Nutritional Shortage Research Articles

4D food printing technology: Structural changes to culinary art and beyond

AbstractThe evolution of food manufacturing through 3D printing has expanded with the development of 4D printing technology and opened new possibilities in culinary applications. Compared to conventional 3D printing, 4D printing incorporates time as a new dimension, allowing for dynamic modifications to food structures. Self‐assembly and reactions to external factors such as pH, moisture content, or temperature are examples of these alterations. The gastronomic design and nutritional possibilities have increased with the use of 4D printing in the food preparation process. Personalized nutrition is a significant use of 4D printing in the food industry. With the use of this technology, food products may be tailored to meet the dietary requirements of everyone, encouraging better eating practice and treating nutritional shortages. Furthermore, complex culinary designs that were previously difficult to accomplish are now possible by 4D printing. Intelligent materials that adapt their surroundings allow for self‐adjusting forms or packaging, which lowers waste and promotes sustainable food practices. Transportation and food storage could be revolutionized by 4D printing. Food deterioration and waste can be reduced, and food quality preserved throughout storage and transportation with the help of self‐adjusting packaging that adjusts to temperature fluctuations. Examining the most recent advancements in 4D food printing technology, this review highlights how this technology can revolutionize customized nutrition, sustainability, waste management, and culinary inventiveness.Practical ApplicationsUnderstanding the concept and advances in food printing technology is important to develop nutritionally enriched food products with desired shape. The factors involved in 4D food printing technologies and the structural and biochemical changes in products during processing are critically analyzed.

Carbohydrate metabolism and cytology of S-type cytoplasmic male sterility in wheat.

Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is an important tool for hybrid heterosis utilization. However, the underlying mechanisms still need to be discovered. An adequate supply of nutrients is necessary for anther development; pollen abortion would occur if the metabolism of carbohydrates were hampered. In order to better understand the relationship between carbohydrate metabolism disorder and pollen abortion in S-CMS wheat, the submicroscopic structure of wheat anthers was observed using light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy; chloroplast proteome changes were explored by comparative proteomic analysis; sugar measuring and enzyme assays were performed; and the expression patterns of carbohydrate metabolism-related genes were studied using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) method. These results indicated that the anther and microspore in S-CMS wheat underwent serious structural damage, including premature tapetum degeneration, nutritional shortage, pollen wall defects, and pollen grain malformations. Furthermore, the number of chloroplasts in the anthers of S-CMS lines decreased significantly, causing abnormal carbohydrate metabolism, and disintegration of osmiophilic granules and thylakoids. Meanwhile, some proteins participating in the Calvin cycle and carbohydrate metabolism were abnormally expressed in the chloroplasts of the S-CMS lines, which might lead to chloroplast dysfunction. Additionally, several key enzymes and genes related to carbohydrate metabolism were significantly inhibited in S-CMS. Based on these results, we proposed a carbohydrate metabolism pathway for anther abortion in S-type cytoplasmic male sterility, which would encourage further exploration of the pollen abortion mechanisms for CMS wheat.

A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ON DIAGNOSIS AND CLASSIFICATION OF PADDY LEAF DISEASES USING ADVANCED COMPUTER VISION TECHNOLOGIES

Food is required for human survival. Paddy is a vital food crop serving 60% of the Indian population. Food quality is determined by the plant yield. Unfavorable environmental circumstances, soil fertility, bacteria, viruses, nematodes, fertilizer use, and the absence of nutritional shortages substantially influence plant yield. As a result, it is critical to protect the plants from illness. Crop yield must be improved to meet food scarcity of growing population. Although disease symptoms are apparent in various parts of plant like leaves, stem, fruits and stem, the infections are commonly observed in the leaves. Understanding plant pathology plays a vital role in disease detection. Early detection of diseases is a prompt intervention that aids the farmers in controlling disease spread, resulting in increased agricultural quantity and quality. Image processing techniques with advanced computer vision technologies like machine learning and deep learning have proven the automation of plant disease diagnosis precisely. The main objectives of this research are to investigate computer vision technologies for the early identification of plant diseases and help novice researchers in the same domain learn about plant diseases and the methodologies for disease detection in paddy plant leaves. Consequently this manuscript reviews significant paddy plant infections, highlights related study of tools and techniques, current research, limitations and conclusions for future research in this field.

