Nutritional Value Of Soybean Meal Research Articles

Bromelain Immobilized onto Clay-Carboxymethylcellulose Composites for Improving Nutritive Value of Soybean Meal.

Improvement of nutritional value and reduction of antinutritional factors (ANFs) of soybean meal (SBM) for animal feed applications could be achieved by using bromelain immobilized onto bentonite (Bt)-carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) composites. The composite with mass ratio between CMC to calcium ion (Ca2+) at 1:20 provided the highest enzyme activity, immobilization yield higher than 95%, with superior thermal and storage stabilities. Performance of the immobilized bromelain for soybean protein hydrolysis was further studied. The results showed that at 60 °C, the immobilized bromelain exhibited the highest efficiency in enzymatic hydrolysis to release free alpha amino nitrogen (FAN) as a product with high selectivity and to effectively reduce SBM allergenic proteins within 30 min. In conclusion, immobilization of bromelain onto Bt-CMC composites leads to stability enhancement of the enzyme, enabling effective improvement in SBM quality in a short treatment time and showing great potential for application in animal feed industries.

Combined Effects of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Protease on the Fermentation Quality and Microbial Community during 50 Kg Soybean Meal Fermentation Simulating Actual Production Scale.

The improvement in the utilization rate and nutritional value of soybean meal (SBM) represents a significant challenge in the feed industry. This study conducted a 50 kg SBM fermentation based on the 300 g small-scale fermentation of SBM in early laboratory research, to explore the combined effects of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and acid protease on fermentation quality, chemical composition, microbial population, and macromolecular protein degradation during fermentation and aerobic exposure of SBM in simulated actual production. The results demonstrated that the increase in crude protein content and reduction in crude fiber content were considerably more pronounced after fermentation for 30 days (d) and subsequent aerobic exposure, compared to 3 d. It is also noteworthy that the treated group exhibited a greater degree of macromolecular protein degradation relative to the control and 30 d of fermentation relative to 3 d. Furthermore, after 30 d of fermentation, adding LAB and protease significantly inhibited the growth of undesired microbes including coliform bacteria and aerobic bacteria. In the mixed group, the microbial diversity decreased significantly, and Firmicutes replaced Cyanobacteria for bacteria in both groups' fermentation.

Effects of dietary fermented soybean meal with Thua nao starter on the growth performance, body composition, and disease resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the improvement of the nutritional value of soybean meal by using Thua nao starter as a dietary supplement for tilapia culture. The study covered five different experimental diets, each containing fermented soybean meal (FSBM): FSBM0 (0 g/kg), FSBM75 (75 g/kg), FSBM150 (150 g/kg), FSBM225 (225 g/kg), and FSBM300 (300 g/kg) for 10 weeks. The results of the fermentation process revealed that the FSBM exhibited an abundance of Bacillus and Kosakonia, along with notable enzyme activities such as protease, filter paper cellulase, and carboxymethyl cellulase. Furthermore, the protein content of the FSBM increased from 42% to 44%. When the tilapia feed was supplemented with the FSBM, it was observed that supplementation with amounts below FSBM225 had no significant impact on fish growth. Conversely, the diet of FSBM300 had a detrimental effect on growth. Fish receiving FSBM diets demonstrated elevated white blood cells, particularly in those fed FSBM150, FSBM225, and FSBM300, with an increase in neutrophils in the FSBM225 and FSBM300. The whole-body composition revealed no significant changes in crude protein and ash, but there was reduction in crude lipid content. Notably, the supplementation of FSBM had a positive impact on the disease resistance of tilapia to Aeromonas hydrophila, with the FSBM225 group showing the lowest fish mortality rate at 23.8%. These findings indicate that the inclusion of FSBM at a concentration of 225 g/kg in the fish diet does not negatively affect growth and improves survival rates when exposed to A. hydrophila. This indicates that FSBM can be considered a valuable dietary supplement to resist bacterial infection for tilapia farming.

The nutritive value of soybean meal from different sources for sows during mid- and late gestation.

