Nutrient Transport In Runoff Research Articles

Narrow Grass Hedge Effects on Nutrient Transport Following Swine Slurry Application

Abstract. The effectiveness of a narrow grass hedge in reducing runoff nutrient loads following swine slurry application was examined. Slurry was applied to 0.75 m wide by 4.0 m long plots established on an Aksarben silty clay loam soil located in southeast Nebraska. Manure treatments consisted of no manure application and manure application to meet the 1, 2, or 3 year nitrogen (N) requirements for corn. Runoff water quality was measured during three 30 min simulated rainfall events. The grass hedge did not significantly reduce runoff nutrient transport after the swine slurry, which contained relatively small amounts of manure, was applied. Increasing the N application rate from a 1 year to a 3 year corn N requirement also did not result in a significant increase in N or phosphorus (P) loads in runoff. The grass hedge significantly reduced electrical conductivity (EC) measurements from 0.78 to 0.73 dS m -1 and pH values from 8.16 to 7.85. The rates of transport of dissolved P, particulate P, and total P were each influenced by runoff rate and increased in a linear fashion from 7 to 25, 65 to 357, and 72 to 382 g ha -1 min -1 , respectively. Runoff rate significantly affected rates of transport of NO 3 -N, NH 4 -N, and total nitrogen, which increased in a linear fashion from 273 to 1204, 30 to 47, and 323 to 1490 g ha -1 min -1 , respectively. Runoff rate is an important variable that should be considered when estimating nutrient transport following application of swine slurry containing relatively small amounts of nutrients.

Runoff Nutrient Transport as Affected by Land Application Method, Swine Growth Stage, and Runoff Rate

Abstract. This study was conducted to measure the effects of slurry application method, swine growth stage, and flow rate on runoff nutrient transport. Swine slurry was obtained from production units containing grower pigs, finisher pigs, or sows and gilts. The swine slurry was applied using broadcast, disk, or injection methods at a rate required to meet annual nitrogen requirements for corn. Three 30 min simulated rainfall events, separated by 24 h intervals, were applied to the experimental plots at an intensity of 70 mm h -1 . Inflow was applied at the top of each plot in four successive increments after the third rainfall simulation run to simulate greater plot lengths. The dissolved phosphorus (DP) load of 0.20 kg ha -1 obtained on the broadcast treatment was significantly greater than the 0.11 and 0.08 kg ha -1 measured on the disk and injected treatments, respectively. The DP runoff load of 0.17 kg ha -1 measured for the sows and gilts treatment was significantly greater than the 0.11 kg ha -1 obtained for the finisher treatment. In contrast, the NH 4 -N load of 0.70 kg ha -1 obtained on the finisher treatment was significantly greater than the 0.32 kg ha -1 measured on the grower treatment and the sows and gilts treatment. Runoff rate was an important variable significantly influencing each of the measured water quality parameters. Runoff loads of DP, total phosphorus, NO 3 -N, and total nitrogen increased from 8.4 to 40.1, from 101 to 659, from 420 to 2470, and from 470 to 2850 g ha -1 min -1 , respectively, as runoff rate increased from 3.2 to 21.2 L min -1 .

Nutrient Transport in Runoff from Feedlots as Affected by Wet Distillers Grain Diet

Distillers byproducts can serve as valuable sources of protein and energy for beef cattle. However, the water quality effects of the use of distillers byproducts in cattle rations are not well understood. The objectives of this study were to: (1) measure soil properties and nutrient transport in runoff from feedlot surfaces as affected by corn-based and wet distillers grain diets, (2) compare the effects of unconsolidated surface materials and consolidated subsurface materials on feedlot soil characteristics and runoff nutrient transport, (3) determine if runoff nutrient transport from feedlot surfaces is correlated to selected feedlot soil properties, and (4) identify the effects of varying runoff rate on nutrient transport. Simulated rainfall events were applied to 0.75 m wide by 2 m long plots. Concentrations of calcium, copper, loss on ignition, magnesium, organic-N, potassium, total N (TN), and zinc in the feedlot soil materials were significantly greater within the pens where cattle were fed a corn-based diet rather than a diet with distillers grain. The pens where cattle were fed distillers grain contained significantly greater amounts of Bray-1 P. Surface condition did not significantly affect any of the measured feedlot soil properties except potassium content. No significant differences in measured runoff water quality parameters were found between the corn-based and wet distillers grain treatments. Runoff measurements of NH4-N, TN, NO3-N, total dissolved solids, and electrical conductivity were each significantly correlated to seven or more feedlot soil parameters. Each of the measured water quality parameters were significantly influenced by runoff rate.

