NZ Ltd Research Articles

A preliminary study of the effects of the number of consecutive days of training and days off on foal recall

It is critically important that early foal handling and training takes into account foals cognitive abilities and ability to cope with intense work without becoming overly aroused and fearful. Foals may experience days off during planned training programs due to owner/trainers circumstances and not as an intended part of the training schedule. Recent research has suggested that days off within training schedules may be beneficial to training outcomes. This study aimed to determine how the incorporation of days off during initial training influences foal learning outcomes. Twenty Thoroughbred foals underwent a 6-7 session training program. Foals were blocked by age (< or >8 weeks) and randomly allocated to either training condition A (trained for 2 consecutive days followed by a rest day, 2 more training days, rest day, finishing with up to 3 more consecutive training days) or training condition B (trained for 4 consecutive days, 2 rest days, finishing with up to 3 more consecutive training days). Qualified Foal NZ Ltd trainers used negative reinforcement to train foals to ‘Go’ (cranial pressure on the halter until foal steps forward) and ‘Stop’ (caudal pressure until the foal stops) from first, the left and second, the right side. Session length was determined by progress made and did not exceed 25 minutes. Training success was assessed by number of signals required (recall) for the foal to perform the task in the next training day. Biting behaviors exhibited by foals were instantaneously recorded during training sessions. Recall data for all tasks were non-parametric (left ‘Go’ Anderson Darling = 6.32; ‘Stop’ Anderson Darling = 2.89; right ‘Go’ Anderson Darling = 4.24; and ‘Stop’ Anderson Darling =6.10; all P < 0.005). Foals’ recall of any of the tasks did not differ according to whether they were trained with 2 non-sequential days break (training condition A) or 2 consecutive days break (training condition B) for either younger or older foals (all Mann-Whitney U, P > 0.05). Younger foals (<8 weeks) trained using condition B showed significantly more biting (median = 7; range 0-9) in session 4 than those trained using condition A (median = 0; W = 36; P < 0.05); however, this difference disappeared by session 5 (median = 0; W = 46; P > 0.05). On the basis of the findings of this study, it is recommended that young foal initial training programs incorporate a day off within the first 4 days in order to decrease the development and occurrence of adverse behaviors such as biting.

Geomagnetically Induced Current Model Validation From New Zealand's South Island

AbstractGeomagnetically induced currents (GICs) during a space weather event have previously caused transformer damage in New Zealand. During the 2015 St. Patrick's Day Storm, Transpower NZ Ltd has reliable GIC measurements at 23 different transformers across New Zealand's South Island. These observed GICs show large variability, spatially and within a substation. We compare these GICs with those calculated from a modeled geolectric field using a network model of the transmission network with industry‐provided line, earthing, and transformer resistances. We calculate the modeled geoelectric field from the spectra of magnetic field variations interpolated from measurements during this storm and ground conductance using a thin‐sheet model. Modeled and observed GIC spectra are similar, and coherence exceeds the 95% confidence threshold, for most valid frequencies at 18 of the 23 transformers. Sensitivity analysis shows that modeled GICs are most sensitive to variation in magnetic field input, followed by the variation in land conductivity. The assumption that transmission lines follow straight lines or getting the network resistances exactly right is less significant. Comparing modeled and measured GIC time series highlights that this modeling approach is useful for reconstructing the timing, duration, and relative magnitude of GIC peaks during sudden commencement and substorms. However, the model significantly underestimates the magnitude of these peaks, even for a transformer with good spectral match. This is because of the limited range of frequencies for which the thin‐sheet model is valid and severely limits the usefulness of this modeling approach for accurate prediction of peak GICs.

Insurance Law and the Principle of Indemnity in Light of Ridgecrest NZ Ltd v IAG New Zealand Ltd

When the Supreme Court discussed the principle of indemnity in Ridgecrest NZ Ltd v IAG New Zealand Ltd, it was referred to as "awkward" in the context of a replacement policy. The application of the indemnity principle in the case raises further questions about the nature of the principle in insurance contracts. It is submitted that the indemnity principle is currently enforceable not as a legal test nor as a policy-based presumption; rather, it is applicable mostly because it is presumed the parties intended it to apply. This conclusion draws on both consideration of the rationales and rules of, exceptions to, and law reform concerning the principle. It also draws on analysis of the principle in light of Ridgecrest and two other recent cases following the Christchurch earthquakes that deal with the principle of indemnity.

