Objective Norms Research Articles

A - 74 Comparing HVLT-R Performance in Monolingual Vs. Spanish/English Bilingual Veterans

Abstract Objective Norms developed in monolingual populations may not be appropriate for use with bilingual patients. This study examined the impact of Spanish-English bilingualism on rote verbal memory using the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R). Methods Clinically-referred veterans (86 monolingual; 30 bilingual) completed HVLT-R (English) during a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation. Chi square analyses and independent samples t-tests were used to examine group demographic differences. Verbal fluency scores and HVLT-R scores were compared between groups using independent samples t-tests. Results Groups did not differ significantly in age (monolingual-M = 62.62; bilingual-M = 65.67) or education (monolingual-M = 13.9; bilingual-M = 13.2). Self-reported race/ethnicity was mostly White for the monolingual sample, while the bilingual sample was predominantly Hispanic. Groups also differed in gender composition (bilingual: 100% male; monolingual: 84% male). Groups did not differ in their speeded English phonemic word generation, t(108) = 0.311, p = 0.757, or speeded semantic word generation, t(109) = 1.931, p = 0.056, suggesting the current bilingual sample had high English proficiency. Cognitively unimpaired monolingual and bilingual veterans did not differ in their raw total recall, t(114) = 1.228, p = 0.222, delayed free recall, t(114) = 0.331, p = 0.741, percent retention, t(114) = 0.240, p = 0.811, or recognition discrimination, t(114) = 0.521, p = 0.603, for target words. Groups did not differ in their age-corrected T-scores in any of the above scores. Conclusions Results support the use of existing HVLT-R normative data for assessment of rote verbal memory in Spanish/English bilinguals with high English proficiency.

Interpretation of law: From legal foundationalism to legal hermeneutics

This paper will explore the relationship between natural law theory, legal positivism, and legal hermeneutics in interpreting legal norms. This work investigates the transition from foundationalism, which bases law on specific objective values, to legal hermeneutics, which emphasizes the importance of interpretation in understanding law. The focus is on the change in perception of law, from an idea founded on objective norms to an understanding of law as a concept that relies on philosophical rather than solely legal interpretation. The central question of the paper - ?What is the essence of law?? - serves as a starting point for examining the history and evolution of the idea of law, reevaluating its significance through the prism of legal hermeneutics. The paper also explores how legal interpretation is vital in the philosophy of law, highlighting the differences between traditional theories of natural law and legal positivism and the newer, increasingly present legal hermeneutics.

ANTI-DEMOCRATIC DRAFT LAW OF UKRAINE «ON LABOUR» DURING MARTIAL LAW

Nowadays Ukraine is experiencing an extremely difficult wartime in the strengthening democratic European values of social life. With the help of the critical analysis method the historical and legal evaluation of objective norms in labour sphere which are discriminatory was done. The comparative-legal method has helped to study the draft’s norms on conformity of their current legislation of Ukraine on labour. In the context of the armed struggle for Democracy, part of which is recognition of human rights and strengthening the Rule of Law, legislative initiative to reform the legal regulation of social relations, the object of which is the labour and employment, has signs of an anti-democratic state-political regime. The most dangerous trend of the Draft Law of Ukraine «On Labour» is that its content gives priority to the economic system rather than to the human, the fatal consequence of which in the World History were genocide of Nations.