Nutrient Transport in Runoff as Affected by Diet, Tillage, and Manure Application Rate

Feedlot operators may increase profitability by including distillers grains in finishing diets. However, the nutrients remaining in the by-product are concentrated by about a factor of three during the distillation process. Manure can be applied to meet single- or multiple-year crop nutrient requirements. The water quality effects of the use of distillers grains in feedlot diets and multiple-year manure application have not been well quantified. The objectives of this study were to (1) compare the runoff water quality effects resulting from the application of manure derived from corn and distillers grain diets, (2) examine the effects of till and no-till conditions on runoff nutrient transport, and (3) compare the water quality impacts of 1-, 2-, and 4-year phosphorus (P) based manure application rates. Simulated rainfall events were applied to 0.75 m wide 2 m long plots soon after manure application. No significant difference in dissolved phosphorus (DP) or total P (TP) load was found between the corn and distillers grain treatments. The runoff load of TP was significantly larger on the no-till plots than on the till plots. The amount of particulate phosphorus (PP), DP, and TP transported in runoff was significantly affected by multi-year application of manure. The TN content of runoff was similar for till and no-till conditions on the plots containing manure obtained from the distillers grain diet. The environmental effects of the use of manure from a distillers grain diet and multiple-year manure application should be considered when developing nutrient management plans.

Nutrient and Bacterial Transport in Runoff from Soil and Pond Ash Amended Feedlot Surfaces

The addition of pond ash (fly ash that has been placed in evaporative ponds and subsequently dewatered) to feedlot surfaces provides a healthier environment for livestock and economic advantages for the feedlot operator. However, the water quality effects of pond ash amended surfaces are not well understood. The objectives of this field investigation were to: (1) compare feedlot soil properties, and nutrient and bacterial transport in runoff, from pond ash amended surfaces and soil surfaces; (2) compare the effects of unconsolidated surface materials (USM) (loose manure pack) and consolidated subsurface materials (CSM) (compacted manure and underlying layers) on nutrient and bacterial transport in runoff; and (3) determine if the measured water quality parameters are correlated to soil properties. Simulated rainfall events were applied to 0.75 m wide 2 m long plots with different surface materials and surface conditions. Measurements of calcium, magnesium, sulfur, and pH were found to be significantly greater on the pond ash amended surfaces. In comparison, the soil surfaces contained significantly greater amounts of Bray 1-P. The runoff load of NH4-N was significantly greater on the pond ash amended surfaces, while the total phosphorus (TP) load was significantly greater on the soil surfaces. The NO3-N and total nitrogen (TN) loads in runoff were significantly greater on the feedlot surfaces containing CSM. Concentrations of E. coli in runoff were similar on the pond ash amended surfaces and soil surfaces. The dissolved phosphorus (DP), particulate phosphorus (PP), and TP load of runoff were all significantly correlated to Bray 1-P measurements.