A precise understanding of the nutritive value of soybean meal (SBM) for pregnant sow is required for accurate feeding. Hence, we evaluated the nutritive value of 11 SBM samples from different sources for sows during mid and late gestation. In total, 24 mid-gestating sows (parity three; 230.3 ± 12.0 kg on day 37 of gestation) and 24 late-gestating sows (parity three; 238.8 ± 20.9 kg on day 72 of gestation) were assigned to a replicated 12 × 3 Youden square design with 12 diets and 3 periods. The 12 diets included a corn-based diet and 11 diets containing 25.50% SBMs from different sources. After 5-d adaptation, urine and feces were collected for 5 d. Although the chemical characteristics of SBM varied between samples, no differences were observed in digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter, gross energy, crude fiber, and neutral detergent fiber values in SBMs fed to both animal groups. However, de-hulled SBM 4 from Brazil displayed greater ATTD for nitrogen (N) in late-gestating sows (P < 0.05); animals displayed significantly (P < 0.01) greater ME, ME:DE ratio, and N net utilization values when compared with mid-gestating sows. The chemical composition of SBMs can be used to predict DE and ME values. In conclusion, ME, ME:DE ratio, and N net utilization SBM values for late-gestating sows were greater than in mid-gestating sows. Therefore, we should consider differences in ME values for SBMs when formulating diets for sows in mid and late gestation periods.

Evaluating the Influence of Microbial Fermentation on the Nutritional Value of Soybean Meal

The aim of this article is to increase the nutritional value of soybean meal while reducing the content of antinutrients by microbial fermentation of soybean meal with a mixed culture of probiotic microorganisms (Bacillus subtilis, Aspergillus niger, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum) at two different hydromodules. The addition of microorganisms increased the content of easily digestible protein and amine nitrogen in fermented soybean meal (30:110 and 30:130, hydromodulus soybean meal:water) while decreasing urease activity (hydromodulus 30:110). The positive effect of microbial fermentation on the mineral composition of soybean meal was demonstrated. The ability of microorganisms in the fermentation process to increase the content of protein, essential amino acids, and macro- and microelements in soybean meal while decreasing anti-nutritional factors opens up possibilities for using this technology to advance animal husbandry.

Effects of acid-hydrolyzed soybean meal on growth performance, jejunal morphology, digestive enzyme activities, nutrient utilization, and intestinal microbial population in broiler chickens.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of soybean meal (SBM) treated with acetic or citric acids on growth performance, microbial population, digestive enzyme activities, nutrient digestibility, and jejunal morphology in broiler chickens. A total of 350 one-day-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were randomly distributed into 7 experimental groups with 5 replicates per each. Experimental treatments were diets containing untreated SBM (control) and SBM treated with two acid sources and their concentrations including 5, 10, and 15% acetic acid (A1, A2, and A3) or 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75% citric acid (C1, C2, and C3). Results showed that trypsin inhibitors and lectins as the main SBM anti-nutrients significantly reduced in acid-treated SBM compared with untreated SBM (P < 0.05). During 1-24days, body weight gain increased in chicks fed the C2 diet (P < 0.05). Feeding of the C2 diet increased feed intake compared with A1, A2, and C3 groups (P < 0.05). Feed conversion ratio improved in chicks fed with C2, C3, and A2 diets compared with the control group (P < 0.05). The greatest villus length, villus length to crypt depth ratio, and villus surface area were observed in the C2 diet (P < 0.05). A significant increase in protease and lipase activity was found in broilers which received a C2 diet compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Broiler chickens fed with the C2 diet had a higher organic matter and crude protein digestibility than the chicks which received the control diet (P < 0.05) and dry matter digestibility was the lowest in broilers fed with the A3 diet (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the acid hydrolyzing process had a beneficial effect on the nutritional value of SBM. In addition, data showed that acid-hydrolyzed SBM had the potential to exert positive influences on growth performance, jejunal morphology, and nutrient utilization in broiler chickens.