Investigating the potential impact of ecological restoration strategies on people–landscape interactions through cultural ecosystem services: A case study of Xilin Gol, China

Although cultural ecosystem services (CES) are greatly valued by diverse stakeholders, the full range of CES provided by a landscape is notoriously difficult to estimate. The resulting lack of objective norms for CES may lead to the loss of the multiple non-material factors that contribute to how a landscape is valued and experienced. This is especially true under ecological restoration, which could sharply change how people experience landscapes. Therefore, our aim in this study was to identify and analyze the CES that arise from people's interaction with their landscape, focusing specifically on the influences of different ecological restoration strategies. We carried out semi-structured interviews with the residents of villages in the Xilin Gol League, Inner Mongolia, China. Regarding the implementation of ecological restoration measures, the people living in typical pastoral zones would be most affected by these measures because their main livelihood (animal husbandry) depends strongly on grasslands. Our results demonstrated that human perception of the CES provided by landscapes is affected not only by the factors related to an individual's cultural worldview (e.g., ethnicity, age, education) but also by the utility of landscape features, which are reflected in the individual's landscape dependence (occupation). Our research provides a cultural perspective for aspects of local well-being in addition to ecological and economic targets. Understanding these other aspects is critical for implementing sustainable ecological restoration.

УЙ-ЖОЙГА ЭГАЛИК ҚИЛИШ ВА УНДАН ФОЙДАЛАНИШНИНГ АШЁВИЙ-ҲУҚУҚИЙ АСОСЛАРИ ТАВСИФИ

The right to own and use housing primarily belongs to the owner and his family members. When exercising their right to housing, the owner and his family members interact within the limits of their powers established by law. At the same time, when realizing the rights of these subjects to housing,there are certain legal constructions. If the owner exercises the right to own and use the house in accordance with thestructure of the ownership right, then the family members of the owner and other persons entitled to reside in the house have the right to usufruct. A usufruct structure is a material and legal structure for the use of housing, in which the user's right arises on the basis of objective norms established by law. Thus, the regulation of usufruct at the legislative level, a clear definition of the mutual rights and obligations of the home owner and his users serve to prevent various disputes thatmay arise

Aquinas, Darwin and Natural Law: Teleology and Immutability of Species

AbstractNatural Law theory is the theory that nature has built within it a set of objective norms or laws which are universally applicable and can be discovered by reason. It is derived from nature rather than from the rules of society in determining an objectivist moral theory. It has a long history of tradition beginning with the ancient Greeks and Romans up to the present day.The purpose of this essay is to argue Darwin's theory of natural law can be accommodated by Aquinas’ theory of natural law. The secondary literature of both figures is vast and changing, but this essay will mostly be restricted to looking at their primary texts on the topic. From this, it will be evident they shared many thoughts in common – the primary one being that morality begins with biology. There are objections to the compatibility of their theories, but space restricts me to addressing only two of them: teleology and immutability of species.

Measuring housing affordability. A case study of Flanders on the link between objective and subjective indicators

In affordability analyses by researchers and governments, various methods and indicators are applied. The conceptual advantages and weaknesses of the different affordability indicators have been extensively discussed in literature. The purpose of this article is to contribute to this debate by a case study of Flanders on the link between objective and subjective indicators of housing affordability. More specifically, the study tries to identify objective norms that maximize this relationship. The data is taken from the EU-SILC 2016 and the Flemish Housing Survey 2013. The analysis suggests that in Flanders a ratio with variable norms (by income groups) more closely reflects the subjective perception of affordability problems than the ratio indicators with fixed norms. As regards the residual income (RI) method, the RI with increased budget norms scores slightly better than the RI with basic budget norms on the association measures.

The Phenomenon of Conscience in Social Work

The Phenomenon of Conscience in Social Work

Faktor-Faktor yang Memengaruhi Niat Konsumen untuk Membeli Produk Melalui E-Commerce

The use of e-commerce in running a business has become a trend nowadays. This is marked by many consumers conducting online transactions to run their business or order the desired product because it is easy, fast and flexible. This study aims to analyze consumer characteristics, factors that influence the intention to buy products through e-commerce, and differences in consumers when shopping at malls and e-commerce. The approach in this study uses a quantitative approach with a survey method. This research was conducted using accidental sampling techniques with respondents totaling 121 people. This study uses primary data which is done by distributing questionnaires directly to respondents totaling 121 respondents consisting of 121 respondents to e-commerce users in the Jabotabek region. Data analysis was performed using SEM using Partial Least Square (PLS) software. This study shows that most consumers are students and domiciled in Bogor and do not have jobs yet. The objective norms and attitudes toward behavior have no significant effect on buying intentions, whereas only hypotheses related to perceptions of behavior control have been shown to have a significant effect on it. This means that consumers prefer shopping at the mall compared to shopping online.

