Object Marker Research Articles

Douwa/Douwen/Douwens

Abstract In the Old West Frisian charters, weak personal names quite often feature the ending -en in both dative and accusative contexts. In this article, it is shown that the data do not indicate that this foreign (Middle Low German or Middle Dutch) case ending is intruding upon the original weak case ending -a in Late Old West Frisian. Therefore, the initial hypothesis is that -en might function as a kind of differential object marker, just like the ending -en with personal names in modern Mainland North Frisian. Since -en is limited to the formal, written language of the charters, however, one is drawn to the conclusion that the ending indeed serves the purpose of object marking, but purely as a notorial convention.

The Dative Markers and Their Developments in Hunan Sinitic Languages

This study is based on a sample of 30 Sinitic languages spoken in the Hunan Province. Its first objective is to explore the types of dative markers, comparing the form of the dative with allative, passive, benefactive, and differential object markers in these languages. Five patterns are identified: (I) DAT = ALL (II) DAT = GIVE = OM ≠ PASS; (III) DAT = GIVE = OM = PASS; (VI) DAT = GIVE = PASS ≠ OM; (V) DAT = BEN. Then, we reveal three main possible grammaticalization pathways that motivate the five synchronic patterns: (a) Allative > Dative; (b) (TAKE >) GIVE > Dative; (c) Benefactive > Dative. It concerns two distinct developments for the second pathway. Based on the areal distribution of the various types of dative markers, we can observe how the dative markers are developed in Hunan Sinitic languages.

Automatic Marker Generation to Similarity Based Region Merging Algorithm using Edge Information

One of the most important tasks in computer vision is image segmentation. Several interactive strategies are utilized for picture segmentation because automated techniques are difficult for this kind of work. The outcome of interactive methods is mostly determined by user input. Obtaining excellent interactions for huge datasets is challenging. However, automated picture segmentation is starting to play a significant role in image analysis and computer vision. Effective and efficient segmentation outcomes are obtained using the interacting region merging method suggested by Maximal Similarity based region merging algorithm. Limitation of MSBRM is it requires some efforts on the part of users and is yet not a fully-automatic approach. Here, we suggest a completely fresh unsupervised image segmentation method that combines edge information with MSBRM. We propose an integrated framework to generate object markers for similarity based region algorithm using edge information. Long edges give rough distribution of objects in image. After retrieving edges using phase congruency, edge processing operations are employed to remove small edges and to group color similar long boundaries. Centroids of long boundaries are used as object markers to the MSBRM algorithm. The generation of object markers is done using edge segment grouping. These object markers guide the region merging process. The proposed method shows its effectiveness in segmenting natural real world color images.

The Differential Object Marker in Valencian: Another Failure of Prescriptivism

A rich tradition of studies on languages with differential object marking (DOM) is available in the literature. Languages like Spanish or Romanian are frequently cited in discussions about DOM, but Valencian is seldom mentioned in this context. This oversight may stem from a lack of familiarity with the Valencian language and an over-reliance on guidelines set by textbooks and official prescriptive grammars—in the case of Valencian, by the Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua—which drafts the linguistic regulations of the Valencian language. This study aimed to analyze the usage of the DOM in Valencian and explore the social variables that help explain this usage (sex, age, and education). To achieve this goal, Spanish–Valencian bilingual participants completed an oral production task to evaluate their use of DOM in Valencian. Statistical analysis revealed that Valencian is a DOM language that marks direct objects that refer to humans and definite entities. These results point to the linguistic ideologies in Valencia that attempt to artificially create linguistic differentiation between Valencian and Spanish, the co-official languages in the region. Furthermore, the results emphasize the limitations of top-down prescriptive policies in modifying vernacular linguistic varieties.

On the Acquisition of Differential Object Marking in Child Heritage Spanish: Bilingual Education, Exposure, and Age Effects (In Memory of Phoebe Search)

Studies on school-aged children have been infrequent in research on Spanish as a heritage language. The present study explored how dual-language immersion education, patterns of heritage language use, proficiency, and age shape child Spanish heritage speakers’ production and selection of differential object marking (DOM). A total of 57 English–Spanish bilingual children and 18 Spanish-dominant adults completed sentence completion and morphology selection tasks. Results revealed that the group of heritage speaker children that produced and selected the differential object marker most frequently was the seventh and eighth grade children (ages 12–14, the oldest in the study) who had completed a dual-language immersion program. Different factors accounted for variability in each task: bilingual education and proficiency affected the production of DOM, while age affected selection. Heritage speakers selected DOM more frequently than they produced this structure. These findings have implications for theories of heritage language acquisition that emphasizes that language experience and exposure account for differences between heritage speakers and argue for the dissociation of production from underlying syntactic knowledge. The data also argue that heritage speakers may possess a bilingual alignment for DOM, whereby underlying receptive knowledge is modulated by cumulative exposure, while production depends more on bilingual education and proficiency in Spanish.

