Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism Research Articles

Surgically Treated Hind-Limb Fibromyxochondroma in a Cranwell’s Horned Frog (Ceratophrys cranwelli)

Ceratophrys cranwelli, commonly known as the Cranwell’s horned frog or Pacman frog, is an amphibian species native to South America. This species has gained interest both as a pet among hobbyists and as a subject of scientific inquiry in veterinary medicine. A two-year-old pet male albino Ceratophrys cranwelli was presented exhibiting lethargy, weight loss, and anorexia, persisting for two months. Clinical examination revealed a fracture localized to the proximal third of the left femur accompanied by an osteolytic process. The patient was discharged with a treatment regimen for suspected secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism and an ulcerative skin lesion. Nevertheless, due to the progressive deterioration of the left thigh, amputation of the affected limb was proposed and performed at the coxofemoral joint. Histopathological analysis of the excised mass revealed an atypical mesenchymal mass consistent with a fibromyxochondroma. The surgical procedure was conducted under anesthesia induced by a combination of alfaxalone, ketamine, medetomidine, and butorphanol, with postoperative treatment consisting of enrofloxacin, meloxicam, and butorphanol. The patient showed good post-surgical recovery, exhibiting normal physiological and behavioral activities. This report highlights the management and the diagnostic challenges of a progressive limb lesion in a Ceratophrys cranwelli, offering insights into potential therapeutic approaches for similar cases in amphibians.

Rickets associated with nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism in Callithrix jacchus (Linnaeus, 1758): Case report

Human beings, monkeys from the Old and New World, make up the mammals belonging to the Primate Order, the latter being exclusive to the American continent and of arboreal habits. With the advances in research in the areas of medicine and biomedicine, the demand for raising primates in captivity has increased significantly, so the well-being of non-human primates has become the target of studies by the scientific community. The skeleton is made up of bones and their joints. It is divided into two portions: the axial portion, formed by the skull, vertebrae, ribs and sternum, and the appendicular portion, formed by the thoracic and pelvic limbs. The cells responsible for the formation and integration of these matrices are osteoblasts. However, when they are coated by the matrices, they are called osteocytes, which are responsible for maintaining healthy bone tissue and ensuring isocalcemia (calcium balance). Metabolic bone diseases result from the imbalance between some of these elements and can affect human and non-human primates, as well as other species such as birds, reptiles, amphibians and, of course, other mammals. If calcium levels become unbalanced, the body can develop osteodystrophies over time, that is, lesions in bone tissue caused by an exacerbated increase in bone resorption and consequent weakening of the skeleton. The present case report aims to describe a condition of osteodystrophy secondary to failure in nutritional management in a female Callithrix jacchus (Linnaeus, 1758).

Hiperparatireoidismo secundário nutricional em filhote de Leopardus geoffroyi (d’Orbigny and Gervais, 1844)

Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism (NSH) is a metabolic disorder that mainly affects young animals. This disease causes imbalance between the levels of calcium and phosphorus, culminating in bone changes. Wild animals raised in captivity can develop the disease when they are given an inadequate diet. The aim of this study is to report the clinical findings, the complementary exams and the therapeutics utilized in a Leopardus geoffroyi (Geoffroy’s cat) cub originated from captivity. The animal went through complementary imaging exams and biochemical evaluation that respectively revealed generalized osteopenia and pathological fracture of the right femur, reduction of serum calcium level and elevation of serum phosphorus level. After diagnosis, a correction of the diet and mineral and vitamin supplementation was performed. The NSH diagnosis was stablished by associating history, clinical signs, imaging exams findings and serum biochemicals. The early identification of this disease is of paramount importance, because in this way corrections can be made in food management, in order to provide successful clinical recovery and promote quality of life for wild captive animals.

Congenital Lobar Emphysema in a Kitten with Concomitant Hiatal Hernia and Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism.