Nonlinear viscoelastic constitutive model for bovine liver tissue

Soft tissue mechanical characterisation is important in many areas of medical research. Examples span from surgery training, device design and testing, sudden injury and disease diagnosis. The liver is of particular interest, as it is the most commonly injured organ in frontal and side motor vehicle crashes, and also assessed for inflammation and fibrosis in chronic liver diseases. Hence, an extensive rheological characterisation of liver tissue would contribute to advancements in these areas, which are dependent upon underlying biomechanical models. The aim of this paper is to define a liver constitutive equation that is able to characterise the nonlinear viscoelastic behaviour of liver tissue under a range of deformations and frequencies. The tissue response to large amplitude oscillatory shear (1–50%) under varying preloads (1–20%) and frequencies (0.5–2 Hz) is modelled using viscoelastic-adapted forms of the Mooney–Rivlin, Ogden and exponential models. These models are fit to the data using classical or modified objective norms. The results show that all three models are suitable for capturing the initial nonlinear regime, with the latter two being capable of capturing, simultaneously, the whole deformation range tested. The work presented here provides a comprehensive analysis across several material models and norms, leading to an identifiable constitutive equation that describes the nonlinear viscoelastic behaviour of the liver.

Agonistic Pluralism and Journalism: De-centering Dominant Journalistic Norms

AbstractIn this article I apply a poststructuralist perspective to journalism. I argue that Chantal Mouffe’s theory of agonistic pluralism provides a powerful theoretical site from which to critically analyze dominant forms of journalistic professionalism, their relationship to race, ethnicity and ethnic media, and the ways they shape expectations of the role of journalism in democratic society. There are two main themes in this analysis. In the first instance, the post-structuralist approach insists on seeing current professional journalistic norms as examples of hegemonic discursive formations that achieve ascendancy over other options. Through this perspective, one can interrogate how ethnic media and journalism are excluded from democratic public debates on the basis of contingent communicative values dressed up as objective norms. Secondly, Mouffe’s work provides a theoretical basis for aligning journalistic contingency with a plural agonistic democracy. The article also will discuss several challenges that arise when applying agonistic pluralism to media.

The Spark That Still Shines: John Calvin on Conscience and Natural Law

Abstract John Calvin (1509–64), a central figure in Reformed theology, is perhaps best known for his bleak doctrine of total human depravity. This dismal view of human reason has commonly overshadowed his statement that ‘some sparks still shine’. This article proposes that Calvin’s account of conscience, by conserving an illuminated space in human nature, makes possible a formal doctrine of natural law. Calvin enlists the interconnectedness between the knowledge of God and human reason to frame his anthropology. According to this, human reason was originally created to perfectly access knowledge of God but after the Fall, can only attain imperfect access. Within this broader framework, by adopting a dialectic of dual perspectives, Calvin maintains that, however fallen, human nature still partially reflects the Imago Dei as first intended. As through a glass darkly, this divine image is reflected in human conscience endowing it with sufficient knowledge for moral discernment. Calvin’s emphasis on ‘common grace’ in the preservation of this knowledge allows him to simultaneously maintain human ignorance and their universal accountability to objective norms. In this way, Calvin’s account of conscience enables him to hold both apparent extremes in tension: the immanent fallibility of human beings with the external normative standards they ought to pursue.