Isolation and characterisation of halo-tolerant Dunaliella strains from Lake Grassmere/Kapara Te Hau, New Zealand

Strains of the chlorophyte genus Dunaliella were isolated from Dominion Salt NZ Ltd evaporation ponds at Lake Grassmere/Kapara Te Hau, New Zealand. Five halo-tolerant groups were characterised using morphology, molecular phylogenetic analysis and physiological response to varying culture conditions. Species identification based on morphological characteristics of cell size, shape and flagella to cell length ratio was supported by molecular internal transcribed spacer one and two regions (ITS-1, ITS-2) and 5.8S ribosomal RNA gene sequences. Investigations into salinity and photostress response were performed using pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) fluorometry, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) quantification of pigment profiles with an emphasis on carotenoid production are presented. Cryo-preservation storage was successfully applied to all strains.

Flint Ink NZ Ltd v Huhtamaki Australia Pty Ltd and Another

Flint Ink NZ Ltd v Huhtamaki Australia Pty Ltd and Another

A comparison of two different ketamine and diazepam combinations with an alphaxalone and medetomidine combination for induction of anaesthesia in sheep

AIMS: To investigate the perceived adverse effects of a particular batch of ketamine during induction of anaesthesia in sheep and to assess if any adverse effects would make intubation more difficult for the veterinary students. METHODS: Thirty adult sheep (mean bodyweight 74.5 (SD 9.4) kg) were randomly assigned to one of six groups of five sheep. Sheep in Groups A and B received I/V 0.5 mg/kg diazepam and 10 mg/kg ketamine (Ketamine Injection; Parnell Laboratories NZ Ltd, of the suspect batch); those in Groups C and D received I/V 0.5 mg/kg diazepam and 10 mg/kg ketamine (Ketalar; Hospira NZ Ltd.), and those in Groups E and F received I/V 2 μg/kg medetomidine and 2 mg/kg alphaxalone. In Groups A, C and E, intubation was by an experienced anaesthetist, and in Groups B, D and F intubation was by a veterinary student. Time from injection to successful intubation, the ease of intubation, saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen (SpO2) and partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood (PaO2) were measured before the sheep were connected to an anaesthetic machine and allowed to breath oxygen. Times to extubation, holding its head up and standing, maximum and minimum heart rates, respiratory rates, maximal end tidal CO2, and the quality of recovery were then recorded. RESULTS: There were no measurable differences in outcomes between sheep in Groups A and B compared with C and D. Time to intubation was slightly shorter for the experienced anaesthetist than the student, but the difference was not significant. The sheep in Groups E and F took less time to recover than those in Groups A−D (p<0.05), but there were no significant differences between the groups in either the ease of induction or quality of recovery. Most sheep in Groups E and F showed minor excitatory effects, mainly at induction, which did not interfere with induction. Respiratory rates were lower in Groups E and F than Groups A−D (p<0.01), but SpO2 was higher in Groups E and F than A and B (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The clinical impression that the batch of Parnell ketamine produced unexpected effects was shown to be incorrect. All the combinations produced anaesthesia that allowed intubation by the veterinary student. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: All the drug combinations produced satisfactory anaesthesia in sheep, but the alphaxaloneand medetomidine combination resulted in faster recovery.

The Continuum: A New Approach to the Place of Tort in a Contractual Matrix

This paper discusses the approach that is taken in New Zealand to determining whether a tortious duty of care can exist across a contractual matrix. The two step approach adopted in the recent decision of the Court of Appeal in Rolls-Royce NZ Ltd v Carter Holt Harvey Ltd is fundamentally agreed with. A continuum is suggested for the balancing exercise in the tortious duty of care inquiry. This rationalises past cases and will hopefully provide guidance for future ones.

EFFECTS OF PLANTING DATE AND ENVIRONMENT ON THE CUT FLOWER PRODUCTION OF SANTONIA 'GOLDEN LIGHTS'

EFFECTS OF PLANTING DATE AND ENVIRONMENT ON THE CUT FLOWER PRODUCTION OF SANTONIA 'GOLDEN LIGHTS'

An optimal hydrothermal planning model for the New Zealand power system

The Stochastic Dual Dynamic Programming software is a mathematical programming model for medium and long term planning of generation and transmission systems. SDDP applies stochastic dynamic programming to a high dimensional problem which can not be solved by standard techniques. A recent study by Transpower NZ Ltd has successfully tested this model on the New Zealand power system. The requirements for a stochastic hydro-thermal optimization are described, the principles of the model are outlined, some results from a trial study are presented and possible applications are discussed.