Influence of Morphophonological Processes on the Verbal Structure of the Mambwe Language

Mambwe language is said to be from the ancestor language, the Fipa in Southern Tanzania. Guthrie (1948) classifies the Mambwe language as M15. This article aims to contribute to describing the verbal structure of Mambwe focusing on the influence of morphophonological processes. Using insights from comparative Bantu morphophonology, descriptive linguistics, elicitation, and direct observation data, the article outlines the prominent morphophonological processes which have an influence on the verbal structure of the language, which include; vowel lengthening, gliding, glide harmony, vowel hiatus, vowel and consonant harmony, vowel deletion, vowel maintenance, assimilation, internal change or zero modification and coalescence. The paper shows that the verbal structure in the prefix, subject, and object marker, and the root is influenced by either the palatal glide [y] or the bilabial glide [w] in the plural, glide maintenance, or glide interchange to harmonise the verbs. It is envisaged such a descriptive analysis will make it easier for curriculum developers to understand the verbal structure of the language and enable them to develop grammar as well as curriculum material.

Aplikasi Media Pembelajaran IPA Untuk MI Berbasis Augmented Reality

MI Darul Huda is one of the Islamic elementary schools iAn the Jabon District, Sidoarjo Regency. The learning process still uses books and 2-dimensional pictures. Therefore, supporting facilities and infrastructure are needed, educational media is one example of learning media that facilitates students in the interactive learning process so that students are not bored and students can see real 3D objects. Increase student interest in the learning process using augmented reality technology. Augmented reality (AR) scientific-based educational media application was developed for Michigan International University to assist student learning. The Multimedia Design and Development Life Cycle (MDLC) is a 6 stage process (concept, design, materials assembly, assembly, testing, distribution), used in this approach or study. Using markers, augmented reality science learning media applications can provide three-dimensional visuals of object markers. The research and testing all led to the conclusion that Android serves as a viable platform for using Augmented Reality as a scientific education tool. AR successfully displays 3D objects based on marker objects, features are able to run according to functions and information on science subject matter can be understood. The best results in displaying objects are from a distance of 10-15 cm with standard light conditions

From oblique to core case in the Southern Min languages

Abstract This study sets out to discuss the evolution from oblique to core case as a manifestation of overtly-marked nominative-accusative alignment in Sinitic languages. This is due to the emergence of a type of ‘optional’ marking on preverbal direct objects in a construction type that has become widespread in Sinitic (Chappell & Verstraete 2019). In particular, I examine spoken discourse data from Taiwanese Southern Min whose comitative preposition, ka7 , has grammaticalized into an optional object marker. It is argued that this marker is undergoing morphologization into a direct object index (doi) on the main verb in the predicate, subsequent to the omission of the resumptive pronoun it governs. The new index takes over this function of cross-referencing the lexical direct object, typically located in the immediately preceding discourse, if not in clause-initial position. In an epilogue, I also briefly treat the evolution of local cases such as the allative and the perlative to optional object markers in the Southern Min languages of Shantou and Jieyang, situated in Guangdong Province, China. Both of these are extremely rare sources in the Sinitic family, yet common in Tibeto-Burman and Romance languages. The approach adopted is in harmony with recent diachronic studies which target source morphosyntax in order to explain the emergence of a variety of synchronic patterns, all bearing similar discourse and grammatical functions (Cristofaro & Zúñiga 2018).

