Obligations Research Articles

The Protection of Fundamental Human Rights in the context of the Global Fight against Terrorism

Terrorism poses a serious threat in the world today. Although it does not affect all countries to the same extent, the international community must cooperate to develop measures to effectively eradicate this common enemy. Despite the increasing number of international treaties aimed at regulating the fight against terrorism and terrorism-related acts, terrorism continues to thrive around the world, and as a result, has a significant impact on human rights. This article examines some anti-terrorist measures at the universal level and aims to determine to what extent they may infringe upon fundamental human rights. This article also highlights the importance of fundamental human rights and the risk of them being violated in the global fight against terrorism. There is no doubt that terrorism has devastating consequences on the exercise of human rights, including the right to live, the right to liberty and the physical integrity of victims as well as the individuals suspected of committing terrorist acts. The research was conducted using primarily the dogmatic method, followed by an analysis of international legal instruments. The analysis proved that the measures taken internationally in response to terrorism-related attacks may not only violate fundamental human rights but also undermine the rule of law and hinder the protection of some basic human rights. It is important, therefore, that States find a right balance between fulfilling their two obli gations: ensuring security of their citizens and fighting terrorism.

Analisis Disiplin Pasar Berdasarkan Simpanan Antar Bank Di Indonesia

This study aims to determine how much influence Market Discipline (MKD), Total Equity to Total Assets (EQTA), Logarithms of Total Assets (LTA), Net Interset Income (NII), and Obligations (OBG) simultaneously have on SDROA, SDROE, and ZSCORE in 36 banks in Indonesia. The type of research used is descriptive quantitative. The data used is secondary data. This research is a panel data research with panel data regression analysis method conducted with Stata 14. The results showed that the variables Market Discipline (MKD), Total Equity to Total Assets (EQTA), Logarithms of Total Assets (LTA), Net Interset Income (NII), and Obligations (OBG) simultaneously against SDROA, SDROE, and ZSCORE in 36 banks in Indonesia.

Metode Mudarasah sebagai Upaya Peningkatan Menjaga Hafalan Al-Quran

Mudarasah is peer listening of Al-Quran memorization to other people in turn and at the group perverse or several verses as settled by the teacher. This method is one of the efforts to always maintain memorization for a hafiz. "Al-Quran is sacred, whoever keeps it will be sacred", that was the message of the teachers to their students. The awareness of a hafiz to always Murajaah, fix, and maintain his memorization becomes an obligation.

A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE APPLICATION OF CITIZENSHIP BY INVESTMENT IN LIGHT OF THE EXAMPLES IN THE WORLD

Yatırım yoluyla vatandaşlık kavramı yabancı kişinin ülkeye yaptığı doğrudan veya dolaylı yatırım veyahut bağış karşılığında, yatırım yapılan devlet tarafından verilen vatandaşlık olarak tanımlanabilir. Yatırım yoluyla vatandaşlık verilmesi konusunda geleneksel uygulama, ülkeye belli bir yatırım getirilmesine ilave olarak, yatırım yapan kişinin girişimcilik ve istihdam oluşturma gibi belli vasıflara haiz olmasını aramaktadır. Yatırım yoluyla vatandaşlık verilmesi uygulamaları son 30 yılda ise yatırımcının vasfını göz ardı eden, buna mukabil getirilen ekonomik katkıyı ön planda tutan yatırımcı programları çerçevesinde gelişmiştir. Başlangıçta Karayip bölgesinde yer alan küçük ada devletlerince yürütülen yatırımcı programları zamanla ABD, bazı AB ülkeleri ve Türkiye de dahil olmak üzere geniş bir coğrafyada uygulanır hale gelmiştir. Bununla birlikte, getirilen ekonomik katkının tek kriter olarak arandığı programlar, güvenlik, vergi, seçme ve seçilme hakkı, askerlik yükümlülüğü ve ekonomik fayda başlıkları altında ulusal ve uluslararası düzeyde ciddi eleştirilerin gündeme gelmesine neden olmuştur. Söz konusu eleştirilerin temelinde ise vatandaşlığın metalaştırılması ve aidiyet bağı tesis edilmeden vatandaşlığın verilmesi yatmaktadır.

