Nutrient Supply Research Articles

Reducing the availability of endogenous copper and glucose for cascade starvation therapy and chemodynamic therapy.

Reducing the availability of endogenous copper and glucose for cascade starvation therapy and chemodynamic therapy.

Effects of different hosts and ages on the diversity of larval gut bacteria in Tuta absoluta

AbstractGut bacterial composition is closely associated with the food intake and developmental age of herbivorous insects. In this study, we aimed to investigate the diversity of larval gut bacteria in different instar stages of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) feeding on different hosts. Gut bacterial DNA was extracted from the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th instar larvae of T. absoluta feeding on tomatoes, potatoes, and wolfberries for three generations. Subsequently, diversity and richness of gut bacteria were analyzed via the second‐generation Illumina MiSeq high‐throughput sequencing. Alpha diversity index analysis revealed the highest diversity and abundance of gut bacteria in the T. absoluta larvae fed wolfberry and potato leaves, respectively. The highest gut bacterial diversity and richness were observed in the 1st‐instar larvae feeding on potato and tomato leaves. Tuta absoluta feeding on wolfberry leaves exhibited the lowest gut bacterial diversity in the 1st‐instar stage and highest abundance in the 2nd‐instar stage. Proteobacteria was the dominant phylum in the gut bacteria of stages 1–4 instar larvae feeding on different host plants. The dominant genus was Enterobacter (60.1%) in the 4th‐instar T. absoluta larvae feeding on tomatoes and Wolbachia in those feeding on other plants. PICRUSt2 gene function prediction revealed that the larval gut bacteria of T. absoluta played essential roles in food digestion and nutrient supply. Specifically, Wolbachia may enhance nucleotide metabolism in T. absoluta feeding on potatoes. Overall, this study provides a basis to explore the interactions of T. absoluta with gut bacteria and suggests directions for its adaptive evolution and integrated management.

The distinctive material cycle associated with seabirds and land crabs on a pristine oceanic island: a case study of Minamiiwoto, Ogasawara Islands, subtropical Japan

Seabirds are responsible for transporting marine material to oceanic islands, and attempts are being made to restore their function on many islands where they have become extinct. However, little is known about the original island ecosystems prior to disturbance. Minamiiwoto, located in the Ogasawara Islands, is an uninhabited oceanic island that remains uninvaded by alien animals, and its pristine ecosystem and material cycle should serve as a reference for the restoration of disturbed island ecosystems. We analyzed the food web structure of several of the Ogasawara Islands with different disturbance intensities using stable isotopes (δ13C, δ15N) and compared the characteristics of the material cycle. We found that seabirds and land crabs are distributed across the entire island of Minamiiwoto, with high δ15N values derived from marine resources and a gradient in the δ15N of land crabs reflecting differences in seabird species with elevation. In contrast, on islands where forest-nesting seabirds have been extinct for more than 50 years, the nutrient supply to the island interior has been lost, and the δ15N of most organisms was significantly lower. Isotopic food niches among predators were clearly partitioned by species (max. 14% overlap) on Minamiiwoto, while on the disturbed islands they tended to be highly similar (max. 53% overlap). Our results confirmed that Minamiiwoto still maintains a pristine ecosystem characterized by material transport by seabirds and decomposition by land crabs. The recovery of these biological functions should be the guide for conservation and restoration of oceanic islands subjected to anthropogenic disturbance.

Evaluation of optimal trophoblastic models to mimic uterine vessel remodeling in human pregnancy†.