Object Person Marking in two under-represented Spanish dialects of Mexico

This paper is about a clitic-like form lo that appears in two under-studied dialects of Mexico in the context of transitive clauses. The distribution of this clitic-like form in these dialects is at odds with Standard Mexican Spanish which does not allow it in the same context. This clitic-like form resembles the singular, masculine, accusative object clitic of Standard Spanish, but it differs in that it does not show the agreement pattern expected for object clitics. In this paper we argue that this clitic-like form is better understood as an object marker that is triggered by the lack of a positive [Participant] feature in the direct object as part of the extended projection of the Object-DP. We also propose that this marking strategy is not the result of linguistic transfer or interaction with a different language, but rather a possible development within the grammar of Spanish. This marking strategy is, in fact, an inherent strategy of Spanish, but it gets blocked by normative pressure. The fact that this strategy flourishes in dialects apart from normative/academic contexts could be an indicator that the explanation we offer is on the right track.

Numerical Computation-Based Position Estimation for QR Code Object Marker: Mathematical Model and Simulation

Providing position and orientation estimations from a two-dimensional (2D) image is challenging, as such images lack depth information between the target and the automation system. This paper proposes a numerical-based monocular positioning method to determine the position and orientation of a single quick response (QR) code object marker. The three-dimensional (3D) positional information can be extracted from the underdetermined system using the QR code’s four vertices as positioning points. This method uses the fundamental principles of the pinhole imaging theory and similar triangular rules to correspond the QR code’s corner points in a 3D environment to the 2D image. The numerical-based model developed with suitable guessing parameters and correct updating rules successfully determines the QR code marker’s position. At the same time, an inversed rotation matrix determines the QR code marker’s orientation. Then, the MATLAB platform simulates the proposed positioning model to identify the maximum rotation angles detectable at various locations using a single QR code image with the known QR code’s size and the camera’s focal length. The simulation results show that the proposed numerical model can measure the position and orientation of the tilted QR code marker within 30 iterations with great accuracy. Additionally, it can achieve no more than a two-degree angle calculation error and less than a five millimeter distance difference. Overall, more than 77.28% of the coordinate plane simulated shows a converged result. The simulation results are verified using the input value, and the method is also capable of experimental verification using a monocular camera system and QR code as the landmark.

Smartphone Distance Measurement Application Using Image Processing Methods

This study introduces a new method to measure the distance of an object from an observer location using image processing methods by utilizing smartphone camera technology. This study involved the development of an application for distance measurement where users can measure the distance of an object using their smartphone. For this study, the basic image processing method was used to determine the proportional width of the object marker which then be used to derive the distance to the object. The application has been successfully developed where the distance from the smartphone to the object marker can be obtained with an accuracy of +/-0.05 meters for distances of less than 3 meters. However, further research needs to be conducted to enhance the application modules for better distance measurement accuracy. This study indicated that the development of smartphone applications using image processing methods has great potential to be applied in various distance measurement applications in the near future, especially in data collection activities for the production of small-scale topographic maps or for land surveying applications.

Biological Image Segmentation Using Region-Scalable Fitting Energy with B-Spline Level Set Implementation and Watershed

ObjectivesImage segmentation plays an important role in the analysis and understanding of the cellular process. However, this task becomes difficult when there is intensity inhomogeneity between regions, and it is more challenging in the presence of the noise and clustered cells. The goal of the paper is propose an image segmentation framework that tackles the above cited problems. Material and methodsA new method composed of two steps is proposed: First, segment the image using B-spline level set with Region-Scalable Fitting (RSF) active contour model, second apply the Watershed algorithm based on new object markers to refine the segmentation and separate clustered cells. The major contributions of the paper are: 1) Use of a continuous formulation of the level set in the B-spline basis, 2) Develop the energy function and its derivative by introducing the RSF model to deal with intensity inhomogeneity, 3) For the Watershed, propose a relevant choice of markers that considers the cell properties. ResultsExperimental results are performed on widely used synthetic images, in addition to simulated and real biological images, without and with additive noise. They attest the high quality of segmentation of the proposed method in terms of quantitative and qualitative evaluation. ConclusionThe proposed method is able to tackle many difficulties at the same time: overlapped intensities, noise, different cell sizes and clustered cells. It provides an efficient tool for image segmentation especially biological ones.

