Nutritive Value Of Rye Research Articles

Biomass Yield and Nutritive Value of Rye (Secale cereale L.) and Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Forages While Grazed by Cattle

Management strategies that integrate crops and livestock may lengthen the productivity of seasonal pasture systems in agroecological zones with short growing seasons. The biomass yield and nutritive value of fall-planted rye (Secale cereale L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) forages were determined in an integrated crop–livestock system under rotational cattle (Bos taurus L.) grazing and organic conditions for seven weeks during the spring and summer in Minnesota, USA. Rye yielded greater forage biomass at the beginning of the grazing interval, while wheat yielded greater forage biomass in the latter part of the grazing interval. In general, wheat had greater crude protein and less neutral detergent fiber, compared to rye, throughout the grazing interval. The predicted total tract neutral detergent fiber digestibility of forages was ≥50 g 100 g−1 of neutral detergent fiber for at least the first four weeks of the grazing interval, indicating high forage digestibility in immature forages. Results from this study suggest that rye may provide more forage biomass for grazing earlier in the spring at the expense of lower nutritive quality, compared to wheat. Thus, the biomass yield and nutritional value of rye and wheat forages vary during the grazing interval, which informs producers of grazing schedule modifications in order to meet the nutritional demands of cattle.

Sward Management Effects on Forage Component Responses in a Production System for Early Weaned Calves

There has been limited research to define appropriate management practices for pastures grazed by early weaned calves. Experiments were conducted from January to April (cool season) and May to July (warm season) 2003 and 2004 to evaluate the effects of N fertilization and regrowth interval on herbage mass and nutritive value of rye (Secale cereale L.)‐annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) mixtures and ‘Tifton 85’ bermudagrass (Cynodon sp.). Treatments were the factorial combinations of three N fertilization rates (0, 40, and 80 kg ha−1 period−1, with two periods per season) and two regrowth intervals (3 and 6 wk for rye‐ryegrass and 2 and 4 wk for bermudagrass). Rye‐ryegrass herbage mass increased linearly from 0.9 to 1.8 Mg ha−1 period−1 as N fertilization increased. There was no effect of regrowth interval on rye‐ryegrass herbage mass during the winter; but in the spring, herbage mass was greater for the 6‐wk vs. the 3‐wk interval (2.2 vs. 1.6 Mg ha−1). For bermudagrass, there was a linear increase in herbage mass (1.6 to 2.6 Mg ha−1 period−1) and in vitro digestible organic matter (IVDOM) (480 to 530 g kg−1) with increasing N fertilization. Regrowth interval effects on rye‐ryegrass were more important in spring than winter in determining forage nutritive value and herbage mass; shorter regrowth intervals may be necessary in spring to maintain calf gains. During the warm season, shorter regrowth intervals for Tifton 85 resulted in forage with greater nutritive value, which is the key factor limiting growth of early weaned calves.

