Objective Facts Research Articles

Risks impeding sustainable energy transition related to metals mining

Sustainable energy transition is essential for global climate change mitigation, requiring substantial amounts of metals to support clean energy technologies. However, a key challenge is ensuring the stable metals mining operations while achieving economic viability, social benefits, and environmental responsibilities. Through a comprehensive literature review, this study identifies 30 risks impeding sustainable energy transition related to metals mining at two levels: the micro level risk and the macro level risk. A cross-evaluation method, by considering literature analysis and expert assessments, is proposed to develop a framework of 15 key risks. The findings reveal inappropriate classification in current literature, as the causes, consequences, and certain objective facts of risk events have been categorized as risks by academics. Additionally, there exist conflicting opinions between academics and practitioners on the key risks. Based on the findings, a multi-stakeholder governance approach is proposed to effectively mitigate these key risks and ensure the sustainable energy transition.

유아교육현장에서 교육과정평가 실행 지원방안 탐색: 함께 응답하며 나아가기

This study aims to explore support strategies for implementing curriculum assessment in the field of early childhood education. Whereas curriculum focus has continuously shifted towards learner-centered, learning-centered, and competency-based approaches, evaluation practices remain rooted in approaches that emphasize educational content and subject knowledge, relying on empirical evidence and objective facts. To this end, this study conducted multiple mini-interviews (MMI) with teachers, administrators, and supervisors to identify challenges in implementing curriculum assessments and to collaboratively find solutions. The collected data were analyzed in six phases following the thematic analysis method proposed by Braun and Clarke(2006). The findings were categorized into three themes: ‘knotting early childhood curriculum and assessment,’ ‘opening the possibilities for practicing curriculum assessment,’ and ‘going along with children and parents in curriculum assessment.’ First, several years after the implementation of the 2019 revised Nuri Curriculum, the questions emerging in the field of early childhood education concern the connections of the essence of early childhood education, curriculum literacy, and curriculum assessment and implementation, which are the complex and entangled ‘knots’. Second, for assessment to be integrated into curriculum implementation, it is essential to go beyond individual teacher practices and explore the possibilities within the relational context, including the cultural and structural atmosphere of the school. Third, if implementing the curriculum in educational settings is a long process of ‘correspondence’ with all beings, it is crucial to seek ways for children and parents as the subjects of curriculum assessment to move forward together in harmony. Based on the diverse educational experiences, current positions, and educational philosophies of the participants, this study offers academic and practical implications for implementing curriculum assessment that lightens the burden of evaluation and refocuses on ‘our classrooms, children, teachers, and communities.’

On the association between noise exposure and annoyance for road and rail traffic noise

There have been a number of small projects in the Oslo area attempting to determine how annoyance relates to noise exposure. There are several possible ways to measure annoyance, some of them are quantitative and some are qualitative. Noise exposure can be measured or calculated with acceptable accuracy in a given position. But it is still uncertain how the evaluation should be performed, as both outdoor and indoor levels should be taken into account. The subjective evaluation of noise immission for an exposed person also depends on other factors beside the physical noise. We will, however, claim that noise is a reasonable proxy for the total environmental exposure for a resident. It would also seem that a subjective evaluation requires grounding in objective facts in order to be useful. There are many possible reasons for a large variation between persons in the perceived annoyance due to the same noise exposure. We suggest a simple model with a wide range of uncertainty as a possible predictor of perceived annoyance within a given neighbourhood.

‘Does this hurt?’: feminism, pain and the problem of reification

Feminist debates around sex have often revolved around the vexed question of whether women can achieve genuine pleasure under patriarchy. Some ‘sex-negative’ feminists have claimed that the entire debate around ‘pleasure under patriarchy’ rests on an ontological mistake: when women say that they experience sexual pleasure with men, what they mean by ‘pleasure’ is actually pain. On this view, pain is assumed to have an objective existence regardless of whatever the subject is experiencing. Positing such a gap between ‘feeling pain’ as a subjective state of affairs and ‘being in pain’ as an objective fact presupposes a ‘detectivist’ theory of subjectivity, whereby the subject is taken to relate to her pain as a reified object. Examining how detectivism has haunted different feminist traditions – from 1970s feminist consciousness-raising and MacKinnon's anti-sex feminism, to contemporary feminist critiques of liberal consent – I argue that a detectivist theory of subjectivity limits the critical horizon of a feminist politics of pain: it ends up politicising marginalised pain only at the cost of falsifying the subjective nature of pain itself.