Evaluation of Hematological Factors and Micronutrients Among Children Infected with Enterobius vermicularis

Malnutrition, anemia, and micronutrient deficits may be associated with Enterobius vermicularis infection. Hence, the subject has recently received a lot of attention. The goal of this study was to analyse the nutritional, hematological and micronutrient status of children infected with E. vermicularis. This research was carried out in Baghdad from October 2021 to the end of March 2022. The study comprised 100 children of both sexes, ranging in age from 3-16 years. All individuals nutritional status was assessed using the weight-for-age Z score and the height-for-age Z score. As well as cellophane tape samples and blood samples were collected from all individuals. The cellophane tape samples were examined under microscope for E. vermicularis detection. Whereas blood samples were processed to assess many factors which were: haemoglobin, ferritin, total binding capacity (TIBC), serum iron, serum zinc and serum magnesium. Results revealed significant correlations between E. vermicularis infection occurrence and each of age and gender, even though most infections were noticed among females and among those who were between 3-9 years. The results also showed that the nutritional status, based on weight for age Z score, was significantly (P˂0.05) related to E. vermicularis occurence. Moreover haemoglobin, ferritin, serum iron, serum zinc and serum magnesium were noted to have significantly (P˂0.05) decreased among those who were E. vermicularis positive compared with E. vermicularis negative group. While total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) increased significantly among E. vermicularis positive children. The current investigation revealed that E. vermicularis infection had significant implications on several haematological elements, as well as stunting nutritional shortages. As a result, a lower prevalence of intestinal parasite infection (particularly enterobiasis) among children would almost certainly benefit their growth, development and educational outcomes.

The Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on Food and Nutrition Security and Dietary Habits Among Syrian Refugees in Camps: A General Review

With over one billion people experiencing nutritional shortages, food insecurity is expanding as a worldwide problem. There are presently 657,628 Syrian refugees registered in Jordan nine years after the crisis in the Syrian Arab Republic began. The COVID-19 pandemic had a substantial impact on pregnant women, nursing mothers, and most families with small children regarding food and nutrition security. It affected refugees worldwide. This review focuses on Syrian refugees' nutritional intake and the factors influencing their dietary habits, eating habits, and food insecurity. Due to system interdependencies, these impacts have cascaded across different components of the humanitarian aid provision system and led to risks of deterred personal growth and longer-term risks on the future leadership of the refugee community. The methodology followed the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. A structured search of two databases-PubMed and Google Scholar—was carried out, and articles were identified that focused upon the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on food and nutrition security and dietary habits among refugees in camps. From this study, we recommend devising an interdisciplinary framework for assessing the education, protection, food security and household needs of the refugee communities together rather than intervening discreetly, and using the food security and household component of the system as the ladder to achieve effective management of pandemic-borne risks for the community.

Ecological response of Rotaria rotatoria (Bdelloid Rotifera) to unbalanced nitrogen in food: experimental insights from life history strategy and feeding behavior

ABSTRACT Nitrogen (N) cycle in ecosystems has been overbalanced by human activities. However, it remains uncertain whether the altered N supply results in a change in the elemental composition of phytoplankton and, consequently, affects the life history strategy of zooplankton. To investigate these impacts, a simple lab-based food chain was established. Results show that lack or excess of nitrogen reduced algal density, cell volume, growth rate and chlorophyll content. Moreover, N content in algae significantly increased with increased N concentration in the medium, and reached saturation at concentrations ≥5 mg·L−1. Feeding on algae grown in a low-nitrogen or no nitrogen mediums resulted in faster decline in age-specific survival of rotifers, and slower population growth, as well as longer generation time. In order to make up for nutritional shortage, grazing and filtration rates increased. On the other hand, rotifers feeding on algae grown in high-N mediums (A50 and A200) had significantly shorter average lifespan and life expectancy at hatching. Therefore, nitrogen imbalances have adverse effects on the growth, development and reproduction of both primary producers and herbivorous zooplankton in the food chain.