A 2 mo old domestic shorthair kitten was presented for acute respiratory distress and severe ambulatory difficulties. Thoracic radiography revealed hyperinflation of the left cranial lung lobe and a mass with soft-tissue/gas opacity in the caudal mediastinum, leading to the suspicion of congenital lung lobe emphysema and hiatal hernia. Decreased bone radiopacity and suspected pathological fractures were also present. Complete clinicopathological analyses showed significant ionized hypocalcemia and suspicion of secondary hyperparathyroidism related to an inadequate diet. Lung lobectomy and reduction of the hiatal hernia following a median sternotomy and a cranial laparotomy were performed. IV and oral supplementation of calcium led to a full recovery and improvement in the kitten's walking. A histopathological analysis revealed pulmonary emphysema associated with hypoplastic and irregular bronchial cartilage. Congenital lobar emphysema is a rare disease in both humans and animals. This is the first veterinary report describing a kitten affected by congenital lobar emphysema combined with a hiatal hernia and additionally complicated by secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism with a good long-term outcome.

Successful treatment with oral alfacalcidol supplementation for nutritional hypocalcaemia with protein‐losing enteropathy in a dog

AbstractProtein‐losing enteropathy is characterised by panhypoproteinaemia, mainly associated with small intestinal diseases. A homemade ultralow‐fat diet is effective for the short‐term treatment of protein‐losing enteropathy, especially if it is caused by intestinal lymphangiectasia. However, ultralow‐fat diet provides poor nutritional balance, including low calcium and vitamin D contents. A 7‐year‐old, neutered, female chihuahua showing repeated diarrhoea and panhypoproteinaemia was diagnosed with intestinal lymphangiectasia based on the dog's endoscopic histopathology. The dog was treated with immunosuppressants and ultralow‐fat diet. After 1.5 years of ultralow‐fat diet treatment, a transient seizure suspected to be associated with hypocalcaemia (albumin‐corrected total calcium: 5.9 mg/dl) occurred, with suspected nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism, despite calcium carbonate administration. Oral alfacalcidol (active vitamin D3) was initiated. The hypocalcaemia improved within 28 days. Therefore, an oral alfacalcidol supplement should be considered as a reasonable therapeutic strategy in canine intestinal lymphangiectasia with hypocalcaemia.

Single Time Point Reference Intervals for Complete Blood Counts and Select Biochemistries in Juvenile Red-Footed Tortoises (Chelonoidis carbonaria)

The importance of calcium and phosphorus for the health of reptiles is well known. Proper calcium intake is critical for the prevention of nutritional diseases such as nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism (NSHP); however, the role magnesium may play in this disease is unknown. Magnesium is the second most abundant intracellular cation in the body and has influence on the function of vitamin D and parathyroid hormone. Chelonians are one of the most common companion reptile groups presenting for NSHP. The purpose of this study was to establish reference intervals for complete blood counts, total calcium, total magnesium, and phosphorus. Peripheral blood was collected in November in the northern hemisphere on a single day from 40 captive red-footed tortoises (Chelonoidis carbonaria). Hematologic and biochemistry assessment included packed cell volume, a blood smear for white blood cell slide estimate and differential count, and plasma concentrations of total calcium, total magnesium, and phosphorus. There was no correlation between total calcium and total magnesium. This population of red-footed tortoises appeared to be predominantly lymphocytic in the season in which samples were collected, and may have also had an absolute basophilia. This is the first study to determine reference intervals for complete blood counts and select biochemistry parameters of a uniform cohort of red-footed tortoises. These values may aid in clinical management and monitoring of red-footed tortoises presenting for veterinary care.

Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism in the Equines of Jammu Region

A study was undertaken on 29 equines with a history of lameness, difficulty in mastication, reduced feed intake, and swelling of facial bones. Feeding history was recorded and clinical examination of all horses was performed. Radiographs of the head of some horses were taken. Blood samples were collected from 14 osteodystrophic and 6 healthy horses to estimate plasma levels of Ca, P, ALP, BUN, and creatinine. Urine samples were collected for a routine examination, sulkowitch test, urine calcium, and phosphorus estimation, and fractional urinary clearance of phosphorus was calculated. Mean values of P, ALP and UFCP was significantly higher in NSHP affected horse than healthy horses. Radiographs of the head revealed decreased bone density, loosened teeth in alveolar sockets, and increased osteoid thickening of maxillae and mandible bones. Young horses were more susceptible than older horses. All the animals were treated by supplementation of 40 gm of calcium carbonate orally for 2 months, resulting in the disappearance of lameness and returning animals to normal work.

Comparison between different sources of minerals in horses with nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism

ABSTRACT Minerals perform several functions in the body, such as coagulation actions, muscle contraction, enzymatic and hormonal production, among others. This study aims to evaluate the effect of a 150 days chelated and not chelated mineral supplementation with and without potassium oxalate on serological parameters and bone mineral density of horses. Twenty-four crossbred yearlings (12 females and 12 males) with an average age of 21±3 months and body weight of 330.8±37.9kg were divided into four groups containing six equines in each (three females and three males) in a completely randomized design with repeated measurements in a 2x2 factorial arrangement. Treatments were: 1 - chelated minerals compound; 2 - chelated minerals compound and potassium oxalate; 3 - not chelated minerals compound; and 4 - not chelated minerals compound and potassium oxalate. Clinical signs of nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism (NSH) were observed only in treatment 4. Results showed no treatment effect in bone biopsy for calcium, phosphorus and bone density. There were significant reductions of parathyroid hormone (PTH) means concentrations in treatments 2 and 4 during supplementation. Animals supplemented with chelated minerals compounds avoided mineral imbalances and NSH even when in dietary potassium oxalate challenged.

Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism–induced facial osteodystrophy in a Labrador puppy

Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism–induced facial osteodystrophy in a Labrador puppy

Atypical fibrous osteodystrophy in a lactating mare

Secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism is a condition caused by increased serum phosphorus levels compared to calcium, which leads to an growth in the production of the PTH, parathyroid hormone of the parathyroid glands, increasing the osteoclastic activity withdrawing calcium from the bones, forming fibrous tissue, known as osteodystrophy, usually in the facial bones. The goal of this paper was to report an atypical case of hyperparathyroidism and fibrous osteodystrophy in a 8-year-old lactating mare, whose face enlargement was focal and nodular, involving of the right nostril and incisor bones, causing breathing and feeding difficulties. In the radiological examination the image was suggestive of osteosarcoma, with Doppler showing superficial circulation to the nodular mass. Treatment with cisplatin and calcium supplementation was performed. The the patient died three days after a temporary tracheostomy and a biopsy procedure. At necropsy parathyroid’s lymphadenomegaly was confirmed by histopathology, and osteodystrophy in the maxillary region was observed. In this case, hyperparathyroidism did not presented itself as a typical form, and there is a need for further studies on possible atypical forms of the disease on tropical countries.

RETROSPECTIVE REVIEW OF MORTALITY IN CAPTIVE PINK PIGEONS (NESOENAS MAYERI) HOUSED IN EUROPEAN COLLECTIONS: 1977-2018.