Optimization of Soybean Meal Fermentation for Aqua-Feed with Bacillus subtilis natto Using the Response Surface Methodology

This study aimed to improve the nutritional value of soybean meal (SBM) by solid-state fermentation (SSF) using Bacillus subtilis natto (B. s. natto) to overcome the limitations of SBM usage in aquafeed. The response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to explore the relationships of fermentation conditions, such as temperature, time, water-substrate ratio, and layer thickness, on the degree of protein hydrolysis (DH) and the crude protein (CP) content. The optimum conditions for achieving the higher DH (15.96%) and CP (55.76%) were 43.82 °C, 62.32 h, 1.08 of water-substrate ratio, and a layer thickness of 2.02 cm. CP and DH in the fermented soybean meal (FSM) increased by 9.8% and 177.1%, respectively, and crude fiber decreased by 14.1% compared to SBM. The protein dispersibility index (PDI) decreased by 29.8%, while KOH protein solubility (KPS) was significantly increased by 17.4%. Flavonoids and total phenolic acid content in FSM were increased by 231.0% and 309.4%, respectively. Neutral protease activity (NPA) also reached a high level (1723.6 U g−1). Total essential amino acids (EAA) in FSM increased by 12.2%, higher than the 10.8% increase of total non-essential amino acids (NEAA), while the total free amino acids content was 12.76 times higher than that of SBM. Major anti-nutritional factors in SBM were significantly reduced during the process, and almost all SBM protein macromolecules were decomposed. Together with the cost-effectiveness of SSF, B. s. natto-fermented SBM products have great potential to improve the plant composition and replace high-cost ingredients in aquafeed, contributing to food security and environmental sustainability.

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens 35 M can exclusively produce and secrete proteases when cultured in soybean-meal-based medium

Some microbial strains are ideal producers of extracellular enzymes that can be used in various industries. However, in many fields, especially in the pharmaceutical field, these enzymes need to be recovered and purified through multistep processes and tedious procedures before they can be used. The recovery process is difficult and increases the cost of enzyme production. Therefore, reducing purification steps will greatly benefit the utilization of microbial enzymes. The 35 M strain of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, which has high extracellular protease production, was isolated from a phosphate mine. When cultured in a medium with soybean meal as the main component, the maximum activity of extracellular protease reached 16,992 U/mL. SDS-PAGE showed that there were two main proteins in the fermentation supernatant, with a paucity of other defined protein bands. Mass spectrometry and zymogram analysis showed that the two main bands were two proteases, corresponding to alkaline protease (AprM) and neutral protease (NprM), respectively. Gene cloning, sequencing, and further comparisons were used to confirm AprM and NprM correspond to these proteases from B. amyloliquefaciens. Notably, SDS-PAGE and zymogram analysis showed that NprM had obviously higher catalytic efficiency toward casein than did AprM. Strain 35 M is a promising protease producer with great potential for applications in industrial protease production. Additionally, this study demonstrates strain 35 M may be particularly well suited to use in degrading anti-nutritional factors in soybean meal, so as to improve the nutritional value of soybean meal.

Comparison of dehulled, fermented and enzyme-treated soybean meal in diets for largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides: Effects on growth performance, feed utilization, immune response and intestinal morphology

A 67-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the nutritional value of dehulled soybean meal (DSM), fermented soybean meal (FSM), and enzyme-treated dehulled soybean meal (EDSM) in diets prepared for cultured largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Triplicate groups of fish were fed diets composed of different soybean meal twice daily. The results showed that the inclusion of EDSM led to the best specific growth rate (SGR), while the SGR of fish fed with soybean meal fermented by a mixture of microorganisms (Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Bacillus subtilis) (FSMI) was significantly higher than that of fish fed with soybean meal fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae (FSMII), and with untreated soybean meal. Moreover, DSM resulted in the lowest apparent digestibility coefficient of protein and lipid, which may account for the observed reduction in the feed efficiency ratio and protein efficiency ratio as well as the impaired growth performance. The fish fed the diet with DSM exhibited the lowest protein retention rate but the highest lipid retention rate, which may be related to the variation in body composition in combination with feed utilization. The activity of lysozyme and classical complement pathway in fish fed diets with EDSM and FSMI was significantly higher than that in the DSM group, and the DSM group also produced the lowest hematological index value. Moreover, specific histopathological changes were observed in distal intestine of fish fed the diet with DSM. The results showed that fermentation and enzymatic pre-processing can improve the nutritional value of soybean meal, possibly be reducing anti-nutritional factors. For largemouth bass, the EDSM performed better than FSM in elevating growth performance and feed utilization under the applied experimental conditions.

Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Multivariate Analysis for the Determination of Nutritional Value of Soybean Meal and Maize Bran

ABSTRACTNear-infrared spectroscopy and multivariate analysis were used to determine nutritional values of soybean meal and maize bran based on crude protein, lysine, and methionine. The crude protein, lysine, and methionine mean concentrations in soybean meal were 47.0, 2.08, and 0.603 wt%, respectively, and in maize bran were 8.090, 0.250, and 0.184 wt%, respectively. Tukey tests at a significance level of 95%, partial least squares, and principal component analysis were used. Similar values for the standard errors of calibration for lysine and methionine in maize bran were obtained. These values were lower than the results obtained for crude protein. Three values were obtained for the standard errors of cross-validation. The determination coefficients were all close to 1 with the best fit for crude protein. The values of standard errors of calibration and standard errors of cross-validation for crude protein, lysine, and methionine in soybean meal were different. The determination coefficients for maize bran were lower than those for soybean meal, indicating that the latter possesses higher nutritional value. Principal component analysis indicated that some samples may be used for the production of animal feed due to a strong relationship among crude protein, digestive lysine, total lysine, digestive methionine, and total methionine. Near-infrared spectroscopy and multivariate analysis were shown to be efficient for the determination of the nutritional values of food for proteins and amino acids.

Introgression of leginsulin, a cysteine-rich protein, and high-protein trait from an Asian soybean plant introduction genotype into a North American experimental soybean line.

Soybean is an important protein source for both humans and animals. However, soybean proteins are relatively poor in the sulfur-containing amino acids, cysteine and methionine. Improving the content of endogenous proteins rich in sulfur-containing amino acids could enhance the nutritive value of soybean meal. Leginsulin, a cysteine-rich peptide, predominantly accumulates in Asian soybean accessions but not in most North American cultivars. By screening diverse soybean accessions from the USDA Soybean Germplasm Collection, we were able to identify one plant introduction, PI 427138, as a high-protein line with relatively high amounts of both elemental sulfur and leginsulin. We introgressed these desirable traits from PI 427138 into an experimental line with the aim of improving the overall protein content and quality of seed proteins. Biochemical characterization of inbred progenies from the cross of LD00-3309 with PI 427138 grown at six locations revealed stable ingression of high protein, high elemental sulfur, and high leginsulin accumulation. Comparison of soybean seed proteins resolved by high-resolution 2-D gel electrophoresis in combination with Delta2D image analysis software revealed preferential accumulation of a few glycinin subunits contributed to the increased protein content in the introgressed lines. Amino acid analysis revealed that even though the leginsulin introgressed lines had higher protein, leginsulin, and elemental sulfur, the overall concentration of sulfur-containing amino acids was not significantly altered when compared with the parental lines. The experimental soybean lines developed during this study (Leg-3, Leg-7, and Leg-8) lack A5, A4, and B3 glycinin subunits and could be utilized in breeding programs to develop high-quality tofu cultivars.

In Vitro Fermentation Characteristics and Nutritive Value of Iranian Oil Seed Meals for Ruminants

This study was conducted to determine the chemical composition and estimating nutritive value of soybean meal, sunflower meal, rapeseed meal and cotton- seed meal using in vitro gas production technique. The experimental samples (200 mg DM from each) were incubated in vitro with rumen liquor taken from three canulated rams at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 72 h in three replicates. The results showed that there are significant differences between gas production values of samples at all incubation times (p rapeseed meal> cotton- seed meal> sunflower seed meal.