During human pregnancy, a certain proportion of endothelial cells in uterine spiral arteries are replaced by placental extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs). This process is a pivotal step in spiral artery remodeling (SAR), ensuring the adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients to the fetus. Given the ethical constraints and the lack of suitable in vivo animal models, developing ideal in vitro models is crucial for investigating this cellular event. Therefore, it is imperative to evaluate key trophoblastic properties to optimize the in vitro model and replicate the in vivo context of SAR. In this study, we refined a three-dimensional co-culture system involving human trophoblast cells and tubular structure formed by human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), allowing for dynamical monitoring of cell behaviors. Using this model, we conducted a comparative analysis of vascular remodeling capabilities among primary EVTs and various trophoblast cell lines. Meanwhile, we examined the expression profiles of multiple SAR-associated genes in trophoblast cells. The correlation between molecular characteristics and vascular remodeling performance was statistically analyzed using a comprehensive scoring system. Our findings highlight the critical roles of EVT-derived NCAM1, ITGB3, ITGAV, and JAG1 in vascular remodeling. Furthermore, JEG-3 and human trophoblast stem cell (hTSC)-derived EVT cells demonstrate significant advantages as optimal models for mimicking primary EVTs in vitro, thereby facilitating investigations into SAR. Consequently, we propose an evaluation framework to assess key attributes of trophoblast cell lines that enable them to accurately represent EVT behaviors in SAR. This study establishes a robust foundation for future exploration of the molecular mechanisms underlying human SAR.

A review on Dhatu Poshan Nyaya: with the principles of stem cell theory

The concept of Dhatus in Ayurveda refers to the physiology of basic nutritional and structural factor of the body. The Ahara Rasa is the source of for nourishing the Dhatus and Dhatu nutrients are nourished one after another from Ahara Rasa to Shukra. Acharya used Nyaya to elaborate the concept. Dhatu Poshan Nyaya gives us a clear view about how the Dhatus formed and how the conversion of Ahara Rasa takes place in Saptdhatus. Rakta Dhatu is the primary source of longevity and survival in human beings. Its formation is a continues process that sustains life. To understand tissue formation, it is essential to understand the Ayurvedic principles that explain the transformation of Ahara Rasa into Dhatus. Ahara has to undergo digestion by Pachakagni, Dhatvagni, along with Bhutagni. Dhatu gets nourished by Dhatu and nourishes another Dhatu. Theories of Dhatu Poshan Nyaya are not different all together, connected to a sequential process where one step follows another in a linked manner, as the step-by-step transformation of nutrients into body tissue (Dhatus) or the sequential differentiation of stem cells into specialized cells. Modern science explains the formation of blood cells during the embryonic stage with the involvement of mesenchymal cells and later hematopoietic cells. Acharyas postulated theories of tissue nutrition and transformation of tissue nutrients into body elements through Dhatu Poshan Nyaya as Khseera Dadhi Nyaya (law of transformation), Kedari Kulya Nyaya (Law of Transportation), Khale Kapot Nyaya (Law of selectivity), Ek Kala Dhatu Poshan Nyaya (Simultaneous supply of nutrients to whole body).

Design and manufacturing of superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) for agriculture in arid areas

Innovative water-saving technologies aim to address the problem of water scarcity in agriculture, which faces significant challenges in solving the problem of agriculture in semi-arid and arid areas. This study specifically focuses on establishing a promising low-cost method to solve water scarcity and agriculture issues in semi-arid and arid areas. The objective of this study is to find an innovative engineering solution to design, manufacture, and produce an engineered product that has the potential to assist and change agriculture in semi-arid and arid areas. Design and manufacture of an innovative engineering product in the form of absorbent tiles (ATs), ATs can absorb and retain large volumes of water, helping to maintain moisture, and consistent moisture levels promote better root growth, and nutrient supply leading to healthier plants and increased crop yields, and reduce the need for frequent irrigation. The study objective was achieved by synthesis of two superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) materials, the synthesis of sodium polyacrylate (hydrogel#1) with five varying cross-linker content (wt.), synthesis of poly (sodium acrylate-co-glycidyl methacrylate) (hydrogel#2) with five varying cross-linker content (wt.), prepare the agriculture residual rice straw (RS) fiber length with three dimensions as a filler, prepare the natural adhesive (NA) solution as a biopolymer backbone, and design and manufacture hydraulic manual press ( test rig). These composites were mixed, compressed, and shaped to design and manufacture two tiles including AT1 (AT-NaPA) and AT2 (AT-AGMA) with different dimensions according to the effect root zone of the plant type to absorb and retain rainwater dew water and reduce irrigation frequency. Furthermore, ATs improve plant growth and nutrient supply under aridity condition and facilitate water conservation.