The Mauritian pink pigeon (Nesoenas mayeri) is vulnerable, with only 400 individuals remaining in the free-living population. A European captive population was established in 1977 and a European Endangered Species Program (EEP) in 1992. The EEP long-term management plan recommends integrating the EEP and free-living Mauritius populations through pigeon transfers. A retrospective mortality review of the captive population was performed as part of a disease risk assessment process and to inform infectious disease screening prior to exporting captive birds to Mauritius. Six hundred pink pigeons from 34 institutions died from 1977 to 2018. Each individual was categorized according to age at time of death. Records from 404 individuals were categorized according to cause of death. Neonatal mortality (39%) and juvenile mortality (10.8%) were most commonly caused by noninfectious diseases (52% and 54.4%, respectively), including parental neglect and failure to thrive in neonates and nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism in juveniles. Trauma (43.1%) was the most common cause of mortality in adults, with significantly higher mortality in males from interspecific aggression and in females due to intraspecific aggression. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium, and Escherichia coli were the most common infectious causes of adult mortality, and E. coli was the most common infectious cause in neonates. The following infectious diseases were identified as priorities for pre-export disease risk analysis, though not all caused mortality: Y. pseudotuberculosis, M. avium, Trichomonas spp., Chlamydia psittaci, and Coccidia spp. Husbandry changes have been made over the years to mitigate many of the noninfectious causes of mortality. These include alterations to nest sites to reduce neonatal trauma and abandonment, ultraviolet light supplementation and diet optimization to reduce metabolic disorders, improving enclosure design to reduce impact trauma, allowing females rest periods during breeding season, and avoiding housing with certain species.

Prevalence of secondary hyperparathyroidism following bariatric surgery

BackgroundAlthough bariatric surgery is one of the most efficient therapies in morbidly obese patients for losing weight, it may result in nutritional deficiencies, secondary hyperparathyroidism, and other complications. ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess hyperparathyroidism in morbidly obese patients that underwent different types of bariatric surgeries. MethodIn this cohort-study, patients were divided into two groups based on the outcome: patients who developed secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) and those who did not develop SHPT. Factors including parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH) D3), were examined preoperatively and one, and five years after the surgery. ResultOf the 120 patients enrolled between January 2015 and September 2020, the numbers of patients that underwent sleeve gastrectomy (GS), Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), single anastomosis sleeve ileal (SASI) and One Anastomosis Gastric Bypass (OAGB) were 90, 15, 3 and 12, respectively. Obese subjects that underwent bariatric surgeries achieved significant Body mass index (BMI) change. During the first follow up, BMI, PTH, vitamin D, calcium, HbA1c, cholesterol, and triglyceride significantly differed between the two groups. In the next follow up, vitamin D, PTH, calcium remained significantly different. Although patients that underwent SG, lost lesser weight and had fewer side effects from the surgery in comparison to other types of bariatric surgeries. ConclusionSG provides a safer biochemical profile than other bariatric procedures and a significantly lower number of hyperparathyroid cases, however, reduction in weight loss is also significantly lesser. The postoperative hyperparathyroid was significantly correlated to VDD, calcium deficiency, and less weight loss.

Veterinary care of green iguanas (Iguana iguana) part 2

Part one of this series discussed husbandry. This article (part 2) covers clinical procedures including sample collection, fluid therapy and anaesthesia and common presenting health concerns. These can be subdivided into non-infectious or husbandry associated conditions, and infectious disease. Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism, reproductive disease in females and renal disease are common reasons for seeking veterinary care. Presentation, diagnosis and treatment options are discussed for the common conditions.

Osteodystrophia Fibrosa in a Goat - A case report

Osteodystrophia fibrosa is a condition associated with fibrous replacement of the resorbed bony matrix. In India, it is commonly reported in horses, and is most often associated with bran feeding, leading to higher availability of phosphorus and imbalance in the calcium phosphorus ratio. Low calcium or high phosphorus diet can result in secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism leading to osteodystrophia fibrosa (Ozmen et al., 2017). Bone resorption of calcium occurs associated with low calcium level in circulation. Deformities of the bone manifests associated with the severity of the condition.