Representament and Object (RO) Marking Iconicity Relationship in Wardah Cosmetics Commercial TV Advertising

This study aims to examine the relationship between representament and object iconicity in Wardah's cosmetic commercial television commercials, which include shampoo, BB cream, mascara, lipstick, and social activities. Wardah cosmetic commercial television commercials attempt to construct consumers using the concept of “Beauty from the heart”. Meanwhile, the beauty of cosmetic users is always visible physically. Thus, it cannot be proven to be real beauty from the heart when someone uses cosmetics. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method to analyze data in the form of verbal and nonverbal text. The researcher uses Charles Sander Peirce's semiotic theory which divides the signs according to the relationship between the representament (sign) and its object (marker) into icons, indexes, and symbols. The results of this study indicate that beauty can be classified into two categories, namely physical beauty and psychological beauty. Physical beauty relates to the body and the head. There are four parts of the head which are icons of beauty for a young woman: 1) the hair, 2) the facial skin, 3) the eyes, and 4) the lips. Meanwhile, psychological beauty is a beauty from the heart that is manifested in the form of attitudes during social activities. In addition, young women as users of Wardah cosmetics are represented by the use of youthful vocabulary and language typical of the millennial generation.

FOODSCAPE MINEIRA, UAI! REPRESENTAÇÕES DO CHIQUE NA SOFISTICAÇÃO DO CAIPIRA

From the dialogue between food, typical regional cuisine and the use of social media by restaurants, this article promotes a reflection on the constitution of the mediatized foodscape of Minas Gerais. The foodscape concept is used to explore the spaces, food practices and material realities that reveal the analyzed food culture. Food is understood as a material object and identity marker that is mobilized by social media, interfering with food choices. This research aims to understand how representations of Minas Gerais cuisine, mobilized by Minas Gerais restaurants on Instagram®, make up the mediatized Minas Gerais food landscape. We used a documentary research on Instagram® in order to identify how restaurant posts represent Minas Gerais food. The results point to a food landscape that suggests a culturally more complex reading about the fluidity of representations and their tensions in combining local tradition and the sophistication of international cuisines.

Methods and Means for Small Dynamic Objects Recognition and Tracking

A literature analysis has shown that object search, recognition, and tracking systems are becoming increasingly popular. However, such systems do not achieve high practical results in analyzing small moving living objects ranging from 8 to 14 mm. This article examines methods and tools for recognizing and tracking the class of small moving objects, such as ants. To fulfill those aims, a customized You Only Look Once Ants Recognition (YOLO_AR) Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) has been trained to recognize Messor Structor ants in the laboratory using the LabelImg object marker tool. The proposed model is an extension of the You Only Look Once v4 (Yolov4) 512 × 512 model with an additional Self Regularized Non–Monotonic (Mish) activation function. Additionally, the scalable solution for continuous object recognizing and tracking was implemented. This solution is based on the OpenDatacam system, with extended Object Tracking modules that allow for tracking and counting objects that have crossed the custom boundary line. During the study, the methods of the alignment algorithm for finding the trajectory of moving objects were modified. I discovered that the Hungarian algorithm showed better results in tracking small objects than the K–D dimensional tree (k-d tree) matching algorithm used in OpenDataCam. Remarkably, such an algorithm showed better results with the implemented YOLO_AR model due to the lack of False Positives (FP). Therefore, I provided a new tracker module with a Hungarian matching algorithm verified on the Multiple Object Tracking (MOT) benchmark. Furthermore, additional customization parameters for object recognition and tracking results parsing and filtering were added, like boundary angle threshold (BAT) and past frames trajectory prediction (PFTP). Experimental tests confirmed the results of the study on a mobile device. During the experiment, parameters such as the quality of recognition and tracking of moving objects, the PFTP and BAT, and the configuration parameters of the neural network and boundary line model were analyzed. The results showed an increased tracking accuracy with the proposed methods by 50%. The study results confirmed the relevance of the topic and the effectiveness of the implemented methods and tools.

Aspects of negation in Makaa (A83)

Polarity is a topic that has attracted much attention in semantics but as well in language typology regarding the syntactic and morphological realisations of negation. This paper studies negation in Makaa (A83) following two major perspectives. First, typologically, it examines the system of Makaa negation against the backdrop of polarity theory and second, from a (comparative) Bantu perspective, it examines the system of Makaa negation against the backdrop of other Bantu languages; including grammaticalization. Makaa negation displays divergent and very complex negation patterns studied under the contrast standard vs. non-standard negation. Concerning the origin of negators in Makaa, it is argued that Makaa negators might derive from grammaticalized verbs, the 3SG personal pronoun, possessive adjectives or object marker, and locative pronouns. Others are probably old negation particles.

