Object Naming Test Research Articles

Dutch Diagnostic Instrument for Mild Aphasia (DIMA): standardisation and a first clinical application in two brain tumour patients

ABSTRACT Brain tumour patients with mild language disturbances are typically underdiagnosed due to lack of sensitive tests leading to negative effects in daily communicative and social life. We aim to develop a Dutch standardised test-battery, the Diagnostic Instrument for Mild Aphasia (DIMA) to detect characteristics of mild aphasia at the main linguistic levels phonology, semantics and (morpho-)syntax in production and comprehension. We designed 4 DIMA subtests: 1) repetition (words, non-words, compounds and sentences), 2) semantic odd-picture-out (objects and actions), 3) sentence completion and 4) sentence judgment (accuracy and reaction time). A normative study was carried out in a healthy Dutch-speaking population (N = 211) divided into groups of gender, age and education. Clinical application of DIMA was demonstrated in two brain tumour patients (glioma and meningioma). Standard language tests were also administered: object naming, verbal fluency (category and letter), and Token Test. Performance was at ceiling on all sub-tests, except semantic odd-picture-out actions, with an effect of age and education on most subtests. Clinical application DIMA: repetition was impaired in both cases. Reaction time in the sentence judgment test (phonology and syntax) was impaired (not accuracy) in one patient. Standard language tests: category fluency was impaired in both cases and object naming in one patient. The Token Test was not able to detect language disturbances in both cases. DIMA seems to be sensitive to capture mild aphasic deficits. DIMA is expected to be of great potential for standard assessment of language functions in patients with also other neurological diseases than brain tumours.

Naming spatial relations across the adult lifespan: At the crossroads of language and perception.

Language abilities in adulthood remain relatively intact with increasing age, while spatial abilities decline. However, much less is known about ageing effects on spatial language (the ability to verbally describe where objects are located in relation to other objects). The primary goal of this study was to examine age-related changes in naming static and dynamic spatial relations across the adult lifespan. Moreover, we examined whether spatial naming is more closely associated with (non-spatial) verbal or (non-linguistic) visuospatial abilities. Healthy adults aged between 18 and 85 years completed a newly developed Spatial Naming Test (SNT), as well as standard object and action naming tests and various visuospatial tasks. The psychometric properties of the novel SNT (inter-rater and test-retest reliability and convergent, divergent, and construct validity) were also examined. The psychometric evaluation confirmed the reliability and validity of the SNT. Striking effects of ageing on naming of both static and dynamic spatial relations were found, as well as on visuospatial abilities, while object and action naming remained age invariant. Moreover, both (non-spatial) verbal and (non-linguistic) visuospatial abilities predicted static spatial naming, but only visuospatial abilities accounted for significant variance in dynamic spatial naming beyond age. These findings provide the first evidence that naming spatial relations declines in ageing as a function of changes in non-linguistic visuospatial abilities, indicating strong connections between linguistic and non-linguistic representations of space. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Language processing in glioma patients: speed or accuracy as a sensitive measure?

ABSTRACT Background Glioma (brain tumour) patients can suffer from mild linguistic and non-linguistic cognitive problems when the glioma is localised in an eloquent brain area. Word-finding problems are among the most frequently reported complaints. However, mild problems are difficult to measure with standard language tests because they are generally designed for more severe aphasic patients. Aims The aim of the present study was to investigate whether word-finding problems reported by patients with a glioma can be objectified with a standard object naming test, and a linguistic processing speed test. In addition, we examined whether word-finding problems and linguistic processing speed are related to non-verbal cognitive abilities. Methods & Procedures We tested glioma patients (N=36) as part of their standard pre-treatment clinical work-up. Word-finding problems were identified by a clinical linguist during the anamnesis. Linguistic processing speed was assessed with a newly designed sentence judgment test (SJT) as part of the Diagnostic Instrument for Mild Aphasia (DIMA), lexical retrieval with the Boston Naming Test (BNT), presence of aphasia with a Token Test (TT), and non-verbal processing with the Trail Making Test A and B (TMT). Test performances of glioma patients were compared to those of healthy control participants (N=35). Outcomes & Results The results show that many glioma patients (58%) report word-finding problems; these complaints were in only half of the cases supported by deviant scores on the BNT. Moreover, the presence of reported word-finding problems did not correlate with the BNT scores. However, word-finding problems were significantly correlated with reaction times on the SJT and the TMT. Although there were no significant differences between the patient and control group on the SJT, a subgroup of patients with a glioma in the frontal lobe of the language-dominant hemisphere was slower on the SJT. Finally, performance on the SJT and TMT were significantly correlated in the patient group but not in the control group. Conclusions Linguistic processing speed appears to be an important factor in explaining reported word-finding problems. Moreover, the overlap between speed of language processing and non-verbal processing indicates that patients may rely on more domain-general cognitive abilities as compared to healthy participants. The variability observed between patients emphasises the need for tailored neuro-linguistic assessments including an extensive anamnesis regarding language problems in clinical work-up.