Paradise lost: Evidence for a devastating metabolic bone disease in an insular Pleistocene deer

PurposeThis communication reports skeletal pathology in a Pleistocene endemic deer from the Mavromouri caves of Crete. Materials287 bones and bone fragments from Mavromouri caves are compared to 2986 bones from Liko Cave. MethodsBones were evaluated macroscopically, and measurements were made of morphometric characteristics of limb long bones. Representative bone specimens were examined radiographically and histologically. ResultsMacroscopic hallmarks were loss of bone mass and increased porosity. The long bones were brittle, some of them having thin cortices, and others reduction of medullary cavities that contain dense Haversian tissue. The flat bones were spongy and fragile. Erosions of the metaphyses and articular surfaces were noted. Histological findings included: sub-periosteal resorption; loss of lamellar bone; enlargement of vascular canals; and remodeling of cortical bone. Two types of fibrous osteodystrophy were recognized in skeletal remains, subostotic and hyperostotic. ConclusionsThe deer of Mavromouri caves were affected by severe metabolic bone disease, likely nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism. We hypothesize a multifactorial cause, including overgrazing, flora senescence, soil mineral deficiencies, and a prolonged period of climate extremes, degrading the Cretan deer habitat. ValueThis is the first evidence of a metabolic bone disease causing this level of destructive pathology in an insular fossil deer. LimitationsThe lack of absolute chronometric dates for the site limits potential linking with the prevailing environmental conditions. Suggestions for further researchInvestigation of similar skeletal pathologies at other islands or isolated habitats is advised.

Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism in a domestic feline: Case report

Secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism (HSN) is a metabolic disease characterized by imbalance of the Ca and P, leading to osteopenia. The symptoms are claudication, constipation, lordosis, kyphosis, fractures of long bones and vertebral bodies. The present study reports a case of NSH in a 3-month-old male feline fed with homecare food that was attended at UFPA HOVET presenting claudication that progressed to paraparesis with neurological deficit in pelvic limbs, constipation and urinary retention. It was submitted to hematological, biochemical and radiographic examinations, presenting severe osteopenia with multiple pathological fractures, which related to the clinical data helped to obtain the diagnosis of HSN. The animal was submitted to treatment consisting of confinement, analgesia and alimentary correction and it was obtained satisfactory evolution after 30 days with high medication after 4 months. The literature is very limited as to the clinical data and results of treatment of felines with HSN, although this pathology is becoming increasingly uncommon among felines, contributions are still needed to allow more efficient treatments and more favorable prognoses.

Evaluation of Four Treatment Protocols on Experimentally Induced Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism in Kittens

Evaluation of Four Treatment Protocols on Experimentally Induced Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism in Kittens

Clinical, Biochemical and Radiographic Alterations in Kittens with Experimental Induced Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

Clinical, Biochemical and Radiographic Alterations in Kittens with Experimental Induced Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

An unusual case of nutritional Secondary hyperparathyroidism in a Mare- A case report

A case of nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism in a mare was diagnosed on the basis of history, clinical signs, radiography and reduced calcium excretion in urine.

CHARACTERIZING THE 25-HYDROXYVITAMIN D STATUS OF TWO POPULATIONS OF FREE-RANGING EASTERN BOX TURTLES (TERRAPENE CAROLINA CAROLINA).

Ultraviolet B radiation is recommended for captive reptiles to stimulate production of adequate levels of vitamin D; however, little is known regarding the vitamin D status in many free-ranging populations. Current reference ranges for vitamin D in eastern box turtles have not yet been established. Sixty free-ranging eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) from two well-studied populations in Illinois (n = 24) and Tennessee (n = 36) were assayed for plasma vitamin D concentration in 2014. There were no significant differences in concentrations between individuals in Illinois (mean: 117.5 nM/L) and Tennessee (mean: 98.7 nM/L) (P = 0.129) populations. Similarly, there were no differences in concentrations based on age class (P = 0.533) or sex (P = 0.532). There was a significant correlation between UV at the time of capture and vitamin D concentrations (R = 0.301, P = 0.030). Vitamin D was not correlated with total calcium (R = 0.018, P = 0.89) or Ca : P ratio (R = 0.025, P = 0.85). Diseases in captive individuals, including secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism, may commonly be associated with vitamin D deficiencies, and clinical intervention relies on reference data. Vitamin D supplementation may be recommended if animals are deemed to be deficient. Data obtained can be used to improve the care of captive and free-ranging turtles by providing reference ranges, as well as better characterize the health of wild populations.