권역별 답리작 사료작물 최대 생산을 위한 적작목(품종) 선발 3. 영남지방(밀양)을 중심으로

본 연구는 답리작에서 양질의 조사료를 최대한 생산하기 위한 적정 사료작물을 선발하고자 경남 밀양 영남농업연구소에서 보리(5품종), 밀(2), 호밀(3), 이탈리안 라이그라스(IRG, 3) 등 4작목 13품종을 공시하여 <TEX>$1999{\sim}2001$</TEX>년까지 3년간 생육단계별로 생육특성, 수량 및 사료가치를 조사하였다. 보리의 출수기는 4월 <TEX>$20{\sim}24$</TEX>일, 유숙기는 5월 <TEX>$9{\sim}10$</TEX>일, 황숙기는 5월 <TEX>$21{\sim}24$</TEX>일이었다. 유숙기<TEX>${\sim}$</TEX>황숙기 기준 건물수량은 ha당 <TEX>$7.89{\sim}9.66$</TEX>톤이었으며, 평균 ADF는 29.7%, NDF는 56.3%였고, 5품종 중 알보리와 내한쌀보리가 가장 우수하였다. 밀은 보리에 비해 출수 및 성숙기가 1주일 가까이 늦었으나 수량성이 높고 사료가치가 우수하며(평균 ADF 29.2%, NDF 54.8%), 유숙기<TEX>${\sim}$</TEX>황숙기 기준 건물수량은 <TEX>$9.13{\sim}10.38$</TEX>톤이었다. 호밀은 출수기가 4월 <TEX>$20{\sim}24$</TEX>일이었으며, 초장이 148cm 정도로 개화 이후 도복이 심하였고, 개화기 건물수량은 13.64톤, 사료가치는 평균 ADF 35.0%, NDF 59.9%로 가장 낮았다. 중만생 IRG는 답리작용으로 권장하기 어려웠으나 조생 IRG는 5월 2일 출수로 개화기 전후(5월 13일경)수확이 유리하고, 이 때 건물수량은 5.51톤이었다. 본 시험에서 벼 이앙시기, 건물생산성, 출수기, 사료가치, 도복 등을 종합고려한 유망작목은 보리, 호밀, 조생 다수성 IRG, 밀로 추정된다. 5월 중순 벼 이앙시 적정 사료작물은 5월 상순에 수확이 가능한 호밀, 5월 하순 벼 이앙시에는 5월 중순 수확이 가능한 보리(알보리, 내한쌀보리)와 조생 다수성 IRG, 6월 상순으로 벼 이앙시기가 늦을 경우에는 5월 하순 수확이 가능하면서 생산성과 사료가치가 높은 밀이 권장되었다. This study was carried out to select the promising forage crops fer forage production in paddy field of YARI, RDA, Milyang from 1999 to 2001. The species of forage crop used in this experiment were barley(5 varieties), wheat(2), rye(3) and Italian ryegrass(IRG, 3). Stages of heading, milk and yellow ripe of barley were <TEX>$20{\sim}24$</TEX> April, <TEX>$6{\sim}10$</TEX> May and <TEX>$21{\sim}24$</TEX> May, respectively. In milk to yellow ripe stage, dry matter(DM) yield of barley was <TEX>$7.89{\sim}9.66$</TEX> MT per ha, and averaged ADF and NDF contents were <TEX>$26.9{\sim}33.3%\;and\;53.1{\sim}59.2%$</TEX>, respectively. Albori and Naehanssalbori were the most promising varieties among the barley. The growth of wheat was a little late compared to that of barley, but it seemed to be crop having higher forage yield and nutritive value. In milk to yellow stage, DM yield of wheat was <TEX>$9.13{\sim}10.38$</TEX> MT per ha, and nutritive value of wheat was very good(ADF <TEX>$25.9{\sim}31.7%$</TEX> and NDF <TEX>$53.3{\sim}55.8%$</TEX>). Heading stage of rye was <TEX>$20{\sim}24$</TEX> April, and it seemed to be suitable far harvest at heading to flowering stage because of heavy lodging after flowering. In flowering stage, DM yield of rye was 13.64 MT per ha, and nutritive value of rye was the lowest among 4 species(ADF <TEX>$33.1{\sim}38.0%$</TEX> and NDF <TEX>$56.4{\sim}65.0%$</TEX>). Heading stage of early maturing IRG was 2 May and it seemed to be suitable for harvest at flowering stage of middle May in cropping system. In flowering stage, DM yield of early type IRG was 5.51 MT per ha, and averaged ADF and NDF contents were <TEX>$30.1{\sim}34.7%\;and\;59.7{\sim}60.5%$</TEX>, respectively. The results demonstrated that the promising forage crops far forage production in paddy field were rye, barley, early maturing IRG and wheat in Yeongnam region. In Southern region, rye harvesting at early May was recommended when considered middle May of rice transplanting period, and barley(Albori and Naehanssalbori) and early maturing IRG harvesting at middle May were recommended when considered late May of rice planting period. And also, wheat with high nutritive value and possibility for harvesting at late May were recommended in case of transplanting period at early June.