Differential Object Marking in Modern Hebrew: Definiteness and partitivity

This paper investigates the phenomenon of differential object marking (DOM) currently exhibited in Modern Hebrew. The consensus in the theoretical literature on Hebrew has been that the object marker et is only licensed in the context of definite DPs. We observe, however, that in Modern Hebrew partitive nominals may also be preceded by et. Using a judgment task, we asked 41 native Hebrew-speaking adults to rate sentences with et-marked partitive object DPs on a 5-point acceptability scale.Our results reveal that partitive items received a considerably high acceptance score, with an overall average of 3.6/5. In addition, we found a main effect for object-position and quantifier-type. In particular, acceptability of et-marked partitives increased significantly for preposed DPs and for DPs that contained proportional quantifiers (as opposed to cardinals).The optional acceptability of et-marked partitives ostensibly challenges the generally accepted view, according to which the distribution of et is categorically determined based on the two-way +/–definiteness opposition. We put forth a formal syntactic analysis that reconciles our findings with the definiteness approach.

Presence or Absence of the Object Marker “Râ” in the Speech of Aphasic Patients With Agrammatic Broca’s Aphasia

Introduction: The aims and the importance of the study: Regarding the importance of the object marker “râ” as one of the components of Persian sentences and its little investigation in aphasic Persian speakers, we decided to study its usage in the speech of aphasic patients with agrammatic Broca’s aphasia to know whether aphasic Persian speakers use “râ” in comparison to normal Persian speakers. The agrammatic aphasics are known for not using function words (like the object marker “râ”). Materials and Methods: In this experimental-descriptive study, two groups were employed. In the first group, six Persian children with Broca’s aphasia participated as the experimental group. The general linguistic capabilities of these patients were evaluated with the Persian aphasic test by speech therapy specialists. In the second group, six Persian-speaking normal persons participated as the control group. Two similar tests were administered to the aphasic and control groups, inspired by Caplan et al. 's test, to know whether they use “râ”. As there was a difference between the two groups, 1-way ANOVA was utilized to see if this difference was statistically significant. To analyze linguistic data, the approaches of Garman, Saffran, Kolk, Friedman, and Dolfić and Fabijanić were applied. Results: While the control group produced “râ” in all cases, the aphasic group never used it. Conclusion: It seems that using content words (like “nouns and verbs”) may be more vital than using function words (like “râ”).

On a possible convergence area in Northern China

Abstract The received view that the differences among Sinitic languages are mostly limited to their phonology and, to a lesser extent, to the lexicon (Chao 1968), has been challenged in recent years, with plenty of studies showing that Chinese ‘dialects’ are, indeed, diverse at all levels, including morphology and (morpho-)syntax (see Chappell 2015a for an overview). Some major differences within the Sinitic branch follow areal patterns, in which contact is often claimed to play a crucial role. In our contribution, we would like to propose that there is an area within Northern China, spread over the Shanxi, Henan, Hebei, and Shandong provinces, in which we find Sinitic languages possessing some features not seen (or, at least, uncommon) elsewhere. These include: 1. reduced/nonconcatenative morphology (see Arcodia 2013, 2015; Lamarre 2015); 2. object markers based on speech act verbs (see Chappell 2013); and 3. structural particles with an l-initial (see Chen A. 2013, a.o.). Based on our own survey of a sample of 96 dialects, we shall discuss the distribution of these features, as well as their possible origins.

Linguistic Variation in the Acquisition of Morphosyntax: Variable Object Marking in the Speech of Mexican Children and Their Caregivers

ABSTRACT Research in language development has only recently begun to focus on the inherent variability of language. Previous studies have explored at what age children begin to produce variable linguistic forms and how these forms progress through development. While children produce adult-like variation early on, some variable forms take longer to acquire than others do. The current study builds on this previous research using naturalistic corpus data to compare variable differential object marking in the speech of Spanish-speaking children and their caregivers. While previous studies of adult speech have highlighted the variable use of the accusative object marker a, the variable distribution of the a-marker has been largely overlooked in studies of child Spanish. Our results show that preschool-age children use the same linguistic constraints as their caregivers when producing direct objects. We also found that younger children show different patterns of a-marking compared to older children and caregivers. These patterns suggest that the developmental trajectory of individual linguistic constraints depends on the distribution of variable contexts in the child’s input. Our findings highlight the importance of examining caregivers’ use of variable forms alongside children’s productions in language acquisition research.