Nutritional Resources Research Articles

A Dual Perspective of Psycho-Social Barriers and Challenges Experienced by Drug-Resistant TB Patients and Their Caregivers through the Course of Diagnosis and Treatment: Findings from a Qualitative Study in Bengaluru and Hyderabad Districts of South India.

Qualitative insights regarding psycho-social barriers and challenges experienced by drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) patients and their caregivers are understudied in India. We conducted a qualitative study using semi-structured qualitative interviews among treatment-completed DR-TB patients (n = 20) and caregivers (n = 20) in Bengaluru and Hyderabad districts, which represented two different socio-cultural settings in South India. Criterion sampling was used for recruiting the eligible participants who completed treatment with adherence. "Emotional issues and social barriers" were identified to represent a major challenge for patients and caregivers, which occurred acutely after disease diagnosis, characterized by fear and emotional distress due to their perceived loss of life prospects, severity of symptoms, discomfort, and disease denial. Medication intolerance, chronic symptoms, lack of visible signs of treatment progress, loss of weight, and physical concerns caused subsequent fear and distress during the treatment phases for patients along with experiences of stigma. External triggers generated "decisive moments" of hopelessness and life-ending thoughts for patients at the diagnosis and early treatment phase. Medication related challenges included the perceived burden and power of pills which caused emotional distress for patients and intolerance towards caregivers. Pill burden was found as consequential as the side effects of injections. Challenges related to lack of support were another major theme, in which caregivers lacked resources for treatment support and nutrition. Throughout treatment, caregivers and patients expressed concern about a lack of supportive care from family members, sympathy, and intangible social support. Challenges during hospital admission in terms of lack of privacy, quality of services, individual attention, and empathy from health care workers were reported by patients and caregivers. Despite better adherence, DR-TB patients and caregivers experienced considerable emotional and social consequences. Differentiating DR-TB patients and caregivers' issues at different stages of diagnosis and treatment could help improve patient-centered outcomes in India and other high-burden nations.

Nutrient dynamics in coral symbiosis depend on both the relative and absolute abundance of Symbiodiniaceae species

BackgroundSymbionts provide a variety of reproductive, nutritional, and defensive resources to their hosts, but those resources can vary depending on symbiont community composition. As genetic techniques open our eyes to the breadth of symbiont diversity within myriad microbiomes, symbiosis research has begun to consider what ecological mechanisms affect the identity and relative abundance of symbiont species and how this community structure impacts resource exchange among partners. Here, we manipulated the in hospite density and relative ratio of two species of coral endosymbionts (Symbiodinium microadriaticum and Breviolum minutum) and used stable isotope enrichment to trace nutrient exchange with the host, Briareum asbestinum.ResultsThe patterns of uptake and translocation of carbon and nitrogen varied with both density and ratio of symbionts. Once a density threshold was reached, carbon acquisition decreased with increasing proportions of S. microadriaticum. In hosts dominated by B. minutum, nitrogen uptake was density independent and intermediate. Conversely, for those corals dominated by S. microadriaticum, nitrogen uptake decreased as densities increased, and as a result, these hosts had the overall highest (at low density) and lowest (at high density) nitrogen enrichment.ConclusionsOur findings show that the uptake and sharing of nutrients was strongly dependent on both the density of symbionts within the host, as well as which symbiont species was dominant. Together, these complex interactive effects suggest that host regulation and the repression of in hospite symbiont competition can ultimately lead to a more productive mutualism.7h9js9xm2ik2K7FmJ48qFBVideo

Food loss and waste accounting: the case of the Philippine food supply chain

In recent years, the interest in food loss and waste has been gaining momentum from researchers and policy-makers. Much of the attention on the matter is centered in industrialized countries, creating a knowledge gap within developing countries, among which is the Philippines. This lack of information impedes the country-level response in solving the issue, whose implications extend to food and nutrition security, productivity, and resource use. For this reason, our paper estimates the food loss and waste levels in the Philippine food supply chain of rice, corn, and banana commodities. We were first to identify the percentage accumulation of food loss and waste in each stage of the food supply chain and translated such portions into edible food volumes initially intended for human consumption. Our findings revealed that between one-seventh to one-fifth of edible rice, corn, and banana quantities are lost/wasted in their respective food supply chains. For each of the commodities analyzed, the principal activities responsible for the problem are drying, dehanding, and harvesting, respectively. Our results suggest the following for policy intervention and research: establish an agreed-upon food loss and waste definition; calibrate interventions at the level of the food supply chain; follow a supply chain system approach in reducing the problem; and determine an acceptable level of loss/waste.