The blockade of Artsakh causing long-term food, nutrition shortage and starvation: How functional food education can help resolve health related conditions

Throughout history, regimes have utilized starvation as a form of genocide. Genocide is defined by Rafael Lempkin as an intentional effort to annihilate a national group. The purpose of this research is to analyze the physiological immediate and lasting effects of starvation in the human body. In the current conflict in Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh), ecologists from Azerbaijan are preventing fuel, medicine, and food from entering the Armenian border at the Berdzor (Lachin) Corridor since December 12, 2022. Russian peacekeepers are simultaneously stationed at the Berdzor Corridor, which connects Artsakh and Armenia. In this article, observations are presented on the effects of starvation and recovery on the human body as they relate to historical genocides. Short and long-term effects of starvation can be severe, especially in minority populations and small territories. Although prolonged starvation has more profound impacts on the body, metabolic processes and increased stress levels can cause serious harm to someone who hasn’t consumed food for even only a few days. The predominant physiological shift during a short period of starvation is the transition from gluconeogenesis as a form of fuel production to lipid oxidation as fuel production, resulting in formation of ketone bodies. This switch ultimately leads to metabolic acidosis and the beginning of further complications if trends continue.A prolonged lack of food can lead to an altered mental state, cardiac dysrhythmia, loss of bone density and various other abnormal physiological processes. Many of these findings are potentially reversible via proposed treatments for recovery, although some are not. The blockade of Artsakh has the potential to cause both severe short and long-term physical and psychological damage as discussed below. The blockade began more than 80 days ago, thus certain damage has already occurred.We strongly urge the international community to act against this blockade and help prevent a future genocide.Keywords: food shortage, Starvation, genocide,Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh), blockade, Berdzor (Lachin) corridor, bioactive compounds, functional foods

Nutrients deficiency diagnosis of rice crop by weighted average ensemble learning

Rice is one of the most extensively cultivated food crops on the planet, especially in Bangladesh, China, and India. However, rice production is frequently hampered by nutrient imbalances. The leaves of rice plants often show signs of nutritional shortages. As a result, rice leaf color and shape can be utilized to detect nutrient deficits. Computer vision-based automatic nutrient deficiency detection by image processing has become prevalent in agriculture. In this research, we have proposed a robust Deep Ensemble Convolutional Neural Network (DECNN) model that can diagnose rice nutrient deficiency with high accuracy. Different pre-trained models named InceptionV3, InceptionResNetV2, DenseNet121, DenseNet169, and DenseNet201 are reformed by adding various layers, and their diagnostic accuracy is observed on the Kaggle dataset. Using appropriate data augmentation, a proper dense layer, a pooling layer, and a dropout layer, each of the models improves its prediction accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score. Among the five modified pretrained models, the modified DensNet169 model provides the highest test accuracy, which has improved from 92% to 96.66%. Finally, we ensembled the modified DenseNet169, DenseNet201, and InceptionV3 models based on their performance in detecting rice nutrient deficiency diagnosis via weighted averaging. This proposed DECNN model improves testing accuracy by 98.33%.

Nutrient Deficiency Classification in Rice Plants Using DenseNet121

The leaves of plants often display signs of nutritional shortages. Therefore, to identify the nutrient shortages in plants, the color as well as the shape of the leaves can be wielded. Image classification is a quick and efficient methodology for this diagnosis task. In image classification, even though Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (DCNNs) are successful, little emphasis has been paid to their use in detecting plant nutrient deficits. Thus, to classify rice plant nutrient deficits, a DenseNet121 model is proposed in this paper. This proposed technique includes inserting additional new layers, early stopping criteria, model checkpoints, and five-fold cross-validation to enhance the model’s accuracy. After that, the model’s efficacy has been assessed utilizing specific performance metrics like accuracy, F1 score, precision, and recall. The performance of the suggested model is also analogized with the newer deep learning algorithms. From experimental results, the modified DenseNet121 attained 99.98% of accuracy, 99.99% of Precision, 99.98% of Recall, and 99.97% of F1-score. Lastly, to classify nutrient deficiencies in rice plants automatically on the web and mobile devices, an application was created for the farmers.