Heterogeneous Views and Spatial Structure Enhancement for triple error detection

Knowledge graph error detection is to identify erroneous triples in knowledge graphs that are inconsistent with objective facts in the real world. In practice, the quality of knowledge graphs is an indispensable foundation for the widespread and accurate knowledge application services such as intelligent retrieval and human machine dialogue. Technically, the existing knowledge graph error detection methods face the following two problems: few available negative samples of triples, and an uneven data distribution. That distribution is caused by the large disparity in the number of head and tail entities belonging to the same relationship and the disparity in the number of triples with different relationships. To alleviate these problems, this paper proposes an approach based on the Heterogeneous Views and Spatial Structure Enhancement (HVSSE) in a contrastive learning framework for triple error detection task. Specifically, the heterogeneous views are constructed to include four kinds of triple views, i.e., positive and negative triple views based on head or tail entity co-occurrence. Moreover, Graph-Spatial-Transformer with an explicit spatial structure encoding is designed to fully capture the contextual information of triple nodes. Thereby, driven by the framework of contrastive learning, our HVSSE model can not only learn more discriminative embedding of triples, but also capture the local structure of triples and global contextual information of knowledge graphs. Experimental results on five public datasets indicate that our proposed approach is superior to the state-of-the-art methods, showing its the effectiveness on triple error detection.

Archival Opacity on Genocide Perpetrators in Rwanda

This article discusses the methodological challenges of archival research on perpetrators of genocide, especially with regard to the selectivity, accessibility, and availability of perpetrator testimonies in the Genocide Archive of Rwanda, which is primarily a victimary archive, to use Sara Kendall’s term. The discussion extends beyond Rwanda to include reflections on the purpose and focus of post-conflict archives, the silencing or enhancing of perpetrators’ voices in archives, and the impact of archives on transitional justice processes. Archives are not neutral places that present objective facts. Rather, they are sites of power that contain specific narratives about the perpetrators and victims, which can negatively affect reconciliation between groups. Conflicts and genocides are dynamic, and the affected individuals have fluid identities: they can, for example, be victims as well as perpetrators. Do archives mirror these dynamics, and do they allow counter-histories? The article explores the testimonies available in the Genocide Archive, their meta-data, and narratives as well as gaps and omissions. Since archives tell stories and describe places of memorialisation, their policies and content influence how individuals and collectivities remember history – and how they can transition to a peaceful co-existence.

Exploring Speech Act Patterns In Anthropological Pragmatics

The purpose of this paper is to look into discourse patterns of President Joe Biden from an anthropological pragmatics perspective, and the theory of speech acts, in particular. I will argue that speech acts are double-edged tools in human communication that have the power to create objective facts accepted and maintained by human agreement on the one hand but are also determined by fluctuating socio-cultural context. In exploring the topic of the American presidency from an anthropological pragmatics perspective, this article addresses theoretical and methodological issues which further our understanding of linguistic structure of social reality determined by socially constrained functions that underlie culture. Thus, this paper argues for a broadened research path to advance the theory of speech acts in political discourse. An analysis of President Joe Biden’s language practices uncovers the rhetorical concept of ethos and its criterion of credibility that is indicative of his presidential status.

The Theoretical, Field and Educational Problems of the Arab Researcher A Case Study of the Algerian Researcher in Information and Communication Sciences Specialty

Social human research and studies are of particular importance as they are considered the only scientific and methodologically accepted way to achieve objective facts that can contribute to the progress and prosperity of society and find solutions to its issues. However, conducting these researches encounter a number of methodological, field, administrative, social and even human difficulties. Indeed, there is no methodological part of any fieldwork that has not mentioned the problems experienced by the researcher while doing his or her scientific fieldwork, but the types of challenges differ from one society to another. This research paper seeks to know the researcher’s legal status and track his or her relationship to field research by understanding the privacy of the community in terms of carrying out research and also determining the researcher’s position in the digital world

Neshuzat and Its Solutions from the Perspective of Quranic Verses

The real life of people prove that in some cases, despite all the guarantees and preventive plans, the family still collapses and is destroyed. These incidents and events This show that we should be realistic and consider life in accordance with the objective facts, that is, when the continuation of married life becomes impossible, Ignoring these differences and ignoring them is futile and useless, maintaining such a life and marriage is considered futile and baseless. It is on this principle that with the fulfillment of the terms of the marriage contract between a man and a woman, they acquire rights towards each other, and the realization of these rights is closely related to the fulfillment of the terms of that contract, and if these conditions are not fulfilled, each of The parties may have considerations regarding the payment of other rights, which in some cases will cause these rights to fall. In Islamic jurisprudence, non-compliance with rights and responsibilities on the part of the wife has been interpreted as neshuzat, and the manifestations of Neshuzat include: The disobedience of the wife and leaving the house without the husband's consent, and the woman's disobedience to the legitimate wishes of the man can be counted. But Islam does not want the husband and wife to ignore their lives with the slightest difference and If the issue goes beyond love and hatred and reaches a conflict, divorce is not the first solution, but efforts should be made to preserve the family and try to reconcile the couple.