Short communication. Effect of soybean meal heat procedures on growth performance of broiler chickens

The aim of this research was to study the effect of soybean meal (SBM) heat procedures on growth performance of broiler chickens. A trial was carried out using 200 male Ross 308 strain chickens during 3 feeding periods (starter, grower and finisher, 42 days). The experiment was based on a completely randomized design with 5 treatments giving 4 replications of 10 broilers per treatment. Treatments consisted on: T1 (control, un-processed SBM), T2 (autoclaved SBM: 121ºC, 20 min), T3 (autoclaved SBM: 121ºC, 30 min), T4 (roasted SBM: 120ºC, 20 min) and T5 (microwaved SBM: 46ºC, 540 watt, 7 min). Growth performance of animals was examined by determining body weight (BW), body weight grain (BWG), feed intake (FI) and feed conversion rate (FCR). Higher BW (p&lt;0.05) and BWG (p&lt;0.05) and lower FCR (p&lt;0.05) were found in broiler chickens fed heat processed SBM diets compared to those fed a raw SBM diet, probably due to higher nutrient availability. However, no differences were found among heat SBM procedures (autoclaving, roasting and microwaving) on growth performance of animals for the starter, grower and finisher periods. From the results of this experiment, it is concluded that further research needs to be developed to establish the effect of temperature-time heat procedures on nutritive value of SBM in terms of levels of anti-nutritional factors (trypsin inhibitor activity and phytic acid) and amino acids profile and its influence on growth performance of broilers.

Nutritional value of soybean meal produced from high protein, low oligosaccharide, or conventional varieties of soybeans and fed to weanling pigs

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the nutritional value of high protein soybean meal (SBM-HP), low oligosaccharide soybean meal (SBM-LO), and conventional soybean meal (SBM-CV) fed to weanling pigs. The three soybean meals (SBM) contained 549, 536 and 475g/kg crude protein, respectively. In Exp. 1, the coefficient of ileal standardized digestibility (CISD) of amino acids (AA) in the 3 ingredients was measured using eight barrows (initial body weight: 14.3±1.23kg) that were equipped with a T-cannula in the distal ileum and allotted to a replicated 4×4 Latin square design with four periods (seven days per period) and four diets per square. Three diets contained SBM-HP, SBM-LO, or SBM-CV as the sole source of AA. The fourth diet was a N-free diet that was used to determine basal ileal endogenous losses of AA. Results indicated that the CISD for all AA was not different among the three varieties of SBM. In Exp. 2, the digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) in the three sources of SBM were determined using 24 barrows (initial body weight: 11.9±1.24kg) that were placed in metabolism cages and randomly allotted to four diets. A corn-based diet and three diets containing corn and one of the three sources of SBM were formulated. No differences were observed for DE (18.20, 17.92, 18.27, and 17.15MJ/kg dry matter) and ME (17.31, 16.93, 17.76, and 16.96MJ/kg dry matter) among SBM-HP, SBM-LO, SBM-CV, and corn. In Exp. 3, a total of 120 weanling barrows (initial body weight: 6.76±2.49kg) were randomly allotted to three dietary treatments with ten pens per treatment and four pigs per pen. Three diets containing each source of SBM were formulated based on the values for CISD of AA and ME that were calculated in the previous two experiments. No differences were observed during the entire experimental period for average daily gain, average daily feed intake, or gain:feed. Results indicate that the greater concentration of digestible AA in SBM-HP and SBM-LO compared with SBM-CV are effectively utilized by weanling pigs, which implies that the nutritional values of SBM-HP and SBM-LO are greater than that of SBM-CV.