Early and late complication of sleeve gastrectomy

The rate of obesity is on rise worldwide and almost 13% of the global population is obese leading to development of various other diseases and complications. Lack of effective outcome from conventional approach for weight control and loss is causing a transition among people to approach for bariatric surgeries. Sleeve gastrectomy is one of the surgical techniques of bariatric surgery aimed to achieve weight loss. Like any other surgical procedure, it also has certain post-operative complications associated with it. The complications of sleeve gastrectomy are further divided into early and late phase. The purpose of this research is to review the available information about early and late complication of sleeve gastrectomy. In the surgical treatment of morbid obesity, sleeve gastrectomy is the most widely performed bariatric procedure. It is a minimally invasive and risk-free surgery with a low risk of complications and death. The complication rates for early and late complication range from 5.4% to 7.3%, with incidence of serious complications ranging from 1.2% to 2.2%. Early complications include bleeding such as intraluminal or extraluminal, a leak in the staple line, and the formation of an abscess. While gastric stenosis, nutritional shortages, mediastinal pouch migration, and the development or worsening of gastroesophageal reflux disease are all late consequences. Older age, male sex, increased body mass index, smoking, and comorbidities are considered the risk factors for the development of complications of sleeve gastrectomy. Overall, sleeve gastrectomy is considered a safe and effective surgical weight loss technique.

Genomic signatures for drylands adaptation at gene-rich regions in African zebu cattle

BackgroundIndigenous Sudanese cattle are mainly indicine/zebu (humped) type. They thrive in the harshest dryland environments characterised by high temperatures, long seasonal dry periods, nutritional shortages, and vector disease challenges. Here, we sequenced 60 indigenous Sudanese cattle from six indigenous breeds and analysed the data using three genomic scan approaches to unravel cattle adaptation to the African dryland region. ResultsWe identified a set of gene-rich selective sweep regions, detected mostly on chromosomes 5, 7 and 19, shared across African and Gir zebu. These include genes involved in immune response, body size and conformation, and heat stress response. We also identified selective sweep regions unique to Sudanese zebu. Of these, a 250 kb selective sweep on chromosome 16 spans seven genes, including PLCH2, PEX10, PRKCZ, and SKI, which are involved in alternative adaptive metabolic strategies of insulin signalling, glucose homeostasis, and fat metabolism. ConclusionsOur results suggest that environmental adaptation may involve recent and ancient selection at gene-rich regions, which might be under a common regulatory genetic control, in zebu cattle.

Nutrition of deportees from the Moldavian SSR in the context of “Yug” Operation (1949)

The article inserts sequences referring to the nutrition of the Stalinist regime victims, subjects to deportation Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic, in the second wave (1949), in special regulatory localities distributed in the special areas of the Soviet Union. Testimonies of people considered by the Stalinist regime to be “enemies of the people”, reflects the nutrition shortage not only in the journey from “home” to “destination”, but also in the process of adapting to the intruder environment, food security being precarious in both cases. In many ways, a large part of the memories of deported persons show similarities to the famine suffered by the population of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1946. In the destination localities, the nutrition of the deportees depended on many factors: climatic (winter temperature reaching -40° C) and living conditions, workplace, health, the presence of the head of the family and members able to work, etc. Families deported with small children, in the absence of the father (the basic maintainer) and only with the presence of the mother, were the most difficult.

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Proteome Changes Profoundly in Milk.

Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) are detectable viable in milk and other dairy products. The molecular mechanisms allowing the adaptation of MAP in these products are still poorly understood. To obtain information about respective adaptation of MAP in milk, we differentially analyzed the proteomes of MAP cultivated for 48 h in either milk at 37 °C or 4 °C or Middlebrook 7H9 broth as a control. From a total of 2197 MAP proteins identified, 242 proteins were at least fivefold higher in abundance in milk. MAP responded to the nutritional shortage in milk with upregulation of 32% of proteins with function in metabolism and 17% in fatty acid metabolism/synthesis. Additionally, MAP upregulated clusters of 19% proteins with roles in stress responses and immune evasion, 19% in transcription/translation, and 13% in bacterial cell wall synthesis. Dut, MmpL4_1, and RecA were only detected in MAP incubated in milk, pointing to very important roles of these proteins for MAP coping with a stressful environment. Dut is essential and plays an exclusive role for growth, MmpL4_1 for virulence through secretion of specific lipids, and RecA for SOS response of mycobacteria. Further, 35 candidates with stable expression in all conditions were detected, which could serve as targets for detection. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD027444.