답작지대에서 돈분액비가 호밀의 생산성, 사료가치 및 지력증진에 미치는 영향

This study was conducted on paddy-land at Kimje, ChunBuk in Korea from Nov. 1999 to Nov. 2002. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of pig slurry (PS) on dry matter (DM) yield, N yield and nutritive value of rye, and soil total nitrogen (TN), Phosphorus (P) and organic matter (OM) content. This experiment was consisted of 4 plot (chemical fertilizer; N: 100/100, kg/ha; PS treatment, PS treatment and PS treatment with half of CF). 1. DM yields of rye revealed that there was an increase in order; PS treatment with half of chemical fertilizer (CF) > PS treatment > full of CF treatment > PS treatment. 2. Crude protein (CP) content was the highest with PS treatment () and followed by PS treatment with half of CF and full of CF treatment and the lowest with PS treatment. 3. The contents of NDF and TDN were hardly influenced by PS and CF 4. N yields of rye revealed that there was an increase in order; PS treatment > PS treatment with half of CF > full of CF treatment > PS treatment. 5. The contents of TN and OM were not influenced by the application levels of PS. however, The TN content increased by the application of PS, as increasing the application period 6. P content of the soil was not affected by the application levels of PS during the experimental period.

권역별 답리작 사료작물 최대 생산을 위한 적작목(품종) 선발 2. 호남지방(익산)을 중심으로

본 연구는 답리작에서 양질의 조사료를 최대한 생산하기 위한 적정 사료작물을 선발하고자 전북 익산에서 보리(5품종), 밀(2), 호밀(3), 이탈리안 라이그라스(IRG, 3)등 4작목 13품종을 공시하여 <TEX>$1999{\sim}2001$</TEX>년까지 3년간 생육단계별로 생육특성, 수량 및 사료가치를 조사하였다. 보리의 출수기는 4월 <TEX>$26{\sim}5$</TEX>월 1일, 유숙기는 5월 중순, 유숙기<TEX>${\sim}$</TEX>황숙기 기준 건물수량은 ha당 <TEX>$6.66{\sim}10.47$</TEX>톤, 평균 ADF는 <TEX>$31.64\%$</TEX>, NDF는 <TEX>$62.2\%$</TEX>였고, 5품종 중 알보리가 가장 우수하였다. 밀은 보리에 비해 출수 및 성숙이 1주일 가까이 늦었으나 수량성이 높고 사료가치가 우수하역 유숙기<TEX>${\sim}$</TEX>황숙기 기준 건물수량은 <TEX>$7.51{\sim}11.96$</TEX>톤, 평균 ADF는 <TEX>$30.6\%$</TEX>, NDF는 <TEX>$60.1\%$</TEX>였다. 호밀은 출수기가 4월 26일경이었으며, 초장이 140cm 내외로 개화 이후 도복이 심하였고, 개화기 건물수량은 17.26톤으로 많았으며, 사료가치는 ADF <TEX>$38.6\%$</TEX>, NDF <TEX>$65.5\%$</TEX>로 가장 낮았다. 중만생 IRG는 출수가 늦어 답리작용으로 권장하기 어려웠으며, 조생 IRG는 4월 30일에 출수 되어 개화기 전후(5월 중순경) 수확이 유리하고, 개화기 기준 건물수량은 10.77톤, ADF <TEX>$31.6\%$</TEX>, NDF <TEX>$59.2\%$</TEX>로 양호하였다. 본 시험에서 벼 이앙시기, 건물생산성, 출수기, 사료가치, 도복 등을 종합고려한 유망작목은 호밀, 보리, 조생 IRG, 밀로 추정되었다. 5월 중순 벼 이앙시 적작물은 5월 상순에 수확이 가능한 호밀, 5월 하순 벼 이앙시에는 보리(알보리)와 조생 IRG, 6월 상순으로 벼 이앙시기가 늦을 경우에는 5월 하순 수확도 가능하면서 생산성과 사료가치가 높은 밀이 권장되었다. This study was carried out to select the promising forage crops for forage production in paddy field of HARI, RDA, Iksan from 1999 to 2001. The species of forage crop used in this experiment were barley(5 varieties), wheat(2), rye(3) and Italian ryegrass(IRG, 3). Stage of heading, milk and yellow ripe of barley were 26 <TEX>$April{\sim}l$</TEX> May, middle May and late May, respectively. In milk to yellow ripe stage, dry matter(DM) yield of barley was <TEX>$6.64{\sim}10.47$</TEX> MT per ha, and averaged ADF and NDF contents were <TEX>$31.6\%\;and\;62.2\%$</TEX> respectively. Albori was the most promising variety among the barley). The growth of wheat was a little late compared to that of barley, but it seemed to be crop having higher forage yield md nutritive value. In milk to