Energy Partitioning by Litopenaeus Vannamei (Boone, 1931) given Plant Protein Diets

The nutritive value of soybean meal (SBMd), feed pea meal (FPMd) and canola meal (CNAd) was evaluated for the shrimp L. vannamei. The apparent digestive coefficient (ADC) of dry matter (DM) varied from 80-86% for diets (p<0.05) and 64-87% for ingredients (p<0.05). ADC protein varied in a narrow range but still differed amongst diets (p<0.05); CNA provided the least ADC protein. ADC energy followed the same pattern as ADC protein but the range of variation was higher (87-92%) than with protein. All parameters derived from oxygen consumption were measured to determine an energy budget calculated on a 24 h basis, with animals weighing 6 g on average and given practical diets. SBMd and FPMd yielded recovered energy (RE) of 0.9 and 0.7kJ, respectively, in comparison to CNAd, which yielded a value as low as 0.4 kJ RE. The latter thus represents a poor diet alternative as compared to soy or pea meal diets in terms of energy use for growth. Substrates were provided to shrimp at a high level and trypsin was able to hydrolyze all protein sources similarly. The result of this process was protein with tertiary structures. Such structures could be attacked in peptide chain regions where radical –COOH is present and at Arg and Lys linkages. A priori, the results of hydrolysis would release the same amount of amino acid. Therefore, any difference in ADC will be derived from the presence of inhibitor or from excess nitrogen-free extract. This could explain the lower ADC protein value observed with CNA. Diets fed to shrimp led to an energy budget where a large part of the energy was derived from catabolism of amino acids. Such budgets typically reflect a better output from SBM and FPM as compared to CAN. Therefore, we conclude that ADC is a useful tool for evaluating vegetable-derived protein in the formulation of shrimp diets.

Nutritional value of soybean meal produced from conventional, high-protein, or low-oligosaccharide varieties of soybeans and fed to broiler chicks

Three experiments were conducted to determine the feeding value to broiler chicks of soybean meal (SBM) produced from high-protein (SBM-HP), low-oligosaccharide (SBM-LO), or conventional (SBM-CV) varieties of soybeans. The 3 SBM contained 54.9, 53.6, and 47.5% CP, respectively. The standardized digestibility (SDD) of amino acids (AA) in the 3 ingredients was measured using a precision-fed rooster assay with cecectomized Single Comb White Leghorn roosters. Results indicated that the SDD of AA was not different among the 3 sources of SBM, with the exception that the SDD of Lys in SBM-HP tended to be greater (P = 0.07) than that in SBM-CV. In the second experiment, a precision-fed rooster assay was used to measure the concentration of TME(n) in each source of SBM. Results indicated that the TME(n) in SBM-HP was greater (P < 0.001) than those in SBM-LO and SBM-CV (3,104 vs. 2,984 and 2,963 kcal/kg of DM). A 14-d growth performance experiment was also conducted using 120 Ross 308 male commercial broiler chicks (mean initial BW = 102.6 g) that were allotted to a completely randomized design. There were 5 chicks/pen and 8 replicate pens/diet. Three corn- and SBM-based diets were formulated based on the data for digestible AA and TME(n) that were measured in the previous experiments. Each source of SBM was used in 1 diet, but because of the greater concentrations of digestible AA in SBM-HP and SBM-LO than in SBM-CV, the inclusion of SBM-HP and SBM-LO were 31.21 and 32.60%, respectively, whereas an inclusion of 38.21% SBM-CV was used. There were no differences among the 3 diets for BW gain or feed efficiency, which indicated that the reduced inclusion rates of SBM-HP and SBM-LO compared with SBM-CV were not detrimental to broiler chick growth performance. It was concluded that, compared with SBM-CV, SBM-HP and SBM-LO are needed in lower concentrations in diets fed to broiler chicks because these 2 sources of SBM have a greater nutritional value than does SBM-CV.

Association of a Soybean Raffinose Synthase Gene with Low Raffinose and Stachyose Seed Phenotype