A Re-examination of the Effect of Attitude, Religiosity, Self- Efficacy, and Moral Obligation on the Compliance Behavior of Income Zakat

A Re-examination of the Effect of Attitude, Religiosity, Self- Efficacy, and Moral Obligation on the Compliance Behavior of Income Zakat

Challenging the Undesired Outcome of FIOST Clauses on Cargo Interests

Loss of, or damage to goods is a frequent occurrence in the shipping industry, which may often occur as a result of improper cargo-handling operations during loading, discharging or even stowing. This highly concerns cargo interests, as they will seek to reimburse their loss from their carriers under bills of lading. Often, the bill of lading may well contain terms of a charterparty by way of incorporation that allow the carrier to contract out their cargo-related operations. Once this is the case, the cargo interest is unjustly left without a remedy for loss of, or damage to his goods vis-a-vis the carrier under English law. This paper, instead of challenging the correctness of the law firmly established concerning the transfer of these obligations via Free In and Out Stowed and Trimmed (FIOST) clauses, rather, aims to propose ideas to tackle the impact arising out of the status quo under English law. Finally, it offers some plausible suggestions for cargo interests to surmount this undesired outcome.

Замещение банковского кредита эмиссией рыночных долговых обязательств как мера стимулирования инноваций в экономике страны

В рамках данной статьи рассмотрены принципы кредитования, особые признаки эмиссии рыночных долговых обязательств и преимущества их выпуска. При этом отмечается, что эффективным методом привлечения инвестиций для развития бизнеса является выпуск облигационных займов. В начале XXI столетия в мире наблюдается тенденция роста значимости рынка долговых финансовых инструментов в финансировании деятельности компании и сейчас в развитых странах облигационная масса корпораций составляет порядка 15-65% общих объемов эмиссий корпоративных ценных бумаг. В целом, в рамках традиционной модели развития мировой экономики и общепринятой теоретической модели международного движения капитала предполагается активная работа на финансовых рынках. Сегодня в свете поиска мер поддержки малого и среднего бизнеса, а также мер стимулирования инноваций в экономике страны, на рынок корпоративных облигаций в России возлагаются большие надежды как на перспективный источник дополнительных инвестиционных ресурсов для реального сектора экономики особенно когда вынужденные локдауны из-за пандемии Covid-19 приостановили значительную долю активности реального сектора экономики во всем мире. Автором сделан вывод о том, что, исходя из преимуществ эмиссии долговых ценных бумаг, в долгосрочной перспективе все большее количество компаний будут выбирать данный вид финансирования своей деятельности в качестве основного.

PERSONAL NORM AND PRO-ENVIRONMENTAL CONSUMER BEHAVIOR: AN APPLICATION OF NORM ACTIVATION THEORY

Manuscript type: Research paper Research Aims: This study aims to fill the research gap from previous research regarding personal norms in explaining pro-environmental behavior, which does not involve awareness of consequences and ascription of responsibility as antecedents to activate personal norms. Therefore, this study tries to examine personal norms based on norm activation theory in explaining behavior. Design/methodology/approach: The final sample size is 300 respondents selected through purposive sampling technique. Primary data is collected through a closed-end questionnaire. Data analysis consists of two stages, namely the confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation model. Research Findings: Awareness of consequences and ascription of responsibility significantly form a personal norm as a core factor of the norm activation theory. Consumers feel that they have a moral obligation concerning the environment. Active personal norm, successfully forming both intention and actual behavior in the context of sorting out waste. In the downstream stage of consumer behavior, it will lead to becoming pro-environmental consumer behavior based on altruistic values. Theoretical Contribution/Originality: Personal norm is proven to be activated by awareness of consequences and ascription of responsibility. Active personal norm will lead to affect behavior, with or without being preceded by intention. Practitioner/Policy Implication: Social marketers can encourage consumers to behave proenvironmentally by activating the personal norm from their target audience first. Research limitation/Implications: This study was conducted in a cross-sectional period. Therefore, future studies will be more robust if the actual behavior is measured in a longitudinal period.

Legal liability arising from the transmission of new Coronavirus infection – Study in Egyptian civil law –: المسؤولية القانونية الناشئة عن نقل عدوى فيروس كورونا المستجد – دراسة في القانون المدني المصري –

The study aimed to identify the adaptation of the liability arising from the transmission of the new coronavirus infection and to indicate the parties to the claim of this responsibility, and to determine who is responsible for the damages arising from the transmission of the infection, and the forms of compensation. The study examines the basis of compensation in liability, and clarifies the el ements of liability arising from mers-coV infection In addition to identifying the most important one of the most important findings of the study was that tort liability for transmission of the new coronavirus infection arises from a legal and moral obliga tion, and it is not permissible to agree on exemption from liability, and the affected coronavirus has the right to claim compensation for material and moral damage when the elements of tort are available. Most importantly, the study recommended that state governments should enact laws that address disease outbreaks and epidemics, and develop various legal safeguards to address the serious effects caused by epidemics in general and the emerging coronavirus in particular.