Scientific Objectivity and Its Limits

Measurement outcomes provide data for a physical theory. Unless they are objective they support no objective scientific knowledge. So the outcome of a quantum measurement must be an objective physical fact. But recent arguments purport to show that if quantum theory is universally applicable then there is no such fact. This calls for a reappraisal of the notions of fact and objectivity. If quantum theory is universally applicable the facts about the physical world include a fact about each quantum measurement outcome. These physical facts lack an ideal kind of objectivity but their more modest objectivity is all that science needs.

Quantum Reconstructions as Stepping Stones Toward ψ-Doxastic Interpretations?

In quantum foundations, there is growing interest in the program of reconstructing the quantum formalism from clear physical principles. These reconstructions are formulated in an operational framework, deriving the formalism from information-theoretic principles. It has been recognized that this project is in tension with standard ψ-ontic interpretations. This paper presupposes that the quantum reconstruction program (QRP) (i) is a worthwhile project and (ii) puts pressure on ψ-ontic interpretations. Where does this leave us? Prima facie, it seems that ψ-epistemic interpretations perfectly fit the spirit of information-based reconstructions. However, ψ-epistemic interpretations, understood as saying that the wave functions represents one’s knowledge about a physical system, recently have been challenged on technical and conceptual grounds. More importantly, for some researchers working on reconstructions, the lesson of successful reconstructions is that the wave function does not represent objective facts about the world. Since knowledge is a factive concept, this speaks against epistemic interpretations. In this paper, I discuss whether ψ-doxastic interpretations constitute a reasonable alternative. My thesis is that if we want to engage QRP with ψ-doxastic interpretations, then we should aim at a reconstruction that is spelled out in non-factive experiential terms.

Cancer research is not correlated with driver gene mutation burdens

Cancer research is pursued with the goal of positively impacting patients with cancer. Decisions regarding how to allocate research funds reflect a complex balancing of priorities and factors. Even though these are subjective decisions, they should be made with consideration of all available objective facts. An accurate estimate of the affected cancer patient population by mutation is one variable that has only recently become available to inform funding decisions. We compared the overall incident burden of mutations within each cancer-associated gene with two measures of cancer research efforts: research grant funding amounts and numbers of academic manuscripts. We ask to what degree the aggregate set of cancer research efforts reflects the relative burdens of the different cancer genetic drivers. We thoroughly investigate the design of our queries to ensure that the presented results are robust and conclusions are well justified. We find cancer research is generally not correlated with the relative burden of mutation within the different genetic drivers of cancer. We suggest that cancer research would benefit from incorporating, among other factors, an epidemiologically informed mutation-estimate baseline into a larger framework for funding and research allocation decisions. This work was supported in part by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) P30CA014195 and NIH DP2AT011327.

Apakah Post-Truth Berbasis Ideologi Membahayakan Demokrasi: Perspektif Penyebaran Fakta Di Media Sosial

The “post-truth” phenomenon that shakes the foundations of democracy by prioritizing emotional and ideological narratives over objective facts, especially in the context of social media and ideology, threatens healthy political processes and participation in society in political decision making. The aim of this research is to understand the impact of ideology-based post-truth on the stability and integrity of democracy. The research methods used in this article are based on a comprehensive literature review. The results of this research are that ideology-based post-truth poses a serious threat to the health of democracy. This phenomenon not only creates deeper political polarization and results in the spread of damaging misinformation, but also adds to the foundations of democracy such as trust in institutions, political stability, and freedom of thought and expression. The public must understand that when ideology dominates the political narrative and objective facts are ignored, democracy becomes vulnerable to manipulation and power manipulation.

