the participation of key stakeholders. The young and unborn will be major stakeholders by 2040 and have rights to participate, if indirectly, in such decisions. A theory of deliberative democracy also provides a good basis for guiding the design of such a charter. Finally, a just intergenerational charter needs to articulate what having a full or decent human life means, as well as the obligations of people in all age groups to enable others to develop in all the ways they can at any point in their life.

The Idea of Personhood in Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart

In this paper, I explore the African normative idea of personhood as a philosophical theme in Things Fall Apart.^ I do this in the context of communalism, which involves the mutual dependence between individuals and community. This dependence, which provides the foundation for people's actions, characters, and identities, is founded on the view that people have complex normative and spiritual relationships with others and with their ancestors in a community. The community and the relationships provide norms that indicate people's obligations, on the basis of which their achievements are evaluated and socially recognized. The recognition of one's achievements and demonstration of what I term psychological wholesomeness indicate that one has acquired a normative sense of personhood. I discuss some philosophical accounts of the African idea of personhood as a backdrop for exploring how this theme is utilized by Chinua Achebe. I explore how the ideas of achieving and not achieving personhood based on communal norms, obligations, achievements, and recognition are illustrated in the characters of Unoka and Okonkwo, who did not achieve personhood, and Obierika and Ezeudu, who did. Philosophical Views of Personhood There are two philosophical conceptions of personhood in African thought: the descriptive metaphysical and the normative.^ A metaphysical account of personhood may seek to analyze the essential ontological make-up of a person, examining, for instance, whether he or she is essentially material or immaterial, or whether he or she has one or two essential natures. Analyses of the nature of the mind and body, and the relationship between them, are efforts to give metaphysical accounts of personhood.^ However, it is the normative and not the metaphysical idea of personhood that is germane to African communal traditions, as personhood is a status earned by meeting certain community standards, including the ability to take on prescribed responsibilities that are believed to define personhood. Such responsibilities may be defined in terms of personal achievements that are worthy of social recognition.

“What dignity is there in that?”: The crisis of dignity in selected late‐twentieth‐century novels

Summary This article offers an investigation of the concept of dignity and of some of the ways in which it has been represented in a number of late‐twentieth‐century novels. Discussions of dignity centre, on the one hand, upon qualities which the personality reveals in and of itself, and, on the other, upon ethical imperatives relating to how the individual should behave in relation to others. Debates about dignity thus open up questions of ontology, selfhood and the obligations of people towards one another. Two works in particular, in which the concept and status of dignity are explicitly and substantially addressed, are focused upon, Kazuo Ishiguro's The Remains of the Day (1989) and Nadine Gordimer's July's People (1981). Significantly, both these texts explore the notion of dignity in relation to servitude. What the analysis reveals is that Ishiguro's and Gordimer's novels do not present dignity as an absolute good or as something which may be considered in isolation from the tensions, imperfections and imbalances of human society. Instead, it is shown to be affected by and implicated in the exercise of power, especially in relation to class and race.