Oligosaccharides are an important component of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] meal in terms of metabolizable energy for monogastric animals. Sucrose, raffi nose, and stachyose are the three main oligosaccharides present in soybean meal. Of the three, only sucrose is nutritionally useful. When raffi nose and stachyose are fermented by microbes present in the gut, the results are fl atulence and discomfort, which ultimately lead to poor weight gain. The long term objective of this research is ultimately to increase the nutritional value of soybean meal by elevating the metabolizable energy at the expense of raffi nose and stachyose through the manipulation of soybean raffi nose synthase, the key enzyme for raffi nose and stachyose biosynthesis. The objectives of this work were to develop molecular genetic information about soybean raffi nose synthases and to evaluate the candidate raffi nose synthase genes in a soybean germplasm accession (PI 200508) that contains low levels of raffi nose and stachyose. Our results indicate the soybean genome contains at least two expressed genes similar to other characterized raffi nose synthases. A novel allele of one of these putative soybean raffi nose synthase genes was discovered from the PI 200508 that completely associates with the low raffi nose and stachyose phenotype. Molecular marker assays specifi c for the PI 200508 allele were developed to allow direct selection for the low raffi nose and low stachyose phenotype. T ODAY, SOYBEAN [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] represents one of the most important economic crops in the United States. It is considered similar to corn (zea mays L.) in acreage and second only to corn in value (Sleper and Poehlman, 2006). Th e oil, protein, and carbohydrate composition of the soybean seed generally controls its use. Seeds of soybean cultivars in the United States have an average composition of 20% oil, 40% protein, and 15% soluble carbohydrates in dry weights of cotyledons of

원산지가 다른 대두박의 영양적 가치평가와 육계의 생산성에 미치는 영향

본 연구는 일반대두박인 아르헨티나, 인도 및 한국산 그리고 탈피대두박인 미국산 대두박의 육계 사료원료로서의 영양적 품질을 평가하기 위한 목적으로 수행되었다. 대두박의 영양적 가치평가를 위해 일반성분, 아미노산 함량, TME, TMEn, 아미노산 이용률, urease 활성도 및 KOH 용해도를 측정하였고, 육계의 생산성 평가를 위해 20일령의 육용종 수평아리 (Ross) 400수에게 옥수수-대두박을 기초로 각 처리구 별로 원산지가 다른 대두박을 이용한 실험사료를 15일간 급여하였으며, 4처리 4반복 (반복당 25수)으로 완전 임의 배치하여 사양실험을 실시하였다. 대두박의 일반성분과 아미노산의 함량을 조사한 결과 조단백질 함량은 45.43% (아르헨티나산)에서 48.47% (미국산)의 범위였고, 조지방 함량은 1.11% (인도산)에서 1.96% (아르헨티나산)의 범위였다. 조회분 함량은 5.89% (아르헨티나산)에서 7.18% (인도산)의 범위였고, 조섬유 함량은 3.48% (미국산) 에서 7.12% (인도산)의 범위였다. 아미노산의 함량은 조단백질 함량과 비례하여 미국산이 가장 높았으며, 대부분의 아미노산 함량에서 인도산과 아르헨티나산이 유의하게 낮은 수치를 보였다. 에너지 함량 즉 TME와 TMEn 값은 미국산이 각각 3245.4 kcal/kg 및 3228.9 kcal/kg으로 가장 높았으며, 한국산, 아르헨티나산, 인도산의 순으로 낮았으나 유의한 차이는 아니었다. 아미노산 이용률은 평균적으로 유의한 차이는 아니었으나, 미국산이 가장 높았고 한국산, 아르헨티나산, 인도산의 순으로 낮았다. Urease 활성도는 대두박 간에 유의한 차이가 없었고, KOH 용해도의 결과를 보면 아르헨티나산의 KOH 용해도가 유의하게 낮은 수치를 보였으나 모든 대두박이 허용치를 벗어나지 않아 모두 적절한 열처리를 한 대두박의 결과를 나타냈다. 종료체중, 증체량 및 사료섭취량 모두 유의한 차이가 없었으나 사료요구율은 미국산이 유의하게 낮은 결과를 보였다 (P<0.05). 도체특성 및 혈 중 총 콜레스테롤 농도는 모두 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. This study was carried out to investigate the nutritional value of soybean meal (SBM) from various geographic origins and the effects of their dietary supplementation on performance of broiler chickens. Nutritional value of dehulled SBM originating from USA, and non-dehulled SBM from India (IND), Argentina (ARG) and Korea (KOR) were evaluated by analyzing chemical composition, urease activity (UA) and KOH solubility, and determining true metabolizable energy (TME), nitrogen corrected TME (TMEn) and true amino acid availability (TAAA). The contents of crude protein ranged from 45.43% (ARG) to 48.47% (USA) and those of crude fiber varied widely from 3.48% (USA) to 7.12% (IND). The measurements of lysine varied from 2.79% (IND) to 3.09% (USA) and those of methionine from 0.56% (IND) to 0.65% (USA). The values of TMEn varied from 2986.6 kcal/kg (IND) to 3228.9 kcal/kg (USA) and the averages of TAAA were from 91.61% (IND) to 92.27% (USA). UA was found to be from 0.02 (ARG) to 0.04 (KOR, USA) and those of KOH solubility from 73% (ARG) to 84% (USA). A total of four hundred 20-days-old male broiler chicks were divided into four groups and fed with isocaloric and isonitrogenous experimental diets containing 27.5% of SBM and same amounts of lysine and sulfur amino acids for 15 days. Final body weight and body weight gain were the highest in birds fed with SBM from USA and lowest in birds fed with SBM from IND although the differences were not statistically significant. The feed/gain in chicks fed diet containing SBM from USA was significantly improved (p<0.05) compared to those of the other groups. There were no significant differences in carcass characteristics and the concentration of total cholesterol in serum among the treatments. The results of in vitro assay and bioassay agreed with the performance of broiler chicks, and thus there were close correlation between the broiler performance and the measured nutritive values of SBM. In conclusion, dehulled SBM from USA was superior to non- dehulled SBM from ARG and IND with regard to nutritive values.