Attorney-General v. Mobil Oil NZ Ltd

Arbitration — Stay of proceedings — Convention on the Settlement of Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States — Jurisdiction of domestic courts — Arbitration clause in contract between Government and company — Reference of matter to International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes — Whether domestic proceedings relate to matter over which proceedings brought pursuant to Convention — Dispute over effect of subsequently enacted legislation — Whether dispute arising under the terms of the agreement — Whether Court having residual discretion to take jurisdiction over matter — Whether Government bound by agreement to international arbitration — Arbitration (International Investment Disputes) Act 1979 — The law of New Zealand

A Vigorous Fermentation [Book Review

Review of: Quality Bakers of New Zealand: The First 25 Years, Susan Butterworth, Quality Bakers NZ Ltd, 1997, $49.95, 265 pp.

Elegance, Mystery, Autumnal Sadness [Book Review

Review of: Quality Bakers of New Zealand: The First 25 Years, Susan Butterworth, Quality Bakers NZ Ltd, 1997, $49.95, 265 pp.

Attorney—General v. Mobil Oil Nz Ltd

117Arbitration — Stay of procceedings — Jurisdiction of domestic courts Arbitration clause in contract between government and company Reference of matter to International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes — Whether domestic proceedings relate to matter over which arbitration proceedings brought — Agreement containing favourable rights of purchase — Dispute over effect of subsequently enacted legislation Whether dispute arising under the terms of the agreement — Whether Court having residual discretion to take jurisdiction over matter — Whether government bound by agreement to international arbitration — Arbitration (International Investment Disputes) Act, 1979— The law of New Zealand

Computer modelling of downwind sails

Abstract An investigation into the use of Computational Fluid Dynamics to model downwind sails has been carried out to determine its place in the design process. The finite volume software package CFDS-FLOW3D was used to model the flow around a spinnaker/mainsail combination. The sail shapes used were those designed by North Sails NZ Ltd for the Whitbread 60 yacht Winston. Both uniform flow and logarithmic flow with wind twist can be modelled using this method. The sails were modelled in a uniform flow at apparent wind angles from 70° to 180 at intervals of 10. Force coefficients were calculated at each interval to compare with wind tunnel data at 90 apparent. Sail trim was carried out by altering the spinnaker pole and boom angles. The differences between the computed and wind tunnel results were 15% for lift and 3% for drag. Comparisons between uniform and logarithmic flow show that the logarithmic flow resulted in a decrease in the force coefficients of approximately 30%. This is comparable with wind tunnel tests. Flow visualisation, using the software package SeeFD, was also carried out to gain an understanding of the resulting flow. This investigation has shown that CFD is a useful tool for the design of downwind sails.

Topically applied ivermectin andCooperiainfections in cattle

Abstract Extract I have read with some interest a recent report in this journal(1) that topically applied ivermectin (Ivomec Pour-On, MSD Agvet NZ Ltd) was found to be largely ineffective against Cooperiu infection in cattle.

Notice Techniques and Methods of Ethnobotany — as an Aid to the Study, Evaluation, Conservation, and Sustainable Use, of Biodiversity, by David R. Given & Warwick Harris. Commonwealth Secretariat Publications, Marlborough House, Pall Mall, London SW1Y 5HX, England, UK: 148 pp., £9.50 (or US $13 in UNESCO coupons), also Manaaki Whenua Press, Landcare Research NZ Ltd, PO Box 40, Lincoln

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Serological reactions againstLeptospira interrogansserovars in alpacas after vaccination

Abstract New Zealand Veterinary Journal 39, 32–3, 1991 In the past few years, increasing numbers of alpacas have been imported into New Zealand from South America, mainly Chile. The Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries brought a group of alpacas to Flock House Agricultural Centre in February 1990. As part of routine animal health procedures the alpaca were drenched with oral ivermectin (Ivomec oral solution for cattle, Merck, Sharpe and Dohme (NZ) Ltd) and vaccinated against clostridial diseases (Tasvax Covax 5, Coopers Animal Health NZ Ltd) and leptospirosis. A serological survey was undertaken to determine the response of the alpacas to leptospirosis vaccination.