Pastoralism in the high Himalayas: Understanding changing practices and their implications for parasite transmission between livestock and wildlife

Rangelands are increasingly being affected by climatic variations, fragmentation and changes in livestock management practices. Along with resource competition between livestock and wildlife, disease transmission has implications for people and wildlife in these shared landscapes. We worked with two pastoral communities in the Western Indian Himalayas: the migratory Kinnauras that travel to the Trans-Himalayan Pin valley in summer and the resident herders of Pin Valley. Asiatic ibex (Capra sibirica) is the predominant wild herbivore in Pin. The pastures in Pin are grazed by both livestock (migratory and resident) and ibex, with the potential for disease transmission. We investigate the effects of herding practices on livestock health and disease transmission, while focusing on gastro-intestinal nematodes (GINs) as they can spread by sharing pasture between wild and domestic ungulates. Surveys were carried out between June and August 2019, the period when migratory Kinnauras, local herders and Asiatic Ibex are found in Pin Valley. We found that the Kinnaura flocks share pasture with ibex during their time in Pin, exhibiting significantly higher endo-parasite burdens than sedentary livestock, and the Kinnaura flocks are increasing in number. This suggests GIN cross-transmission is possible, as GINs have low host specificity and a free-living, environmental stage that is trophically acquired. As local (sedentary) sheep and goats rarely share pasture with ibex, have low endo-parasite burdens and are few in number, they are unlikely to transmit parasites to ibex. However, increasingly large local stock numbers may be contributing to pasture degradation which could cause nutritional stress and resource competition, exacerbating GIN impacts. We also find evidence for transhumance persisting, in spite of signs of pasture degradation that are seemingly affecting livestock productivity and potentially disease transmission. It is critical that proactive measures are taken, like participatory disease management with the Kinnauras, to align livelihoods with wildlife and rangeland conservation.

Malnutrition in Older Adults: Current Research and Challenges

Elderly population is at risk for malnutrition due to various factors. To address the malnutrition issue, the elderly population needs to be screened for malnutrition and received an appropriate care plan if necessary. Malnutrition is widespread in older people and represents a major geriatric syndrome with multifactorial etiology and severe consequences for health outcomes and quality of life. The aim of the present paper is to describe current research and challenges regarding malnutrition issues and to highlight relevant knowledge gaps that need to be addressed.
 
 Future research should further clarify the etiology of malnutrition and identify the most relevant causes in order to prevent malnutrition. Based on limited and partly conflicting evidence and the limitations of existing studies, it remains unclear which interventions are most effective in which patient groups, and if specific situations, diseases or etiologies of malnutrition require specific approaches. Patient-relevant outcomes such as functionality and quality of life need more attention, and research methodology should be harmonised to allow for the comparability of studies.
 
 Food constituents and nutrients have an important role to play in delaying the ageing process and also prevent chronic degenerative diseases, which are today a growing problem not only for the developed world, but also for the developing nations. Eating well is an important component of quality of life and nutrition is an essential component for healthy ageing. As ageing progress, undeniably there are changes in physiological system which further increases the risk of functional declined in later years. In the presence of either acute or chronic diseases, inflammatory factors may cause alteration in nutrient metabolism thereby leads to deterioration in nutritional status.
 During the state of illness, body produces higher amount of cytokines which promotes the state of catabolism and increase in body consumption. Due to failure in response to these changes, geriatrics are more prone to develop malnutrition as consequences of the disease complexity and the ageing factors related to nutritional intake. The continuum of this event ultimately resulted in weight loss, muscle wasting and poor disease progression. Hence, it is expected that hospitalized geriatric had higher risk to develop malnutrition compared to those healthy geriatric living in the community.
 The goal of nutritional science in super aged society is to extend healthy life expectancy, and it is necessary to think about nutrition which can positively maintain and improve quality of life. Promotion of basic research and practical research on nutritional science and dissemination of useful information on nutritional science are necessary for maintaining and promoting health, reducing health inequality and extending healthy life expectancy.
 In conclusion, it is important to screen elderly for malnutrition routinely to ensure appropriate intervention could be provided for them. Provision of nutrition resource kit tailored to the need of elderly could help to deliver nutritional guidance effectively and served as an important reference for them to overcome malnutrition.