Effects of Two Low Phytic Acid Mutations on Seed Quality and Nutritional Traits in Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr)

Reduction of phytic acid in soybean seeds has the potential to improve the nutritional value of soybean meal and lessen phosphorus pollution in large scale animal farming. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of two new low phytic acid (LPA) mutations on seed quality and nutritional traits. Multilocation/season comparative analyses showed that the two mutations did not affect the concentration of crude protein, any of the individual amino acids, crude oil, and individual saturated fatty acids. Among other traits, Gm-lpa-TW75-1 had consistently higher sucrose contents (+47.4-86.1%) and lower raffinose contents (-74.2 to -84.3%) than those of wild type (WT) parent Taiwan 75; Gm-lpa-ZC-2 had higher total isoflavone contents (3038.8-4305.4 microg/g) than its parent Zhechun # 3 (1583.6-2644.9 microg/g) in all environments. Further tests of homozygous F(3) progenies of the cross Gm-lpa-ZC-2 x Wuxing # 4 (WT variety) showed that LPA lines had a mean content of total isoflavone significantly higher than WT lines. This study demonstrated that two LPA mutant genes have no negative effects on seed quality and nutritional traits; they instead have the potential to improve a few other properties. Therefore, these two mutant genes are valuable genetic resources for breeding high quality soybean varieties.

Association of a Soybean Raffinose Synthase Gene with Low Raffinose and Stachyose Seed Phenotype

Oligosaccharides are an important component of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] meal in terms of metabolizable energy for monogastric animals. Sucrose, raffinose, and stachyose are the three main oligosaccharides present in soybean meal. Of the three, only sucrose is nutritionally useful. When raffinose and stachyose are fermented by microbes present in the gut, the results are flatulence and discomfort, which ultimately lead to poor weight gain. The long term objective of this research is ultimately to increase the nutritional value of soybean meal by elevating the metabolizable energy at the expense of raffinose and stachyose through the manipulation of soybean raffinose synthase, the key enzyme for raffinose and stachyose biosynthesis. The objectives of this work were to develop molecular genetic information about soybean raffinose synthases and to evaluate the candidate raffinose synthase genes in a soybean germplasm accession (PI 200508) that contains low levels of raffinose and stachyose. Our results indicate the soybean genome contains at least two expressed genes similar to other characterized raffinose synthases. A novel allele of one of these putative soybean raffinose synthase genes was discovered from the PI 200508 that completely associates with the low raffinose and stachyose phenotype. Molecular marker assays specific for the PI 200508 allele were developed to allow direct selection for the low raffinose and low stachyose phenotype.