Information about word class is both semantically and lexically represented: evidence from an advantage for verbs in two speakers with aphasia

ABSTRACT Background: There has been a debate over how a word’s syntactic class is represented in the mind. One model claims that information is represented solely at the semantic level while another account holds that syntactic class information could be represented both at a semantic and an independent lexical level. Methods: Two aphasic participants with a significant advantage for naming verbs in comparison to nouns took part in the investigation. They were assessed with several picture naming tests, two comprehension tests as well as an object naming test comparing animate and inanimate objects. Results: In one participant, the pronounced deficit for nouns resulted from a semantic impairment: there was a comparable dissociation in comprehension of words, a nonverbal semantic deficit, and performance was mainly affected by semantic variables (imageability; animacy). In the other participant, the difference between nouns and verbs arose from a lexical impairment since no comparable comprehension deficit was observed. In addition, performance was affected, mainly, by lexical variables (word frequency). Discussion: Results from one participant suggest a semantic locus of noun–verb differences and provide empirical support for a specific model of objects’ and actions’ semantic representations. In contrast, the other participant’s performance strongly suggests the word class effect to arise from a lexical impairment. Thus, the study provides support for two independent loci of noun–verb differences thereby contradicting one account’s strong claim that noun–verb differences arise solely from semantic impairments. The results also speak against recent cognitive accounts rejecting the idea of independent lexical representations.

Methodology for creating and validating object naming and semantic tests used by Verst-Maldaun Language Assessment during awake craniotomies

Verst-Maldaun Language Assessment (VMLA) is a new intraoperative neuropsychological test (NT) within our local culture, e.g., native Portuguese speaking Brazilians. It aims to fill the specific need of an objective and dynamic approach for assessing the language network during awake craniotomies. The test includes object naming (ON) and semantic functions.This paper describes the process of validation, allowing for other centers to create their own language assessment.The validation process included 248 volunteers and the results were associated with age, gender and educational level (EL). The factor with the greatest impact was EL, followed by age. Intraoperative image learning by repetition is unlikely, since it is composed of 388 items and 70 combinations.The test will be available for free use under http://www.vemotests.com/ (beginning in February 2021).

Normative data for Verbal Fluency and Object Naming Tests in a sample of European Portuguese adult population

The purpose of the present study was to calculate the construct validity, internal consistency and normative data of the Phonological Verbal Fluency Test (letters F, A, S, and M), Semantic Verbal Fluency Test (Animals, Fruits and Professions categories), and Boston Naming Test (short and standard version), and to generate normative data for these tests after adjusting for age, education, and sex. A sample of 293 European Portuguese adults participated in the study. Results showed adequate construct validity and internal consistency for all of the tests and the final multiple regression models found that age and education were significantly associated with P-VFT (letters F, A, S, and M), S-VFT (Animals, Fruits and Professions categories), and BNT performance. Sex was only found to have an effect on the fruit category, with women scoring higher than men. The normative data provided in this study will contribute to improving the clinical practice of neuropsychology in Portugal.