yellow stage, DM yield of wheat was <TEX>$7.51{\sim}11.96$</TEX> MT per ha, and nutritive value of wheat was high(ADF <TEX>$30.6\%$</TEX> and NDF <TEX>$60.1\%$</TEX>). Heading stage of rye was <TEX>$25{\sim}27$</TEX> April, and it seemed to be suitable to harvest at heading to flowering stage because of heavy lodging after flowering. In flowering stage, DM yield of rye was 17.26 MT per ha, and nutritive value of rye was the lowest among 4 species(ADF <TEX>$38.6\%$</TEX> and NDF <TEX>$65.5\%$</TEX>). Heading stage of early maturing IRG was 30 April and it seemed to be suitable for harvest at flowering stage of middle May in cropping system. In flowering stage, DM yield of early type IRG was 10.77 MT per ha, and averaged ADF and NDF contents were <TEX>$31.6\%\;and\;59.2\%$</TEX>, respectively. The results demonstrated that the promising forage crops for forage production in paddy field were rye, barley, early maturing IRG and wheat in Honam region. In Southern region, rye harvesting at early May was recommended when considered middle May of rice transplanting period, and barley(Albori) and early maturing IRG harvesting at middle May were recommended when considered late May of rice planting period. And also, wheat with high nutritive value and possibility for harvesting at late May were recommended in case of transplanting period at early June.

돈분액비 시용수준이 호밀의 수량 및 사료가치에 미치는 영향

돈분액비 시용수준이 호밀의 수량 및 사료가치에 미치는 영향

Performance of Growing-Finishing Pigs Fed Diets Based on Normal or Low Viscosity Rye Fed With and Without Enzyme Supplementation

One hundred and forty crossbred pigs (Pig Improvement Canada Ltd, Acme Alberta), weighing an average of 21.5 + 3.6kg, were assigned on the basis of sex, weight and litter to one of five dietary treatments. The control diet was barley-based, while in the remaining four treatments, the grain component consisted of either normal or low viscosity rye fed with or without pentosanase. Digestibility coefficients for dry matter, crude protein and gross energy were significantly ( P = 0.0001) higher for the rye-based diets than the barley based diet. There were no differences in digestibility coefficients between normal and low viscosity diets or between diets supplemented or unsupplemented with pentosanase. Over the entire experimental period (21.5 to 100.7kg), pigs fed the normal viscosity rye gained better ( P = 0.001) and had a higher daily intake ( P = 0.001) than pigs fed the low viscosity rye. Pigs fed the low viscosity rye tended to gain slower than pigs fed barley and with lower intake while pigs fed the normal viscosity rye had similar gains and intake to the pigs fed barley. Enzyme supplementation failed to improve pig performance. Males had higher gains and intake than females ( P < 0.05). Enzyme supplementation, rye viscosity or choice of cereal grain had no effect on any of the carcass traits measured. In conclusion, the results of the present experiment indicate that rye is a good alternative to barley for use in growing-finishing rations and becomes increasing attractive as the age of the pig increases. Breeding efforts directed towards reducing the viscosity of rye are unlikely to be successful in improving the nutritive value of rye for swine.