Evaluation of Anti-Cancer Potential of Homeopathic Medicines by In-Vitro Study on Human Breast, Lung and Colorectal Cancer Cells

The purpose of this study is to assess the cytotoxic effects of homoeopathic drugs on cancer cell lines by In-vitro experiment. Background: Homoeopathy is a renowned therapeutic approach in many nations across the world. However, the approach has sparked much scientific discussion concerning its efficacy and methods of action. This is particularly true when it comes to the application of homeopathy in cancer treatment. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of homoeopathic remedies on cancer cells and to emphasise the therapeutic effects of 50 Millesimal potencies. Materials & Methods: Carcinosinum, Conium maculatum, and Asterias rubens were the drugs used in 0/1 potency against the MCF 7 breast cancer cell line. Carcinosinum, Nitric acid, and Ruta were the drugs in 0/1 potency used against the HCT 116 colorectal cancer cell line and the NCI-H460 lung cancer cell line. 90% alcohol medicated on poppy-sized globules, dried fully and used as a control for all cell lines. The cytotoxicity has been assessed using the standard MTT test. Results: The LC50 values of the medicines tested on breast and lung cancer cells were not obtained up to 40000 ppm concentrations, as a result, cytotoxicity evaluation was not possible. The LC50 values of the medicines tested on Colo-rectal cancer cells were obtained around 20,000 ppm concentration and showed a gradual increase in Cell Death with increasing Concentration of exposure of the drugs. As a result, these drugs revealed cytotoxic qualities as well as anti-cancer actions. Conclusion: Despite the objective facts, we cannot reach a definite conclusion about the anti-cancer effectiveness of these drugs in vitro because several aspects of homeopathy's action are unlikely to be replicated in In-vitro study. Determination of reasons for the same or understanding the molecular mechanism of resistance of the cell lines to the cytotoxic effects of the drugs were not within the purview of the study and these can be addressed in future studies. Keywords: Homeopathy, Cancer, MCF-7, HCT 116, NCI-H 460, In-Vitro, Carcinosinum, Conium maculatum, Asteria rubens, Ruta graveolens, Nitric acid, 50 Millesimal Potency, MTT Assay.

Experimental study of the “AE quiet period” on the eve of brittle failure in hard rock

Acoustic emission (AE) signals on the eve of brittle failure in hard rock often indicate a quiet period, i.e., a significant decrease in the number of AE signals. To address the current problem of the poor understanding of the quiet period, the failure process of hard rock was simulated by tests and acquired the AE signals. The AE signal during the quiet period were analyzed. First, compared with the AE signals in other loading periods, the AE signals during the quiet period are characterized by a greater hit amplitude, a greater rise time and ring count, a sudden increase in the cumulative absolute energy, a greater amplitude of the signals in the main frequency band and so on. Second, the inhomogeneity of rock grains, stress level and loading rate all have a nonnegligible influence. The more inhomogeneous the rock grains are, the higher the stress level is, or the larger the loading rate is, the longer the duration of the quiet period is. Third, a hard rock damage evolution equation based on AE considering the effect of the quiet period is proposed, which can reasonably reflect the objective fact of accelerating damage during this period. Finally, the quiet period is due to the brittle failure of hard rock with inhomogeneous grains under high stress conditions, so identifying the quiet period is important for AE-based monitoring and warning of hard rock failure.

IMPLEMENTATION OF MEDIA LITERACY AS A MEANS OF COUNTERING ENEMY PROPAGANDA

The article reveals the essence and features of media literacy as a way of countering hostile propaganda. The study considered the main components of media literacy and analyzed its main principles. Informational threats in wartime and the peculiarities of propaganda were studied. Specific methods of countering propaganda and information manipulation have been studied.In connection with enemy propaganda, the introduction of media literacy as a means of countering enemy propaganda became very important during the Russian invasion. During the beginning of the invasion of Ukraine, russia has launched hundreds of thousands of fakes to demoralize and sow panic among Ukrainians. That is why today it is important to understand the mechanisms and means of enemy propaganda, to be able to recognize enemy information leaks inside and outside of Ukraine, in order to counteract fakes and manipulations, neutralize and debunk lies. Many media outlets ignore objective facts and use the latest technology and digital equipment to appeal to the emotions of viewers, craft messages and spread misinformation that misinforms people. In addition, russia is making every effort to discredit Ukrainians in the eyes of the international community and destroy social cohesion in the country. Informational aggression can be countered only when the population understands the principles by which events take place and for what purpose and what specific damage they can cause. In order to counteract enemy propaganda, it is necessary to apply critical thinking in order not to fall into the trap of pro-russian media and not to be misinformed. Even in wartime, teachers must not only show positive propaganda, but also bring back to children the knowledge of media and information literacy that they acquired before the war.