A-096 Reliable Change Indices as a Measure of Neurocognitive Change following Deep Brain Stimulation for Essential Tremor

Abstract Objective Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a widely used treatment for essential tremor (ET). To assess for neurocognitive decline following DBS, most studies use statistical methods that directly compare changes in test scores between pre- and post-surgical evaluations. By contrast, reliable change scores are calculated using regression-based models that account for practice effect and systematic error that can occur between repeat test administrations. We sought to determine the utility of reliable change scores in monitoring neuropsychological function following DBS. Method Twenty-eight ET patients (M age = 70.2 ± 6.3, 57% female) completed neuropsychological evaluations at an outpatient clinic 6.4 ± 3.6 months before and 6.7 ± 1.9 months after DBS placement within the ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus (71% left-sided). Wilcoxon signed rank tests were used to identify differences in performance using absolute change versus reliable change scores. Results There were no significant absolute differences between pre- and post-surgery scores on tests of attention, processing speed, executive function, object naming, verbal fluency, or learning and memory. By contrast, significant differences in reliable change scores from zero were identified on tests of phonemic fluency (p < .001), semantic fluency (p = .05), and verbal learning (p = .005). Conclusions Analyses that used reliable change scores identified post-surgical declines that were not evident in traditional statistical comparisons. Results suggest that reliable change indices are useful tools for monitoring changes in neurocognitive functions that can occur following DBS and related neuromodulation treatments.

A new test of action verb naming: normative data from 290 Italian adults.

Verbs and nouns can be selectively impaired, suggesting that they are processed, at least in part, by distinct neural structures. While several tests of object naming are available, tasks involving action verb naming with normative data are lacking. We report the construction and standardization of a new test for the assessment of picture naming of actions. The test includes 50 stimuli, strictly controlled for several confounding variables. Normative data on 290 Italian subjects pooled across homogenous subgroups for age, sex, and education are reported. Multiple regression analyses revealed that age and education significantly correlated with the subject's score. In particular, increasing age negatively affected performance, while the performance increased with a higher education. In the clinical practice, the availability of equivalent scores will help the comparison with performance in the picture naming of objects. This test allows investigating action naming deficits in aphasic patients, in Parkinson's disease patients and in further neurodegenerative disorders, in which a specific impairment of action verbs is expected, filling a gap in the clinical neuropsychological assessment.

The Nonverbal Processing of Actions Is an Area of Relative Strength in the Semantic Variant of Primary Progressive Aphasia.

Purpose Better performance for actions compared to objects has been reported in the semantic variant of primary progressive aphasia (svPPA). This study investigated the influence of the assessment task (naming, semantic picture matching) over the dissociation between objects and actions. Method Ten individuals with svPPA and 17 matched controls completed object and action naming tests, and object and action semantic picture matching tests. Performance was compared between the svPPA and control groups, within the svPPA group, and for each participant with svPPA versus the control group individually. Results Compared to controls, participants with svPPA were impaired on object and action naming, and object and action semantic picture matching. As a group, participants with svPPA had an advantage for actions over objects and for semantic picture matching tests over naming tests. Eight participants had a better performance for actions compared to objects in naming, with three showing a significant difference. Nine participants had a better performance for actions compared to objects in semantic picture matching, with six showing a significant difference. For objects, semantic picture matching was better than naming in nine participants, with five showing a significant difference. For actions, semantic picture matching was better than naming in all 10 participants, with nine showing a significant difference. Conclusion The nonverbal processing of actions, as assessed with a semantic picture matching test, is an area of relative strength in svPPA. Clinical implications for assessment planning and interpretation and theoretical implications for current models of semantic cognition are discussed.

The Role of Language Severity and Education in Explaining Performance on Object and Action Naming in Primary Progressive Aphasia.

Despite the common assumption that atrophy in a certain brain area would compromise the function that it subserves, this is not always the case, especially in complex clinical syndromes such as primary progressive aphasia (PPA). Clinical and demographic information may contribute to PPA phenotypes and explain the manifested impairments better than atrophy. In the present study, we asked how much variance of the object and action naming impairments observed in PPA may be attributed to atrophy in the language network alone vs. additional clinical and demographic factors including language severity and education. Thirty-nine participants with PPA underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for volumetric analysis and a complete neuropsychological examination, including standardized tests of object and action naming. We used stepwise regression models to compare atrophy (volumetric model) to clinical/demographic variables (clinical-demographic model) for naming objects and actions. The clinical-demographic model was the best-fit model that explained the largest amount of variance in both object and action naming. Brain volume measurements alone explained little variance in both object and action naming. Clinical factors, particularly language severity, and demographic factors, particularly education, need to be considered in conjunction with brain volumes in PPA. The present study emphasizes the complexity of PPA as a syndrome and provides an example of how volumetric, clinical and demographic factors may interact in determining naming performance/deterioration.