Spatial Variations in Nutrient and Microbial Transport from Feedlot Surfaces

Nutrient and microbial transport by runoff may vary at different locations within a beef cattle feedlot. If the areas making the largest contributions to nutrient and microbial transport can be identified, it may be possible to institute site-specific management practices to reduce runoff nutrient and microbial transport. The objectives of this study were to: (1) measure selected feedlot soil properties and nutrient and microbial transport in runoff from various feedlot locations, (2) compare the effects of unconsolidated surface materials (USM) (loose manure pack) and consolidated subsurface materials (CSM) (compacted manure and underlying layers) on nutrient and microbial transport, and (3) determine if nutrient and microbial transport in runoff are correlated to selected feedlot soil characteristics. Simulated rainfall events were applied to 0.75 m wide by 2 m long plots. No significant differences (P < 0.05) in feedlot soil characteristics or nutrient transport in runoff were found between USM and CSM. However, concentrations of E. coli were significantly greater in the USM than the CSM. Pen location was found to significantly influence feedlot soil measurements of Bray-1 P, calcium, chloride, copper, electrical conductivity (EC), loss on ignition, organic N, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, sulfur, total N (TN), water-soluble P, and zinc. Runoff measurements of dissolved phosphorus (DP), EC, and NH4-N were significantly influenced by pen location and were correlated to selected feedlot soil characteristics. Thus, it may be possible to estimate DP, EC, and NH4-N in runoff from selected feedlot soil parameters.

Narrow Grass Hedge Effects on Nutrient Transport Following Compost Application

The placement of stiff-stemmed grass hedges on the contour along a hillslope has been shown to decrease nutrient transport in runoff. This study was conducted to measure the effectiveness of a narrow grass hedge in reducing runoff nutrient transport from plots with a range of soil nutrient values. Composted beef cattle manure was applied at dry weights of 0, 68, 105, 142, and 178 Mg ha-1 to a silty clay loam soil and then incorporated by disking. Soil samples were collected 243 days later for analysis of water-soluble phosphorus (WSP), Bray and Kurtz No. 1 phosphorus (Bray-1 P), NO3-N, and NH4-N. Three 30 min simulated rainfall events, separated by 24 h intervals, were then applied. The transport of dissolved phosphorus (DP), total P (TP), NO3-N, NH4-N, total nitrogen (TN), runoff, and soil erosion were measured from 0.75 m wide 4.0 m long plots. Compost application rate significantly affected soil measurements of WSP, Bray-1 P, and NO3-N content. The transport of DP, TP, NO3-N, NH4-N, TN, runoff, and soil erosion was reduced significantly on the plots with a grass hedge. Mean runoff rates on the hedge and no-hedge treatments were 17 and 29 mm, and erosion rates were 0.12 and 1.46 Mg ha-1, respectively. Compost application rate significantly affected the transport of DP, TP, and NO3-N in runoff. The experimental results indicate that stiff-stemmed grass hedges, planted at selected downslope intervals, can significantly reduce the transport of nutrients in runoff from areas with a range of soil nutrient values.

Nutrient Concentrations of Runoff During the Year Following Manure Application

Little information is currently available concerning temporal changes in nutrient transport following the addition of manure to cropland areas. This study was conducted to measure nutrient transport in runoff as affected by tillage and time following the application of beef cattle or swine manure to a site on which corn (Zea mays L.) was grown. Rainfall simulation tests were initiated 4, 32, 62, 123, and 354 days following land application. Three 30 min simulated rainfall events, separated by 24 h intervals, were conducted at an intensity of approximately 70 mm h-1. Dissolved phosphorus (DP), particulate phosphorus (PP), total phosphorus (TP), NO3-N, NH4-N, total nitrogen (TN), electrical conductivity (EC), and pH were measured from 0.75 m wide by 2 m long plots. Concentrations of DP, TP, and NH4-N, in general, declined throughout the year on both the no-till cattle and no-till swine manure treatments. Tillage did not significantly affect concentrations of DP, PP, TP, NH4-N, or pH on the swine manure treatments, but significant variations in these variables were measured over time. Under no-till and tilled conditions on both the cattle and swine manure treatments, the smallest concentrations of DP, NO3-N, NH4-N, and TN occurred on the final test date. The increase in pH of runoff during the study is attributed to the addition of CaCO3 to the rations of beef cattle and swine. Tillage appeared to have less of an impact on runoff nutrient transport from cropland areas than length of time since manure application.