Hegel and Aristotle on Ethical Life: Duty-Bound Happiness and Determined Freedom

AbstractHegel's account of ethical life can be shown to contradict Aristotle's in two main ways: first, Hegel follows Kant in emancipating virtue/duty from the particularity associated with the content of motivational drives and with Aristotle's eudaimonia. Hegel thus rejects Aristotelian happiness as the final end of rational action and prioritizes duty. However, against Kant, Hegel unites (1) abstract duty and (2) determined drives within a speculative notion of ethical duty: rational agents find happiness in heeding duty's call. Second, Hegel follows Kant in emancipating agency's subjective dimension from the all-encompassing determinacy of Aristotelian substance metaphysics. At the same time and against Kant, Hegel unifies agency's undetermined, subjective dimension with the determinacy of objective norms and habitual praxis: ethical praxis must be animated by undetermined subjectivity whilst being determined. In both cases, Hegel goes beyond Aristotle by resting his argument on the speculative structure of ‘the concept of the will’.

How Measurements “Affect” the Importance of Social Influences on Household’s Photovoltaic Adoption—A German Case Study

Investment determinants on residential photovoltaic (PV) in Germany were measured via questionnaire. The survey covered social influences in terms of injunctive and descriptive norms, and economic, ecological and autarkic motives for the investment. Descriptive norms were more relevant for the investment decisions than injunctive norms, but both were considerably less important than all of the other three investment motives. Additionally, we observed the actual distribution of PV systems in the participants’ living area; we gathered the observation data on PV distribution from governmental databases. We found survey data on descriptive and objective norms and observation data to be unrelated. These findings indicate that multiple approaches are necessary to assess the relevance of social influences reliably.

Online Recruitment: A Cognitive Perspective of Job Seekers in Nepal

IT adoption is more than just technology deployment; it requires careful consideration of social-cognitive factors. With this premise, in this paper, the behavioral intention of job seekers to use online recruitment services in Nepalese context has been examined on the basis of five determinants: Performance expectancy, Effort expectancy, Subjective Norms, Objective Norms and Facilitating conditions. The impact of predictor on outcome variable is examined using multiple regression analysis. The unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) has been used as basic foundation of the study.

Online Recruitment: A Cognitive Perspective of Job Seekers in Nepal

IT adoption is more than just technology deployment; it requires careful consideration of social-cognitive factors. With this premise, in this paper, the behavioral intention of job seekers to use online recruitment services in Nepalese context has been examined on the basis of five determinants: Performance expectancy, Effort expectancy, Subjective Norms, Objective Norms and Facilitating conditions. The impact of predictor on outcome variable is examined using multiple regression analysis. The unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) has been used as basic foundation of the study.

The Basic Forms of Existence and Tendencies of “Power-Knowledge” Development

The subject of the study is "power-knowledge" as a universal force serving as the basis for the formation of institutionalized forms of domination, cognitive and value norms, communication channels and behavior styles. The authors prove that the dynamic unity of knowledge and power has led to rapid changes in power relations, which allowed to identify periods and specific forms of existence of power. The main stages of the evolution of "power-knowledge" are the domination of objective norms, discursive and symbolic forms of power. The research investigates the change of forms of control: consideration of domination of objective norms as a condition for efficiency (success) of actions allowed to make transition from external supervision to self-control. The emergence of the next stage of the transformation of "power-knowledge" is due to the rapid development of knowledge, the ability to store and transmit increasing amount of information. Power being realized in the organization of information and financial communication flows seeks to control the processes of development, the dynamics of social systems. The power of discourse is manifested in the fact that in the process of formation of sign-symbolic systems, methods of information transferring, the construction of reality takes place. Power internalizes a certain order exerting influence on consciousness of people through symbolic systems, language grammatical norms, styles of knowledge. The peculiarity of symbolic power is a high degree of self-determination. Power exists in the system produced by its symbols not seeking to represent the interests of social groups. Power becomes a universal, impersonal force (code, discourse) located in the stream of symbols and codes. The essential difference of symbolic power is that it is not representative and continuously alters the "world view" in which a person lives. The main conclusion of the study is that the democracy and humanity of forms of manifestation of power are associated with the ubiquity of the spread and the emergence of total forms of enslavement. The domination of objective norms is aimed at producing a certain type of person; discourse constructs reality, symbolic power acts as a self-sufficient force, in which a person is forced to continuously seek ways to survive in a transforming world.