Effect of Various Nutritional Resources on Phytochemical Traits of Some Rice Varieties Under Drought Stress Conditions


 A split-plot factorial experiment with randomized complete block design with three replications was performed at Dasht-e-Naz company located in Sari city, the Mazandaran province, Iran, in 2016 and 2017. It aimed to study the phytochemical properties of rice cultivars using different nutrients (chemical, organic) under drought stress. Three levels of stress, including drought stress at the beginning of tillering stage (15 days after transplanting), active grain filling period (end of flowering and the beginning of seed filling) and lack of stress (control) were the main causes of drought stress. Irrigation was stopped for two days, and re-irrigation was performed periodically after the appearance of hairy cleavage. The type of nutrition system was considered as the sub-factors in the factorial pattern in terms of four levels of vermicomposting and Azolla compost, in the quantities of 6 and 8 tons per hectare, respectively, humic acid (4.5 litres per thousand litres of water), the conventional chemical fertilizers (NPK), and two cultivars (Shirodi and the local Tarom). The maximum paddy seed yield was obtained in the non-stress condition using humic acid in the cultivars of shirodi and local Tarom. The maximum proline content was obtained in the drought stress condition in the retransition growth stage using the conventional fertilizer in the local Tarom cultivar. Maximum free radical scavenging and phenol content was obtained in drought stress conditions applied in the mobilization phase using humic acid in local Tarom rice. The overall results of the research suggested that humic acid increases the resistance of rice cultivars against drought due to the reduction of oxidative damage compared to the other fertilizers resources and enhances the paddy seed yield by affecting the phytochemical process.

Characterizing user needs for Beescape: A spatial decision support tool focused on pollinator health

Interactive maps can serve as powerful environmental decision-support tools. However, designing an interactive map that meets the needs of diverse constituencies is a challenge. In this article, we evaluate and characterize user needs for an interactive map and spatial decision-support tool called Beescape. Beescape is designed to visualize resources and environmental risks to bees and other pollinators (such as availability of nutritional resources from flowering plants and exposure to pesticides) in order to help users make informed decisions about managing bee populations and associated landscapes. We conducted a needs assessment workshop with twenty stakeholders from four user groups including beekeepers, growers, conservationists, and pollinator scientists to elicit their knowledge to guide future Beescape development. The results of the workshop identify current analytical gaps with the existing Beescape prototype, including the need for predictive and historical tools, more actionable data layers, finer-grain spatial data, and better explanations on what data represent and how they were created. Our findings on user's analytical, informational, and interface needs can be utilized to guide the future development of spatial decision support tools like Beescape, and our methodological approach may apply to other environmental informatics tools where it is important to design for multiple constituent user groups.

Content, Quality and Accuracy of Online Nutrition Resources for the Prevention and Treatment of Dementia: A Review of Online Content

(1) Background: The internet is a popular information source; however, research evaluating online nutrition-related dementia information is limited. This review characterised content, quality, and accuracy of online dementia-specific nutrition resources for dementia prevention and treatment. (2) Methods: JBI methodology for scoping reviews guided the study. Searches used Google search engine with terms related to dementia and nutrition. Webpages from government, organisational and commercial sources were included; blogs, social media and media sources were excluded. DISCERN tool evaluated content quality; accuracy was assessed against ESPEN and WHO guidelines. Differences in mean DISCERN scores were calculated using ANOVA. (3) Results: 105 webpages from eight countries were included. Webpages were mainly from organisational sources (n = 65) and covered nutrition-related prevention (n = 52) including diet–disease relationships (n = 81). Fewer webpages provided information on dementia related eating issues. The total mean DISCERN score (SD) was 50 ± 8, indicating overall good quality. All government webpages provided accurate information. Commercial webpages had some inaccuracy (ESPEN: 3% mixed, 3% inaccurate; WHO: 3% mixed, 3% inaccurate). (4) Conclusions: Information was of reasonable quality and mostly accurate. Further information on dementia-related eating issues is needed. Future research could address readability, understandability and actionability and examine other sources, such as social media, blogs or forums.