Analysis of Mental Health Patient in Providing Medical Approval Anlisis del Paciente de Salud Mental Para Proporcionar Aprobacin Mdica

Mental health problem in Indonesia is currently one of the trending topics associated with forced-treatment of patients due to doctor’s inability to obtain their valid consent. The appearance of Law Number 18 Year 2014 is a new legal solution to mental health services in Indonesia. Therefore, this research focuses on the law and principle of doctor-patient mental health-related with obligation and responsibility. It analyzes discussions on forced treatment related to human and patient otonomy rights in accordance with doctor's paternalism on the legal protection of both subjects.

The Insured's Post-Contract Duty of Notification of Increase of Risk: Comparative study in Iranian, Chinese insurance law and principles of European insurance contracts

Risk management in insurance contract is very important due to the continuous and onerous nature of such a contract. Considering the importance of risk management in insurance contracts; insurance law systems have established institutions for managing such a risk. Warranties in common law and the alteration or increase of risk in the civil law countries are the institutions which assist the insurer to control risk increase. However, benefiting from such right requires the insured’s subordinate duty to inform the insurer about the increased risk. The question that come to mind in this regard is: what are the conditions of establishment and the sanction for breaching this duty? In this respect, the insurer's obligation must be determined in a way that it does not entail the imposition of the burdensome obligation on him and meanwhile, it must be determined by considering the degree of insured’s fault and proper application of causal connection. By using descriptive-analytical method in line with explaining insured’s duty to notify, realization conditions of this duty, and sanctions of breaching such a duty; this article is seeking to provide a proper sanction template in order to modify the bugs and eliminate deficiencies in the Iranian insurance act and regulations of Supreme Insurance Council.

That's not my name.

In this brief article, the author states that beyond her family context, she has come to rec ognize the privilege and responsibility she has as a provider and an educator to promote inclusivity. When she meets a new patient or a new learner, particu larly those from different linguistic backgrounds than her own, she acknowledges that it may be hard for her to say their name, placing the burden to practice and be open to correction on herself. Some might argue names are trivial-what does it matter if someone pronounces your name cor rectly?-but we know it's not. Our names are one way we become visible or invisible to those around us. When we ask someone if we can call them something other than their name, we are communi cating (oftentimes, inadvertently) that their name is not worth the effort, that there is something wrong with it, something wrong with them. We have a responsibility to engage in culturally and lin guistically congruent practices and an obliga tion to model what it means to treat our learners and patients with dignity, starting with saying their names. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Beyond Traditional Medical Humanities: How Reading World Literature Focused on Health Relates to the Development of Empathy

Implementing a medical humanities curriculum in pre-professional health studies cultivates students’ practical expressions of virtue. Such a curriculum may vary across institutions, but it often encompasses core components such as humanities, history, and bioethics. Reading world literature, especially first-person narratives that embed health and emotions, allows readers to experience the narrator’s emotional states. Literary fictionality releases readers from social obligations, allowing them to empathize unreservedly for a fictional character in a direct exchange with the author. By referencing Kazuo Ishiguro’s Never Let Me Go, Salman Rushdie’s Midnight’s Children, and Tsitsi Dangarembga’s Nervous Conditions, I demonstrate that through the narrators, Kathy H., Saleem Sinai, and Tambu, respectively, readers encounter intimate details of emotions in recurring themes of love, health, and identity. From the narrators’ perspectives, readers establish a foundation for the fictional characters before being exposed to their emotions and health and mental alteration, which invite empathy. These attributes of health-related world literature, which may be beneficial in the context of medical humanities, have not been broadly discussed. Given the expansion of medical humanities, I propose that reading world literature focused on health also represents a new, nontraditional genre. Further, I contend that medical humanities curricula should include health-focused world literature. By predisposing pre-health students to empathy and cultural awareness, they better understand and feel for patients while caring for them.

New reporting obligation for articles containing substances of very high concern

New reporting obligation for articles containing substances of very high concern

Australia's TGA outlines PV obligations of medicine sponsors

Australia's TGA outlines PV obligations of medicine sponsors

Recomendações alimentares e nutricionais para o Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar: uma análise da história recente