Nutrient Fate and Transport in Surface Runoff from Poultry Litter Stock Piles

The effects of poultry litter stockpiles on nutrient availability and movement were evaluated for two soils from the major poultry-producing region in Maryland. The effect of covering 10.9 Mg stockpiles with tarps was compared to uncovered piles. An upland Coastal Plain soil (Evesboro sandy loam) and a lowland Coastal Plain soil (Othello silt loam) were used. A rainfall simulator was operated at 42 to 48 mm/h until runoff occurred for 1 h. Surface runoff was captured, and nutrient analysis was done for nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), orthophosphate (PO4-P), and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations. Mass transport for each of these constituents was calculated from flow data. The variable that had the greatest effect on both hydraulic responses and nutrient fate and transport responses was soil type. Average NO3-N concentrations ranged from 2.75 to 9.80 mg/L, and for the sandy loam soil, wet AMC generated higher NO3-N concentrations than did dry AMC. Average NO3-N transported ranged from 6.5 to 1970.3 mg on the sandy loam and from 691 to 2821 mg on the silt loam. Average PO4-P concentration ranged from 0.21 to 10.78 mg/L. A two-way interaction between treatment and soil indicated that covering generated more runoff and higher peak flow rates than the uncovered piles. A two-way interaction between treatment and soil indicated that covering increased nitrate mass transport in surface runoff. There was no effect on PO4-P concentrations or PO4-P mass transport from covering the stockpiles for the Othello silty loam soil.

Nutrient Transport in Surface Runoff from a Subalpine Watershed, Lake Tahoe Basin, California

The watershed of Ward Creek, a tributary to oligotrophic Lake Tahoe in the Sierra Nevada, has been investigated since 1971 with the objective of improving our knowledge of processes of nutrient and sediment release and transport to the lake. Quantitative data on selected stream water parameters were collected for 3 yr (1972—1975) at three stations on Ward Creek, two on the main upper tributaries and one near the stream mouth. Comparative data were collected at a stream mouth station on adjacent Blackwood Creek in the 3rd yr. The parameters were selected on the basis of their significance to eutrophication of Lake Tahoe. Precipitation in a normal year is over 90% snow but annual patterns vary widely and rainfall at any time of year can be highly important in sediment and nutrient transport. Water discharge and the flux of suspended sediments, NO3—N, phosphorus, iron and trace metals were dominated by the spring snowmelt runoff from mid—April to mid—June. However, in 1974 heavy fall and summer rains accounted for a large percentage of the annual flux of sediments and nutrients in a total of only 14 d. The spring runoff was characterized by distinct diel water discharge patterns. Similar but not coincident patterns were found to exist for sediments and nutrients, including NO3—N, but not for soluble phosphorus. The Ward watershed has 87% the area of Blackwood but discharge proportionately much lower quantities of sediment and nutrients in comparable water yields per hectare in water year 1975. This contrast in fluxes was probably accounted for in the history of greater disturbance by man in Blackwood Canyon. The principal source of suspended sediments in Ward Creek was streambank erosion in the lower reaches of the channel. The dominant form of inorganic nitrogen in Ward was NO3—N derived from precipitation, symbiotic nitrogen fixation and nitrification of organic nitrogen in forest soil. Phosphorus and iron were almost entirely in particulate form and thus their periods of flux occurred during high flows and sediment transport. Sediment and nutrient loading of Lake Tahoe from the Ward and Blackwood watersheds reflects a history of soil disturbance and vegetation removal. Logging, fire and stream channel diversion have been the dominant perturbations. Conservative extrapolation of annual loading data from this study to the entire basin indicates that algal nutrient levels in the lake probably have increased sufficiently in the century of man's intensive disturbance of the basin watersheds to account for increased phytoplankton and periphyton production that have been measured and observed since 1958.