Dietetic Student Involvement in a Sports Nutrition Education Program for University Athletes

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of a sports nutrition counseling experiential learning opportunity on self-efficacy and nutrition counseling skills in the undergraduate dietetic students and dietary goal adherence in collegiate athlete clients after receiving the student-led nutrition counseling intervention. Methods: This mixed methods design, using a thematic analysis and pre- and post-testing, was implemented at a mid-sized university in the Midwestern United States. There were fifteen undergraduate dietetic students and nine collegiate athletes. Results: Counseling confidence in the dietetic students improved significantly from session one to session three (p < 0.001). Conclusions and Implications: Similar programs can be implemented in undergraduate dietetic programs within the academic setting to provide a valuable nutrition resource for collegiate athletes and experience for dietetic students. Examining the program with a larger population can allow for analysis of a causal relationship between the intervention and measured outcomes.

English

Over the years, the search for nutritional strategies that promote improved sports performance has increased. Among the available options, energy drinks appear as potential nutritional resources for this purpose, because they offer, in addition to caffeine, substances that act synergistically to improve performance, such as taurine, carbohydrates, amino acids, vitamins and minerals, promoting improved performance for both amateur and professional athletes. The aim of the study was to verify the effects of ingesting energy drinks with (ED1) and without carbohydrates (ED0) containing 2 mg·kg-1 of caffeine, and a decaffeinated placebo (PL) on cardiovascular, metabolic and performance parameters during cycling. Twelve male cyclists (age = 24.4 ± 6.6 years old) volunteered to participate in this study. The protocol consisted of three experimental sessions of 60 min of continuous cycling (65-75% of VO2maxE) followed by time-trial 6 km. The subjects ingested ED1, ED0 or a placebo drink (PL) 40 min before beginning the exercise. The heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), plasma glucose and lactate concentrations, and the time taken to complete the 6 km time-trial were evaluated. The time taken to complete the time-trial was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the PL group than in the groups ED1 and ED0. This time significantly decreased after the ED1 consumption relative to that for the ED0 consumption. Heart rate, systolic and diastolic arterial pressure and in the plasma glucose and lactate concentrations were similar in all the considered groups. These results demonstrate that ED1 consumption appears to be more effective at maximizing performance during the last 6 km.

Many authors of publicly available top-selling nutrition books in Canada are without clinical nutrition credentials, do not cite evidence, and promote their own services or products.

The accuracy of books as public nutrition resources varies substantially; whether authors of publicly available nutrition books possess related experience, cite scientific evidence, or have other financial incentives has not been assessed thoroughly. This study aimed to determine if publicly available top-selling nutrition books are written by authors who (1) have relevant expertise, (2) cite scientific evidence, and (3) benefit financially in other ways. Best-selling nutrition books were gathered from Amazon Canada. Differences in scientific citations and financial incentives were compared between authors with and without credentials. Authors who were Doctor of Medicine (MD), registered dietitians (RD), chiropractors, or naturopathic doctors had more in-text citations (56% versus 25%; p = 0.014) and cited more scientific articles (83% versus 50%; p = 0.0045) compared to all other authors. The majority of authors of publicly available top-selling nutrition books in Canada did not have MD/RD credentials. Many of the authors promoted their own services or products, regardless of credentials.

Patient and Provider Prediabetes Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors in a Large Urban Family Medicine Practice.

One-third of U.S. adults have prediabetes, but only 11% are aware of their condition. Many do not receive education or treatment. The purpose of this study is to understand family medicine providers' and patients' attitudes, knowledge, and behaviors regarding prediabetes and its management, to guide future management interventions. Cross-sectional surveys of providers (n = 54, 57% response rate) and patients with prediabetes (n = 148, 16.5% response rate) were administered at a large urban academic family medicine practice. Nearly all providers agree prediabetes screening is important, but over half were unaware of the national Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) and most do not prescribe metformin to eligible patients. Over half of patients reported being told they have prediabetes but <5% had been referred to DPP and over half were unaware of medication options. In open-ended responses, providers suggested nutrition counseling resources and an improved DPP referral process to improve prediabetes care. Patients requested clear diagnosis, education on treatment options, and nutritional counseling. This study indicates that notable gaps continue to exist in provider and patient understanding and management of prediabetes, suggesting that interventions to improve prediabetes care should include more effective counseling on diagnosis and treatment and expanding access to nutrition and educational resources.