Introdução: O Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE) é a iniciativa mais antiga do governo brasileiro na área de alimentação escolar e Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional, sendo o mais abrangente do mundo em relação ao atendimento de escolares e à garantia do Direito Humano à Alimentação Adequada e Saudável. Objetivo: Analisar as recomendações alimentares e nutricionais estabelecidas para o PNAE no período de 2009-2020. Método: Foi realizada uma busca on-line por documentos e legislações que tratavam da temática no site do Fundo Nacional de Desenvolvimento da Educação (FNDE). Além disso, foram utilizados materiais resultantes de pesquisas realizadas na Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde (BVS-BIREME) e Google Acadêmico. Resultado: O PNAE tem sido marcado por avanços em relação à gestão e operacionalização, sendo a descentralização um processo que possibilitou a redução da oferta de alimentos processados e ultraprocessados na alimentação escolar. O ano de 2009 é um marco histórico para as recomendações alimentares e nutricionais, tendo em vista a obrigatoriedade, imposta pela Lei Federal n. 11.947/2009, de aquisição de alimentos oriundos da agricultura familiar para a alimentação escolar. Essa determinação foi reforçada pela Resolução CD/FNDE n. 38/2009, juntamente com a ampliação e o detalhamento sobre recomendações nutricionais e alimentares para o PNAE, sendo sucedida pelas Resoluções CD/FNDE n. 26/2013 e CD/FNDE n. 06/2020. Conclusão: Com base no processo avaliativo e comparativo da evolução das recomendações nutricionais do PNAE, é possível afirmar que a evolução ocorreu na medida em que o perfil de consumo alimentar e o estado nutricional da população brasileira foram se modificando.

Comentario jurídico de la Ley 7/2020, de 31 de agosto, de Bienestar, Protección y Defensa de los Animales de Castilla-La Mancha. [2020/6154] - Diario Oficial de Castilla La-Mancha de 07-09-2020

En Castilla-La Mancha hay muchos hogares con animales. Entre ellos, el perro es particularmente apreciado por su compañía, pero también puede serlo por sus increíbles cualidades de cazador o guardián, por nombrar solo algunas habilidades caninas. Una ley reciente de agosto de 2020 viene a regular el bienestar y la protección de los animales en la región. Los perros podrán disfrutar de medidas inéditas teniendo en cuenta nuevas obligaciones y prohibiciones aplicables a los dueños, pero también podrán experimentar con nuevos aliados como el Consejo Asesor de Bienestar y de Protección Animal.

A study on the restriction on the obligation to determine the subordinates of the withholding agent - Determination of the beneficial owner under the tax treaty and substantial review when the withholding agent decides the substantive attributor -

A study on the restriction on the obligation to determine the subordinates of the withholding agent - Determination of the beneficial owner under the tax treaty and substantial review when the withholding agent decides the substantive attributor -

Scuola e alfabetizzazione in Italia. Caratteri e limiti di una correlazione spuria

The functional alphabetical competence and the competence in the matter of citizenship are closely interconnected in the training of the young person: their close functional link is well expressed and well-argued by the Recommendations of the Council of the European Union (in particular from that of 2018) within the general framework of key competences for learning, but in reality it occupies a strand of western thought that goes back so far as to be considered traditional, and takes up ideas and proposals advanced in the last half century mainly by Tullio De Mauro, through the principles of democratic linguistic education. The current cultural climate brings to the fore the link between language and citizenship and outlines a framework of educational obligations which the school cannot escape. But an examination of the limits and difficulties of the Italian school leads to downsizing the most advanced objectives, while aiming to respect the basic objectives indicated by the Council of the European Union. In conclusion, we propose a Decalogue of operational choices that take into account both the essential objectives that cannot be renounced and the current difficulties of the Italian school.

Poma Poma v. Peru

317Human rights — Tribunals — United Nations Human Rights Committee — Minority rights — Indigenous peoples — Members of indigenous community constituting a minority — Author member of ethnic minority — Right to enjoy own culture — Indigenous peoples — Indigenous community land in the Andes in Peru — State project to divert water from Andes to provide water for city of Tacna — Community land in the Andes — Degradation of author’s land — Death of livestock — State activities — Whether substantially compromising or interfering with culturally significant economic activities of a minority — Right of minority to participate in decision-making process — Proportionality — Right to effective remedy — Admissibility of author’s complaint — Article 5(2)(a) of Optional Protocol to International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Whether same matter being examined under another international procedure — Whether referral to Commission on Human Rights constituting another international procedure within meaning of Article 5(2)(a) — Whether State Party violating its obligations under Articles 27 and 2(3)(a) of CovenantEnvironment — Alleged damage to ecosystem — Indigenous community land — Degradation of author’s land due to water diversion operations — Indigenous peoples — Rights of minorities — Right to enjoy own culture — Traditional customs — Whether State Party violating its obligations under Article 27 of International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966Damages — Reparation — Reparation commensurate to harm sustained — Obligation on State to provide authors of complaint with effective remedy — Article 2(3)(a) of International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — United Nations Human Rights Committee