Breathe Easy, Speak Easy: Pulmonary Function and Language Performance in Aging

ABSTRACTBackground: This study explored the association between pulmonary function (PF) and older adults’ language performance accuracy. Study rationale was anchored in aging research reporting PF as a reliable risk factor affecting cognition among the elderly.Methods: 180 adult English native speakers aged 55 to 84 years participated in the study. PF was measured through forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), and FEV1/FVC ratio (FFR). Language performance was assessed with an action naming test and an object naming test, and two tests of sentence comprehension, one manipulating syntactic complexity and the other, semantic negation. Greater PF was predicted to be positively associated with all tasks.Results: Unadjusted models revealed FVC and FEV1 effects on language performance among older adults. Participants with higher FVC showed better naming on both tasks and those with higher FEV1 had better object naming only. In covariate-adjusted models, only a positive FVC-object naming association remained.Conclusion: Findings were discussed in terms of brain oxygenation mechanisms, whereby good PF may implicate efficient oxygenation, supporting neurotransmitter metabolism that protects against neural effects of cerebrovascular risk. Effects on object naming were linked to putative differential oxygenation demands across language tasks.

Neurocognitive functioning in patients with glioma of the left and right temporal lobes

Patients with glioma frequently suffer from deficits of neurocognitive functioning (NCF), though few studies have assessed NCF in localized glioma patients prior to surgery. One hundred and three patients (M age=52.0; M education=14.6years) with histologically confirmed glioma in the right (RTL: n=30; 57% glioblastoma) or left temporal lobe (LTL: n=73; 49% glioblastoma) completed presurgical neuropsychological assessment. Impairment of NCF was identified in 75% of all patients. Notably, patients with RTL glioma were most frequently impaired on measures of verbal memory and executive functioning, and at similar rates as the LTL group. Nonetheless, χ(2) tests revealed that impairment rates were significantly higher in the LTL group on attention and object naming tests (p≤.05). Independent-samples t-tests revealed that mean performances of patients with LTL glioma were also significantly below RTL patients on measures of attention (p=.01), verbal learning and memory (p=.05), and language (p<.03). A trend was observed in which anterior LTL tumors were associated with reduced verbal learning and medial LTL lesions with delayed recall problems, though patients with lesions involving multiple LTL regions exhibited the greatest difficulty across all verbal memory measures. Significant group differences in NCF performances remained so after controlling for FLAIR volume and tumor histology. These findings indicate that temporal lobe glioma frequently present with impaired NCF, though impairments are often milder in RTL compared to LTL patients. Nonetheless, the relatively frequent verbal memory impairment in the RTL group underscores the bilaterality of verbal memory processes.

NC-02 * IMPROVEMENTS IN NEUROCOGNITIVE FUNCTIONS AND QUALITY OF LIFE IN PATIENTS WITH GLIOMAS AFTER AWAKE CRANIOTOMY

OBJECTIVES: Neurocognitive deficit is the most common sequela in patient with gliomas underwent craniotomy. Such symptom might impact their quality of life (QoL). Awake surgery (AC) not only maximizes the extent of resection, but also preserve important neurological function, particular in speech. However, little is known regarding the changes of other neurocognitive functions and its effect on QoL after AC. This study was to investigate the changes of neurocognitive functions in acute (7 days after surgery) and subacute stage (3 months after surgery), and to examine the relationship between neurocognitive functions and QoL in patients with gliomas underwent AC. METHODS: Nine patients with gliomas occupied near eloquent area in left hemisphere received AC. Neuropsychological functions including executive function, memory, language and information processing were evaluated at pre-operation (T1), 7 days (T2) and 3 months (T3) after surgery. WHOQOL-BREF was used to assess QoL at the same time points. RESULTS: No significant difference was found in either measurement of neurocognitive function between T1 and T2. However, the scores of Trail-Making Test-A, Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB), and Sentence Repetition Test (SR) were significant improvement at T3 compared to T1. The Mini-Mental State Examination, FAB and SR significantly improved at T3 compared with T2. In terms of QoL, the performance on the Object Naming Test T1 was significantly associated with QoL in the social domain at T2, and the score of Confrontation Visual Naming Test at T2 related to QoL in the physiological, psychological, and environmental domains at T3. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the improvements in specific neurocognitive functions, especially language and executive functions during acute stage. Specific core linguistic function is associated with QoL after AC. A larger sample size is required for future study.