Nutrient Transport in Surface Runoff and Interflow from an Aspen‐Birch Forest

Journal of Environmental QualityVolume 6, Issue 4 p. 472-472 ErrataFree Access Nutrient Transport in Surface Runoff and Interflow from an Aspen-Birch Forest This article corrects the following: Effects of Soil, Cover Crop, and Nutrient Source on Movement of Soil, Water, and Nitrogen under Simulated Rain-Slope Conditions G. D. Hoyt, E. O. McLean, G. Y. Reddy, T. J. Logan, Volume 6Issue 3Journal of Environmental Quality pages: 285-290 First Published online: July 1, 1977 D. R. Timmons, D. R. TimmonsSearch for more papers by this authorE. S. Verry, E. S. VerrySearch for more papers by this authorR. E. Burwell, R. E. BurwellSearch for more papers by this authorR. F. Holt, R. F. HoltSearch for more papers by this author D. R. Timmons, D. R. TimmonsSearch for more papers by this authorE. S. Verry, E. S. VerrySearch for more papers by this authorR. E. Burwell, R. E. BurwellSearch for more papers by this authorR. F. Holt, R. F. HoltSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 October 1977 https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1977.00472425000600040032xCitations: 2AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume6, Issue4October‐December 1977Pages 472-472 RelatedInformation

Nutrient Transport in Surface Runoff and Interflow from an Aspen‐Birch Forest

Nutrient Transport in Surface Runoff and Interflow from an Aspen‐Birch Forest

Nutrient Transport in Surface Runoff and Interflow from an Aspen‐Birch Forest

AbstractNutrients transported in surface runoff and interflow from an undisturbed aspen‐birch (Populus tremuloides Michx., and Betula papyrifera Marsh.) forest (6.48 ha) in northern Minnesota were measured for 3 years. Surface runoff from snowmelt accounted for 97% of the average annual surface runoff and for 57% of the average annual water loss. Slope aspect influenced the amount, rate, and time of snowmelt runoff. In surface runoff, organic nitrogen (N) comprised 80% of the total N load, and organic (+ hydrolyzable) phosphorus (P) comprised 45% of the total P load. The quantities of cations in surface runoff were in the order of calcium (Ca) &gt; potassium (K) &gt; magnesium (Mg) &gt; sodium (Na). More than 96% of all the nutrients in surface runoff were transported by snowmelt. The annual volumes of interflow varied only slightly during the 3 years. Compared with surface runoff, the amounts of all the nutrients (except Na) and their weighted concentrations decreased in interflow. These nutrient losses from the ecosystem can accumulate in surface waters.

Nutrient Transport in Surface Runoff as Influenced by Soil Cover and Seasonal Periods

Soil Science Society of America JournalVolume 39, Issue 3 p. NP-NP ErratumFree Access Nutrient Transport in Surface Runoff as Influenced by Soil Cover and Seasonal Periods This article corrects the following: Nutrient Transport in Surface Runoff as Influenced by Soil Cover and Seasonal Periods R. E. Burwell, D. R. Timmons, R. F. Holt, Volume 39Issue 3Soil Science Society of America Journal pages: 523-528 First Published online: May 1, 1975 R. E. Burwell, R. E. BurwellSearch for more papers by this authorD. R. Timmons, D. R. TimmonsSearch for more papers by this authorR. F. Holt, R. F. HoltSearch for more papers by this author R. E. Burwell, R. E. BurwellSearch for more papers by this authorD. R. Timmons, D. R. TimmonsSearch for more papers by this authorR. F. Holt, R. F. HoltSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 May 1975 https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1975.03615995003900030062xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume39, Issue3May-June 1975Pages NP-NP RelatedInformation

Nutrient Transport in Surface Runoff as Influenced by Soil Cover and Seasonal Periods

AbstractNitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) losses in surface runoff water and sediment were determined for five soil cover conditions on a Barnes loam soil in west‐central Minnesota. The five soil cover conditions studied were: (1) continuous, clean‐cultivated fallow; (2) continuous corn (Zea mays L.); (3) corn in rotation; (4) oats (Avena sativa L.) in rotation; and (5) hay in rotation.Losses of water, sediment, and nutrients were determined for three seasonal periods; (P1) critical runoff period caused by melting snow and ice, (P2) critical erosion period from corn planting to 2 months later and (P3) noncritical runoff‐erosion period exclusive of periods 1 and 2.Much of the annual sediment and nutrient losses occurred during the critical erosion period (P2). Snowmelt runoff (P1) accounted for much of the annual water and soluble nutrient losses.Average annual quantities of NH4‐N and NO3‐N contributed by precipitation exceeded the annual losses in surface runoff, but ortho‐P losses in surface runoff were greater than the amount contributed by precipitation.