Minimum consumer budget: legal definition

The work analyzes the disadvantages of normative and normative and statistical methods for determining the subsistence minimum. It is substantiated that they are not suitable for practical calculations due to the lack of objective criteria for setting standards for consumption of non-food products and services. The normative method of determining the subsistence minimum based on objective norms of consumption of food products and communal services is proposed.

Personalismo y trascendencia en el actuar moral y social. Estudio del tema a la luz de los documentos del Concilio Vaticano II.

The author’s intention is to draw attention to the biblical morality and personalism of Vatican II. Granted that there are other valid criteria on which to base the objectivity in morality, he wishes to highlight the importance of the dignity of the human person and council’s reference to Christ as the fundamental criteria in the teaching of Vatican II. Objectivity, immutability, and transcendence rest on Christ, the centre of history, and on the dignity of the human person. He points out that other valid perspectives are possible but Vatican II opted for this for several reasons. The reference to Christ expresses the necessary recourse to God and is in the line of the scholastic formula: a Deo, ad Deum, secundum Deum. Revelation brings with it mysteries, truths and norms which claim a response of faith and love, a homage of the intelligence and will that is in keeping with session VI of Trent. The Second Vatican Council considers historic nature in a unique divine vocation. It reaffirms the gratuity of the supernatural but does not use the hypothesis of natura pura. Recourse to the dignity of the human person allows the Council to address itself to all men, since this dignity is based on creation and on the one vocation to salvation. The centre of this dignity is the moral conscience which should act respecting the objective norms of morality. The ideal presented by the Council asks for a moral effort parting from the data provided by faith and from a personalist philosophy. It is not true that personalism necessarily leads to subjectivism. The council has shown it. The person is an objective reality and the path from personalism to the transcendence is consistent with the lines of the fourth way of St Thomas: the participated transcendence of the person is based on the absolute transcendence of God. The Church dialogues with the world conscious that in Christ it possesses the full truth about man, about all men since all are called to salvation. This is what makes it possible for the Church to cooperate with the world, to discover the positive side of progress and at the same time it allows and obliges both the Church and christians to have a critical function. Although granting that christians and non-christians should consider themselves invited to cooperate in common action, it is necessary to note the existence of serious conflicts, ever more frequent in a pluralist society. Human progress is not the same as the Kingdom of God. Sometimes one opposes the other and on this account the christian should adopt a critical attitude with respect to attempted developments contrary to human dignity in view of his commitment to the faith and to the dignity of the human person.

Rozlišování podle Amoris Laetitia (kap. 8) papeže Františka jako diferencovanější podoba graduality

This study arises from the question as to how present­‑day pastoration should grow closer to the modern family, how to read what a family experiences generally (pastoration principles) and how to respond to specific situations (pastoration imperatives). The study answers this basic question as follows: What does the requirement of completely new pastoral competence in regular church ministry of a family mean in comparison with the past? The study answers with several theses: a) abandon the institutionalized and canonically formalized manners that the Church formulated theoretically and practically 150 years ago as the only possible means; b) abandon strategies based on objective norms in individual lives; c) offer more differentiated usages of the graduality principle. This strategy includes the initiation of a pastoration course of gradual growth, responsible discerning in individual cases (accepting status of penitents, developing dynamics of discerning in non­‑sacramental pastoration, organizing of past life, guiding into a new type of communication with God, prayer that discerns, accepting the state of discerning and basic life orientation in Christ, maturing of conscience in communication with God´s word) and deeper integration into the Body of Christ (non­‑sacramental, eventually sacramental, integration into the Church community).