Predicting plant attractiveness to coccinellids with plant trait profiling, citizen science, and common garden surveys

Lady beetles are key predators in agricultural systems and their impact can be enhanced by plant resources. Facilitation of lady beetles is a potentially effective pest management strategy but a lack of data on which plant species attract and nurture them limits implementation. Here we investigate which plant species might optimize lady beetle impact by developing a profile of plant characteristics most likely to attract lady beetles and testing if the subset of “potentially preferred” plant families exhibiting those characteristics are significantly more attractive to lady beetles than other families. This testing encompassed a combination of observations submitted to a citizen science program, the Lost Ladybug Project, and two repeated site surveys. Traits reported to be most attractive to lady beetles included the presence of trichomes that provide protection from predation, nutritional resources such as nectar or prey, and visual or chemical cues associated with those traits. Significantly more lady beetles were observed on the three plant families which most often exhibit these traits, Apiaceae, Asteraceae, and Rosaceae, than on other families. Strategies for incorporating plants from these families into production systems to attract lady beetles and limit pest damage are discussed.

Eusociality and the transition from biparental to alloparental care in termites

AbstractIn eusocial organisms, cooperative brood care within a colony represents a situation where the ancestral parental care duties have shifted away from the reproductive parent(s) towards their offspring. The shift to alloparental care was often instrumental in the initial emergence of eusociality, as it ultimately contributed to the establishment of the reproductive division of labour.Remarkably, eusocial taxa such as ants and termites, which still display an ancestral independent colony foundation phase, must go through an obligatory parental care period, as a temporary subsocial family unit. In termites specifically, an incipient colony inherently remains a woodroach family unit until alloparental care is established. Colony foundation success can then be limited by a series of factors that may include environmental, behavioural, symbiotic and physiological constraints.In this study, 450 incipient termite colonies (Coptotermes gestroi) were established to investigate the timing of physiological changes in founders during the transition from biparental to alloparental care. Results showed that the finite initial internal nutritional resources that alates carry during the dispersal flight are a primary limiting factor for successful colony establishment. TheCoptotermesqueen and king must rapidly establish (&lt;150 days) their first cohort of offspring to reach alloparental care or simply run out of resources and die. Alates, therefore, carry just enough internal resources to produce the first few alloparents (&lt; 15 workers) to prime the system towards colony ergonomic growth, with a definitive shift to solely reproductive functions.Eusocial insect primary reproductive traits were optimized for three successive functions within the life cycle of a colony: alate dispersal (sexual reproduction), colony foundation (parental care) and colony growth (increased egg production towards colony maturity). However, results suggest that trade‐offs involving these functions appear to primarily favour dispersal ones (quantity vs. quality of alates), as founder(s) carry minimal resources and have no room for parental care inefficiency and as they then fully rely on their alloparents for further reproductive output.The transition towards alloparental care during colony foundation of eusocial insects may, therefore, reflect on the initial evolutionary transition from ancestral subsociality to eusociality.Read the freePlain Language Summaryfor this article on the Journal blog.

Development, Validation and Acceptability of a Newly Developed Nutrition Resource Kit for At-Risk and Malnourished Elderly in Health Clinics Setting

Introduction: The elderly population is highly vulnerable to malnutrition, including those in the community. The use of nutrition education as part of nutrition intervention is able to improve their nutritional status. Hence, provision of a nutrition resource kit addressing the needs of at-risk and malnourished elderly would be advantageous. This research aimed to develop, validate and evaluate the acceptance of a newly developed nutrition resource kit, which served as an educational material among at-risk and malnourished elderly in Malaysian health clinics. Methods: This study was conducted in three phases: Phase I comprised of qualitative needs assessment to identify the types of nutrition resource kit needed; Phase II was the development and validation of the nutrition resource kit; while Phase III was acceptance evaluation, which involved individual in-depth interview and triangulation. Results: An A5-sized booklet with incorporation of an educational video in a QR code was developed. Both printed material and educational video had excellent content and face validity. Suggestions by experts and elderly from validation were considered and revision was done accordingly. Acceptance evaluation revealed four themes: 1) positive acceptance, 2) elderly-friendly, 3) valuable, and 4) individual preference. Triangulation data revealed that all elderly positively evaluated both resources. Additional suggestions given by elderly were considered for improvement. Conclusion: This newly developed nutrition resource kit, both in the printed and electronic format, was well-accepted among the at-risk and malnourished elderly. It could be used as an important reference for the elderly, especially those attending health clinics, in treating and preventing malnutrition.

