Context Of Obligations Research Articles

Do Paramedics Have a Professional Obligation to Work During a Pandemic? A Qualitative Exploration of Community Member Expectations

Previous research has identified a lack of clarification regarding paramedic professional obligation to work. Understanding community expectations of paramedics will provide some clarity around this issue. The objective of this research was to explore the expectations of a sample of Australian community members regarding the professional obligation of paramedics to respond during pandemics. The authors used qualitative methods to gather Australian community member perspectives immediately before the onset of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Focus groups were used for data collection, and a thematic analysis was conducted. The findings revealed 9 key themes: context of obligation (normal operations versus crisis situation), hierarchy of obligation (individual versus organizational obligation), risk acceptability, acceptable occupational risk (it's part of the job), access to personal protective equipment, legal and ethical guidelines, education and training, safety, and acceptable limitations to obligation. The factors identified as being acceptable limitations to professional obligation are presented as further sub-themes: physical health, mental health, and competing personal obligations. The issue of professional obligation must be addressed by ambulance services as a matter of urgency, especially in light of the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic. Further research is recommended to understand how community member expectations evolve during and after the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic.

Just Fanciers: Transformative Justice by Way of Fancy Rat Breeding as a Loving Form of Life

A growing trend within feminist animal studies is to eschew the abolitionism/welfarism binary in favor of attending carefully to the politics of existing interspecies relationships in context. This literature maintains that domestication produces special interspecies relationships which generate ongoing responsibilities for human companions and communities. With the goal of clarifying how tending to these ongoing responsibilities to domesticated animals can qualify as enduring forms of interspecies justice, this paper unpacks the politics of these special relationships and obligations in context, specifically, that of fancy rat breeders’ attempts to eliminate aganglionic megacolon. Contrasting fanciers’ efforts with those of laboratory breeders and researchers, I argue that what sets the fancy apart is its shared code of ethics and the loving, principled form of life from which it emerges. Furthermore, the knowledge that rats are worth loving not only enables fanciers to attend to the injustice of megacolon but facilitates transformative justice for domestic rats more broadly.

The concept of enrichment within the context of condictio obligation

The article addresses the concept of enrichment within the context of obligations arising out of the unjustified acquisition or retention of assets (also known as condictio obligations). Having analyzed critically two current theories (namely the “factual” enrichment theory and “juridical” enrichment theory) the author concludes that enrichment can consist both in the acquisition of jus in rem and in title-less possession and use of the property. Within this framework it is also argued that both specified and generic things can constitute the object of enrichment. The author critically assesses the provision of Ukrainian legislation under which only the property can be the object of enrichment, since there are a lot of other assets that have economic value though they are not encompassed in legislative definition of property. However, those assets are covered by a broader concept, viz the concept of “objects of civil rights”.

Environmental Law — The Black Sheep in Rome Il's Drive for Legal Certainty? Article 7 of Regulation (EC) No. 864/2007 on the Law Applicable to Non-Contractual Obligations in Context

Early in 2009, the Rome II Regulation on the law applicable to non-contractual obligations came into force in the European Community. As the very first European Regulation on choice of law, it finally enables environmental lawyers to refer to a single primary source throughout the EC when dealing with conflict of laws issues (that is, cases having a foreign element, such as those involving transboundary pollution) rather than asserting the law applicable according to the private international laws of the numerous Member States. This article focuses on the rules relating to environmental damage and, in particular, on Article 7, which appears to be the ‘black sheep’ of Rome II. In contrast to Rome II as a whole, Article 7 has no real background in European tradition; it is expressly grounded in Community law, and, last but not least, it deliberately creates uncertainty. Despite its character as an inverse mirror of the system of Rome II, Article 7 is a welcome solution in the interests of the protection of the environment and it reinforces Community policies in the absence of further harmonisation in this field since, for the purpose of deterrence, the burden of uncertainty falls on the alleged polluter.

Being young in rural settings: Young people‘s everyday community affiliations and trepidations

Geographical isolation creates a special context of obligations, reciprocal relationships, social network systems, inclusion and exclusion strategies, and a need to focus on maintaining services, employment opportunities and business infrastructures. This research explored Australian young people’s role and everyday circumstances within a rural community context, and their involvement in community events as beneficiaries of what the communities have to offer and as active participants influencing the communities’ youth agenda. The empirical data is based on a survey of 751 high school students between the ages of 14 and 21 years. The local government level and the community organisational level were explored to enhance the understanding of young people’s life in rural communities. The findings underline females’ community role in building social cohesion, being more inclusive in their social behaviour and actions to strengthen the existing community culture. Young males were the dominant users of community services, but showed less interest in promoting community well-being, thus demonstrating a higher level of self-reliance, expecting less help and support from their friends than young females.