Environmental stresses and its implications on breeding of brewing barley

The barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is a cereal of extreme economic and social importance, due to its wide use, which varies from human and animal consumption, use in chemical and brewing industries. This specie, as for many other, is widely affected by unfavorable environmental conditions, inducing a state of stress in the plants, which, depends on the specie, duration, severity, development stage, affect structure and genotype. Among the main factors causing stress in plants, the abiotic stress stands out, such as high and low temperatures, hydric restriction or excess, salt excess, mineral toxicity and nutritional shortages. The present study has the purpose of expose, as a review, the effects of unfavorable environmental factors in barley and the role of genetic breeding.

Is the Covid‐19 Pandemic a Game Changer in GMO Regulation?

SummaryThe Covid‐19 pandemic has the potential to act as a much‐needed trigger for changes to the European Union regulations around genetically modified organisms (GMOs). There are two main reasons for this potential development. Firstly, the majority of vaccines under development would fall under Directive 2001/18 on the release of GMOs into the environment. The European Parliament and Council agreed that, in Recital 17 of Regulation 2020/1043, the current approval procedure for GMOs is not well‐suited to improving public health. This was driven in particular by the need for vaccine approval in the context of the Covid‐19 pandemic; and a more appropriate approval procedure would be applied. Secondly, several studies have shown that the Covid‐19 crisis reduces the purchasing power of households and increases their vulnerability in the case of food shortages; and consequent increases in food prices further exacerbate the nutritional problems of vulnerable groups. Modern plant breeding has the potential to provide less expensive solutions to support vulnerable groups. As the Covid‐19 crisis drains government budgets, views around GMOs in the EU may change in the light of positive experiences from the approval of Covid‐19 vaccines.

Transcriptomic Analysis of Staphylococcus xylosus in Solid Dairy Matrix Reveals an Aerobic Lifestyle Adapted to Rind.

Staphylococcus xylosus is found in the microbiota of traditional cheeses, particularly in the rind of soft smeared cheeses. Despite its frequency, the molecular mechanisms allowing the growth and adaptation of S. xylosus in dairy products are still poorly understood. A transcriptomic approach was used to determine how the gene expression profile is modified during the fermentation step in a solid dairy matrix. S. xylosus developed an aerobic metabolism perfectly suited to the cheese rind. It overexpressed genes involved in the aerobic catabolism of two carbon sources in the dairy matrix, lactose and citrate. Interestingly, S. xylosus must cope with nutritional shortage such as amino acids, peptides, and nucleotides, consequently, an extensive up-regulation of genes involved in their biosynthesis was observed. As expected, the gene sigB was overexpressed in relation with general stress and entry into the stationary phase and several genes under its regulation, such as those involved in transport of anions, cations and in pigmentation were up-regulated. Up-regulation of genes encoding antioxidant enzymes and glycine betaine transport and synthesis systems showed that S. xylosus has to cope with oxidative and osmotic stresses. S. xylosus expressed an original system potentially involved in iron acquisition from lactoferrin.

Premixed vs Compounded Parenteral Nutrition: Effects of Total Parenteral Nutrition Shortage on Clinical Practice

Drug shortages continue to impact our patients with intestinal failure and their ability to receive nutrition. ASPEN guidelines address the management of certain shortages in compounded total parenteral nutrition (TPN); however, some institutions have utilized premixed total parenteral nutrition (pTPN) in place of TPN. Premixed TPN appears to be as safe, if not safer, as compounded TPN when comparing the risk of bloodstream infection. However, there is an increased use of supplemental electrolytes to meet patient needs. Cost-effectiveness depends on multiple factors and should be evaluated by each institution when considering the use of TPN. In light of the published information on the use of pTPN compared to TPN, institutions and nutrition clinicians should consider their current practice and opportunities to consider when pTPN may be beneficial for their patients, not only from a safety perspective, but also considering cost savings. However, close monitoring and individual patient needs should be considered as these formulas may not meet all patient nutritional and electrolyte needs.

Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Moths Decide to Migrate when Suffering Nutrient Shortage on the First Day after Emergence.

Migration is a costly strategy in terms of reproduction output. Competition for limited internal resources leads to physiological management of migration-reproduction trade-offs in energy allocation. Migratory insects must choose to determine to allocate energy into reproduction or migration when confronted insufficient energy supply. Although nutrient shortage is known to stimulate insect migration to escape deteriorating habitat, little is known about when and how migratory insects make decisions when confronted by a nutritional shortage. Here Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), a migratory rice pest in eastern Asia, was used to study the effects of starvation on reproductive traits, behavioral traits and energy allocation. The result showed that one or two days’ starvation before preoviposition did not significantly reduce the fertility (total egg per female laid) and flight capability (flight duration and distance) of both sexes C. medinalis. The preoviposition period was extended significantly only if moths were starved starting on the first day after emergence. Also, take-off percentage of moths starved since their first day increased significantly, and continued to increase even if supplemental nutrients were supplied as honey solution in later days. Moths starved on the first day appeared to allocate or transfer triglycerides into the thorax to maintain the migration process: the quantity of thoracic triglycerides did not differ with age, but abdominal triglycerides decreased with age if starvation continued. These results indicate that the first day post-emergence is a critical period for C. medinalis to decide to migrate or not in response to lack of food. This furthers our understanding of the population dynamics of migratory insects under natural conditions.

Regulation and Physiology of Autophagy Induced by Glucose Starvation “The role of autophagy for the degradation of intracellular mannosyl glycan in yeast”

Autophagy is a conserved degradation pathway driven by the sequestration of various cytoplasmic components into the vacuoles/lysosomes in eukaryotic cells. Autophagy is known to play an important role in cellular homeostasis by eliminating excess/damaged organelles or by providing amino acids during nutrition starvation. Several studies have suggested that dysregulation of autophagy causes physiological dysfunction in both yeast and mammals. It has been reported that the magnitude of autophagy is strongly enhanced by starvation of various nutrition sources, such as nitrogen, carbon and phosphorus. However, the regulatory mechanism and physiology of autophagy induced by each nutritional shortage—with the exception of nitrogen starvation—have been largely unclear. In this review, I focus on recent studies of the regulation and physiology of autophagy induced by glucose (or carbon source) starvation, as well as the historical background of autophagy study in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Our recent findings indicate that autophagy plays a role in facilitating degradation of the intracellular mannosyl glycan during glucose starvation in budding yeast.

Physiological and cellular requirements for successful elongation of the preimplantation conceptus and the implications for fertility in lactating dairy cows.

Elongation of the preimplantation conceptus is a prerequisite for maternal recognition of pregnancy and implantation in ruminants. Failures in this phase of development likely contribute for the subfertility of lactating dairy cows. This review will discuss our current understanding of the physiological and cellular requirements for successful elongation of the preimplantation conceptus and their potential deficiency in subfertile lactating dairy cows. Major requirements include the priming of the endometrium by ovarian steroids, reprogramming of trophectoderm cells at the onset of elongation, and intensification of the crosstalk between elongating conceptus and endometrium. Conceptus elongation and survival in dairy cows does not seem to be affected by lactation per se but seem to be altered in subgroups of cows with endocrine, metabolic and nutritional imbalances or deficiencies. These subgroups of cows include those suffering diseases postpartum, anovular cows enrolled in synchronization programs, and cows with low concentration of circulating steroids and IGF1. Success of conceptus elongation starts long before breeding and entails optimization of health and nutrition programs, especially during the transition period, and might be extended to the supplementation of endocrine and nutritional shortages at the time of breeding. Genetic selection will eventually become more important as researchers unravel the molecular control of reproduction and develop new fertility traits focused on pregnancy survival.