Nutrition-Related Knowledge Is Needed Among Community-Dwelling Traumatic Brain Injury Survivors and their Caregivers: A Focus Group Study

Registered Dietitian Nutritionists need to provide nutritional information and resources to help caregivers identify strategies for improving nutritional care for their love one with traumatic brain injury.

44. Use of a linear programming model for optimizing allocation of nutritional resources in a dairy herd under three different market scenarios

44. Use of a linear programming model for optimizing allocation of nutritional resources in a dairy herd under three different market scenarios

A phenological trick and cell wall bricks toward adaptive strategies of Mimosa tenuiflora-Lopesia mimosae interaction in Caatinga environment

Caatinga environment tends to impose constraints on the phenology and development of the host plants and their associated galls. Phenological synchronism in Mimosa tenuiflora-Lopesia mimosae system, and anatomical, cytometric, and immunocytochemical analyzes reveal strategies of the gall survivorship in Caatinga. As phenological strategies, the peak of young galls synchronizes with leaf sprouting in the rainy season, and the reproductive phase is concomitant to gall senescence in the dry season. As structural strategies, the reorganization and the compartmentalization of gall tissues assist gall development in response to environmental constraints, and the predominance of periclinal cell elongation determined the gall bivalve shape. The distribution of pectins, glycoproteins, and hemicelluloses modulate cell walls toward favoring gall resistance to drought stress. The homogalacturonans confer high porosity to the cell walls of the typical nutritive tissue. The galactans and arabinans confer flexibility to the cell walls of the common storage tissue favoring tolerance to drought. The xylogalacturonans and heteromannans in the cell walls of the typical nutritive tissue are associated with nutritive reserves directed to the galling insect. The phenological synchronism, modulation of leaf tissues and cell wall components confer water and nutritional resources to the Lopesia mimosae microenvironment, the gall.

Effect of the Coconut Coir (Cocos nucifera) as a Growth Medium for Pleurotus ostreatus (Oyster Mushroom) on Mineral and Vitamin B Contents

The oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) is the most cultivated mushroom which its growth performance and nutritional composition depend on substrate types. Thus, this study investigated the effect of coconut coir on minerals and vitamins B contents in the oyster mushroom cultivation medium. The composition of coconut coir and Sengon’s sawdust as growth medium were variated at ratios of 4:0 (F1), 3:1 (F2), 2:2 (F3), 1:3 (F4), 0:4 (F5) (w/w). Furthermore, the mineral and vitamin B contents of the harvested oyster mushrooms were analyzed by ICPMS and LCMS, respectively. The highest minerals contents of potassium 26,909 mg/kg, 1,136 mg/kg of phosphorus, 313 mg/kg of magnesium, 4,346 mg/kg of calcium, 15.4 mg/kg for zinc, 2.07 mg/kg of copper, 0.623 mg/kg of Selenium were identified at F1, whereas the highest manganese was at F2 (15.3 mg/kg). Potassium was the highest mineral content in oyster mushrooms in all growth media, and low toxic minerals content of cadmium was detected between 0.015-0.058 mg/kg in all variant substrates. Lead (0.525 mg/kg) and mercury (0.012 mg/kg) was only detected at F1, while arsenic was detected at F4 (0.002 mg/kg) and F5 (0.029 mg/kg). LCMS analysis showed that vitamin B1 (Thiamine), B3 (niacin), B6 (pyridoxine) and B12 (cyanocobalamin) were detected in all growth media, while vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) was only detected at F5. These results indicated that the P. ostreatus cultivation on coconut coir become valuable nutritional resources to alleviate malnutrition and help dispose of coconut coir in an environment-friendly manner.

Analysis of Phytochemical Constituents and Antioxidant Potential of Bitter Kola Leaf Extract towards Bioactive Food, Nutrition and Health Resources

Organic and Medicinal chemistry international Journal is an open access journal that is committed to publish the papers on various topics of chemistry, especially synthetic organic chemistry, and pharmacology and various other biological specialties