Effect of various treatments on the nutritional value of rye or rye fractions.

1. Rye grain was subjected to several treatments in an attempt to alter its nutritive value for young chickens. 2. Soaking rye in water or dilute hydrochloric acid improved its nutritional quality. This was manifested by increased food intake, food utilisation, weight gain and increased apparent absorption of fat for chicks fed on a diet containing treated rye. 3. Autoclaving rye before water soaking eliminated the effect of soaking, an effect attributed to denaturation of endogenous enzymes which were responsible for the deactivation of the deleterious compound(s). 4. Autoclaving, sprouting and soaking rye in dilute sodium hydroxide decreased its nutritive value. 5. Studies with rye fractions demonstrated that the apparent absorption of fat was lower in birds fed on diets containing rye flour compared with those fed on diets containing rye bran, that greater improvement in apparent fat absorption occurred after water soaking of rye flour than similarly treating rye bran and that the effects were greater soon after initiation of the feeding of the rye diets as compared with the later part of the feeding trial.

Effect of Gamma Irradiation on the Physicochemical Properties of Rye

The effect of irradiation (60Co) on the nutritional value of rye was determined using a chick growth assay. In vitro irradiation increased significantly the solubility of rye solids in water. Total protein (N × 6.25) was not changed appreciably by irradiation but its solubility in water was increased. Compared with non-irradiated rye, the pH of irradiated rye suspension in water was reduced. In vitro digestibility of irradiated rye protein determined by a mixture of trypsin, chymotrypsin, and peptidase was increased. Solubility of carbohydrate from rye in water was increased and viscosity of a water extract was decreased by irradiation. In vitro α-amylolysis of water extracts of the grain indicated no beneficial effect of gamma irradiation for α-amylase activity. In vitro enzymatic digestibility of a diet containing 62.55% irradiated rye was enhanced by a combined pepsin-pancreatin treatment over a non-irradiated rye containing dye. Dry feces, expressed as percentage of dry matter consumed, were less for chicks fed irradiated rye diets than for those fed nonirradiated rye diets. The nutritional value of rye, based on a chick growth assay, was significantly increased by gamma irradiation (60Co). Irradiation of rye decreased nitrogen and mineral excretion by chicks in relation to intake of these nutrients.

FACTORS AFFECTING RYE (SECALE CEREALE L.) UTILIZATION IN GROWING CHICKS. IV. THE INFLUENCE OF AUTOCLAVE TREATMENT, PELLETING, WATER EXTRACTION AND PENICILLIN SUPPLEMENTATION

Three experiments were conducted with growing chicks to study the influence of autoclave treatment, pelleting, water extraction and penicillin supplementation on the nutritional value of rye. The diets were formulated to provide protein above, at or below the minimum requirements of the chicks. The results of the feeding trials indicate that rye contained a water-extractable growth depressing factor which was also associated with a reduction in the efficiency of feed utilization, beak impaction and an increase in the excreta wetness. Water extraction improved the nutritional value of rye by the removal of the growth depressing factor. Penicillin supplementation of whole rye diets also improved chick growth and feed conversion efficiency but to a lesser extent than water extraction. Autoclave treatment of rye and pelleting of a rye-containing diet had no influence on weight gain and the feed:gain ratio. However, the 10-min autoclave treatment increased appetite. Autoclaving for 30 min and pelleting reduced beak impaction. It may be concluded that rye contains a water-soluble factor which reduces nutrient utilization. An improvement in the nutritional value of rye can be accomplished by water extraction and supplementation with a high level of penicillin, but not by autoclave treatment or pelleting.