The Anticipatory Proportion as an Indicator of Language Impairment in Early-Stage Cognitive Disorder in the Elderly

Background: The anticipatory proportion (AP), the ratio between perseverative and anticipatory speech errors, is reduced in patients with brain injury. However, it is unknown whether the AP is also reduced in elderly speakers with cognitive impairment. Methods: 20 elderly speakers with a Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) score of 25-27 and 20 elderly speakers with an MMSE score of 28-30 were assessed using a tongue-twister-based speech test, the Regensburg Word Fluency Test (RWT) and an object naming test. Results: The AP in the group of speakers with an MMSE score of 25-27 was significantly lower. Accordingly, the AP and scores in the RWT and the object naming test were higher in persons with an MMSE score of 28-30. Conclusion: Language alterations in mild cognitive dysfunction are detectable with the AP. Further longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate the predictive value of the AP.

Working Memory Tasks in Relation to Phonological Processes of Arab Dyslexics in the State of Kuwait

The current study investigated the relationship between the working memory tasks and the phonological processes of Arab dyslexics in the primary stage in the State of Kuwait. The researchers used the descriptive research design. The sample of the study consists of 500 pupils (250 males and 250 females), their ages range from (9.05 ± 0.49) years old. The researchers used the working memory scale, the phonological awareness scale and the dyslexia examination scale. Findings of the study revealed that there is a negative correlation between Rapid Object Naming Test and both Forward Spatial Span Test and Backward Digit Recall Test. Also, there is a negative correlation between Backward Digit Recall Test and Rapid Letter Naming Test. Results also show that there is no correlation between some phonological processes (Syllables &Sound Deletion Test, Non-Word Repetition Test, and Non-Word Reading Accuracy Test) and the working memory tasks. It is shown that male pupils were slower than their female counterparts in the Rapid Object Naming Test and the Rapid Letter Naming Test. In addition, male pupils better performed in the Syllables & Sound Deletion Test, Non-Word Repetition Test, Non-Word Reading Accuracy Test, Forward Spatial Span Test and Backward Spatial Span Test tasks, Forward Digit Recall Test and Backward Digit Recall Test. It is also revealed that there is no significant difference between males and females in the tests of Sentence Repetition Test and Listening Span Test. With regard to nationality, it is revealed that there are significant differences between Kuwaiti and non-Kuwaiti pupils in the Syllables & Sound Deletion Test, Non-Word Repetition Test, Non-Word Reading Accuracy Test, Sentence Repetition Test and Forward Digit Recall Test in favor of non-Kuwaiti pupils. It is also revealed that there is no significant difference between males and females in the tests of Sentence Repetition Test and Listening Span Test. In addition, it is revealed that the performance of Kuwaiti pupils is slower than that of their non-Kuwaiti counterparts in the tests of Rapid Object Naming, Rapid Letter Naming. Whereas, no significant differences were detected regarding to nationality variable in the Forward Spatial Span Test, Backward Spatial Span Test and Backward Digit Recall Test.

Multiple, correlated covariates associated with differential item functioning (DIF): Accounting for language DIF when education levels differ across languages

Differential item functioning (DIF) occurs when a test item has different statistical properties in subgroups, controlling for the underlying ability measured by the test. DIF assessment is necessary when evaluating measurement bias in tests used across different language groups. However, other factors such as educational attainment can differ across language groups, and DIF due to these other factors may also exist. How to conduct DIF analyses in the presence of multiple, correlated factors remains largely unexplored. This study assessed DIF related to Spanish versus English language in a 44-item object naming test. Data come from a community-based sample of 1,755 Spanish- and English-speaking older adults. We compared simultaneous accounting, a new strategy for handling differences in educational attainment across language groups, with existing methods. Compared to other methods, simultaneously accounting for language- and education-related DIF yielded salient differences in some object naming scores, particularly for Spanish speakers with at least 9 years of education. Accounting for factors that vary across language groups can be important when assessing language DIF. The use of simultaneous accounting will be relevant to other cross-cultural studies in cognition and in other fields, including health-related quality of life.