Analyzing Appraisal Resources in the Judgment Discourse of Ulysses Copyright Infringement Case

In this economic society, intellectual property protection play an important role in maintaining the national economic order and promoting social development. The infringement of intellectual property will bring great harm to the public and national interests. This study aims to analyze the appraisal resources in the court judgment of Ulysses copyright infringement case, especially from the perspective of attitude and engagement system. By adopting a descriptive and exploratory approach, the study investigates how attitude and engagement resources serve the declaratory and justificatory functions of court judgments. It is found that appreciation and judgement in attitude system are widely used in this court judgment, while affect is seldom applied for it deals with people’s personal feelings. For engagement, disclaim and entertain resources are applied from time to time in processing the judge’s objective fact analysis. It also shows that the court can effectively arrive at judgments with justice when the court professionals have better knowledge and make proper use of the appraisal resources. It is hoped that this study can arouse the awareness of legal professionals to maintain their law-based role of justice in copyright cases by the proper application of appraisal resources in their distinctive language.

A phenomenological account for causality in terms of elementary actions

Abstract Discussions on causal relations in real life often consider variables for which the definition of causality is unclear since the notion of interventions on the respective variables is obscure. Asking “what qualifies an action for being an intervention on the variable X X ” raises the question whether the action impacted all other variables only through X or directly, which implicitly refers to a causal model. To avoid this known circularity, we instead suggest a notion of “phenomenological causality” whose basic concept is a set of elementary actions. Then the causal structure is defined such that elementary actions change only the causal mechanism at one node (e.g. one of the causal conditionals in the Markov factorization). This way, the principle of independent mechanisms becomes the defining property of causal structure in domains where causality is a more abstract phenomenon rather than being an objective fact relying on hard-wired causal links between tangible objects. In other words, causal relations between variables get defined by the interface between the system and an external agent (who is able to perform the elementary actions), rather than being an internal property of links between the variables. We describe this phenomenological approach to causality for toy and hypothetical real-world examples and argue that it is consistent with the causal Markov condition when the system under consideration interacts with other variables that control the elementary actions.

“It’s hard to say anything definitive about what severity really is”: lay conceptualisations of severity in a healthcare context

BackgroundDemand for healthcare outweighs available resources, making priority setting a critical issue. ‘Severity’ is a priority-setting criterion in many healthcare systems, including in Norway, Sweden, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. However, there is a lack of consensus on what severity means in a healthcare context, both in the academic literature and in policy. Further, while public preference elicitation studies demonstrate support for severity as a relevant concern in priority setting, there is a paucity of research on what severity is taken to mean for the public. The purpose of this study is to explore how severity is conceptualised by members of the general public.MethodsSemi-structured group interviews were conducted from February to July 2021 with members of the Norwegian adult public (n = 59). These were transcribed verbatim and subjected to thematic analysis, incorporating inductive and deductive elements.ResultsThrough the analysis we arrived at three interrelated main themes. Severity as subjective experience included perceptions of severity as inherently subjective and personal. Emphasis was on the individual’s unique insight into their illness, and there was a concern that the assessment of severity should be fair for the individual. The second theme, Severity as objective fact, included perceptions of severity as something determined by objective criteria, so that a severe condition is equally severe for any person. Here, there was a concern for determining severity fairly within and across patient groups. The third theme, Severity as situation dependent, included perceptions of severity centered on second-order effects of illness. These included effects on the individual, such as their ability to work and enjoy their hobbies, effects on those surrounding the patient, such as next of kin, and effects at a societal level, such as production loss. We also identified a concern for determining severity fairly at a societal level.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that severity is a polyvalent notion with different meanings attached to it. There seems to be a dissonance between lay conceptualisations of severity and policy operationalisations of the term, which may lead to miscommunications between members of the public and policymakers.

A Critique of Positivism: Human Nature and Anarchy

Positivism and post positivism are two paradigms within the field of international relations (IR) that differ in their approaches to ontology (the nature of reality) and epistemology (how knowledge is acquired) in the study of international politics. Ontologically, positivists are objectivists, meaning that they believe there are objective facts (for example, selfish human nature) and laws (for example, anarchy leads to chaos) in international politics. Positivists apply common rationality and value-neutrality as epistemological tools to discover and analyze such claims regarding external and objective social reality. In this paper, I make two points. First, positivism (realism and liberalism) has a natural propensity to reify social concepts into trans historical essence to generate causal theories. However, in reality, human nature is complex and the meaning of social realities such as human nature and anarchy is conceptual and constitutive. Second, the adoption of common rationality and value-neutrality as epistemological building blocks lead positivism to a rigid and ahistorical view of human nature and anarchy. In contrast, post positivism (critical theory and constructivism) can generate a relatively nuanced and complete picture of international politics.