Emergence and progression of ‘non-semantic’ deficits in semantic dementia

Although semantic dementia (SD) is defined as a selective disruption of conceptual knowledge, a number of group studies have now demonstrated that SD patients also show impaired performance on tasks not usually considered to have a high semantic load (e.g., reading words aloud and lexical or object decision). The aim of the current study was to document the relative deterioration, over time, of a number of semantic and so-called ‘non-semantic’ tasks in LF, a single case of SD for whom – by virtue of his work as a published cartoonist – we also have extensive data regarding his pre-morbid linguistic and drawing skills. In five testing rounds over a period of five years we administered semantic tests of object naming and object definition (on both of which LF was progressively impaired, as expected for a diagnosis of SD), plus verbal and non-verbal ‘non-semantic’ tasks of reading aloud, spelling, object and lexical decision, and delayed copy drawing. Initially, his only striking ‘non-semantic’ deficit was in the domain of spelling – a pronounced surface dysgraphia in an individual with demonstrably superior pre-morbid spelling skill. Over time, and in line with his declining semantic system, LF's performance gradually deteriorated on all of the ‘non-semantic’ tasks. The most vulnerable items on most tasks were those with low frequency and an atypical form. This report adds to the growing body of evidence that a number of cognitive processes not usually considered to be ‘semantic’ in their demands rely on the integrity of semantic knowledge for successful execution. Furthermore, it provides the first indication that these non-semantic deficits might emerge in an order predictable from the typicality structure of the relevant domain.

Visuelle Objektbenennungsstörungen in der neuropsychologischen Diagnostik und chirurgischen Therapie bei Temporallappenepilepsie

Die visuelle Objektbenennung ist ein konstruktiver Verarbeitungsprozess im Gehirn, bei dem externe Informationen sowie intern gespeichertes Wissen uber Form- und Bedeutungsmerkmale von Objekten zusammengefuhrt werden. Klinische und kognitionspsychologische Studien zeigen eine spezifische Beteiligung des linken Temporallappens an der zielgerichteten sprachlichen Klassifikation von Objekten. Es wird vermutet, dass Benennstorungen bei linkstemporalen Schadigungen durch Fehlfunktionen in der wissensgesteuerten, semantischen Verarbeitung komplexer visueller Objektreprasentationen resultieren. Storungen der Objektbenennung stellen ein wichtiges Begleitsymptom bei Epilepsien im linken Temporallappen (LTE) dar. Neben praoperativen Defiziten, die primar mit der Lokalisation des epileptischen Fokus in der sprachdominanten Hemisphare zusammenhangen, resultieren funktionelle Verschlechterungen vor allem durch linkstemporale epilepsiechirurgische Eingriffe. Risiken betreffen jedoch nicht alle Patienten gleichermasen, sondern werden in besonderer Weise durch epilepsiespezifische Faktoren bestimmt.

Suggestive Evidence for an Involvement of the Right Hemisphere in the Recovery from Childhood Aphasia: A 3-Year Follow-Up Case Study

We describe the case of an 11-year-old, previously healthy, pre-puberal, right-handed girl with acquired aphasia following an extensive cerebral hemorrhage into a left hemisphere brain tumor. A 3-year follow-up evaluation of the girl's communicative performance showed an incomplete recovery of linguistic abilities with a good recovery of comprehensive components, but persisting severe impairment in expressive language. At the end of the follow-up period, with the aim of assessing the lateralization of some linguistic abilities, we carried out an experimental investigation using tachistoscopic reading and object naming tests along with a dichotic listening test. All these tests showed a clear left field/left ear—right hemisphere advantage. We discuss both clinical and experimental results with regard to implications for the linguistic abilities of the right hemisphere in late versus early childhood and its interaction with aetiology in the recovery from acquired childhood aphasia. We wish to thank P. for her unwavering patience throughout testing, and M. Veronese for his help with preparing the experimental stimuli and the figures. The financial contribution of the Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca is also gratefully acknowledged.

P3-064: The importance of education in accounting for differential item functioning related to language for an object naming test

P3-064: The importance of education in accounting for differential item functioning related to language for an object naming test