Response to Sensor-Based Fertigation of Nagpur Mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) in Vertisol of Central India

In citriculture, inputs like water and fertilizer are applied through traditional basin methods, thereby incurring reduced use-efficiency. The response of conventional crop coefficient-based fertigation scheduling continues to be inconsistent and complex in its field implementation, thereby necessitating the intervention of sensor-based (Internet of Things; IoT) technology for fertigation scheduling on a real-time basis. The study aimed to investigate fertigation scheduling involving four levels of irrigation, viz., I1 (100% evapotranspiration (ET) as the conventional practice), I2 (15% volumetric moisture content (VMC)), I3 (20% VMC), and I4 (25% VMC), as the main treatments and three levels of recommended doses of fertigation, achieved by reappropriating different nutrients across phenologically defined critical growth stages, viz., F1, F2, and F3 (conventional fertilization practice), as sub-treatments, which were evaluated through a split-plot design over two harvesting seasons in 2021–2023. Nagpur mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) was used as the test crop, which was raised on Indian Vertisol facing multiple nutrient constraints. Maximum values for physiological growth parameters (plant height, canopy area, canopy volume, and relative leaf water content (RLWC)) and fruit yield (characterized by 9% and 5%, respectively, higher A-grade-sized fruits with the I4 and F1 treatments over corresponding conventional practices, viz., I1 and F3) were observed with the I4 irrigation treatment in combination with the F1 fertilizer treatment (I4F1). Likewise, fruit quality parameters, viz., juice content, TSS, TSS: acid ratio, and fruit diameter, registered significantly higher with the I4F1 treatment, featuring the application of B at the new-leaf initiation stage (NLI) and Zn across the crop development (CD), color break (CB), and crop harvesting (CH) growth stages, which resulted in a higher leaf nutrient composition. Treatment I4F1 conserved 20–30% more water and 65–87% more nutrients than the I1F3 treatment (conventional practice) by reducing the rate of evaporation loss of water, thereby elevating the plant’s available nutrient supply within the root zone. Our study suggests that I4F1 is the best combination of sensor-based (IoT) irrigation and fertilization for optimizing the quality production of Nagpur mandarin, ensuring higher water productivity (WP) and nutrient-use-efficiency (NUE) coupled with the improved nutritional quality of the fruit.

Organic and inorganic geochemical cyclicity of a Maastrichtian oceanic open-shelf carbonate source rock

Organic-rich source rocks are not only crucial for hydrocarbon exploration and production but also serve as valuable archives of past environmental conditions. This study investigates the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) source rocks present in the Al-Lajoun Basin of central Jordan, to identify geochemical compositional variability corresponding to the paleo-environmental conditions during deposition. To this end, a multifaceted approach using Rock-Eval, SGR, XRD, XRF, ICP-OES, SEM-EDX, and thin-section petrography is utilized to understand bulk organic and inorganic geochemical proxies. Based on the results, the Jordan source rock is characterized as organic-rich, Type IIS kerogen, and thermally immature source rock, representing three distinct cycles of organic matter distribution. Cycle 1 is characterized as organic-rich carbonate mudstones with an average total organic carbon (TOC) content of 17 wt.%. This cycle represents high organic matter productivity, anoxic bottom water conditions, and episodic detrital influx (clays and detrital quartz). Cycle 2 is characterized as silica-rich mudstones to wackestones with an average TOC of 15 wt%. This cycle reflects a shift from carbonate-dominated to silica-dominated biota, likely driven by increased nutrient supply and changing climatic conditions. These conditions resulted in high bioproductivity and highly reducing anoxic/euxinic bottom water conditions during deposition. Cycle 3 represents foraminiferal wackestones to packstones with an average TOC of 12 wt.%. This cycle is characterized by a relatively high detrital sediment input, with comparatively low organic matter productivity and anoxic bottom water conditions. The identified organic and inorganic geochemical variability between these cycles implies changing climatic conditions over the open shelf setting, which in turn implies changes in ocean currents impacting the upwelling system of the Tethys margin. Understanding this relationship between ocean currents, climate, and the geochemical composition is crucial for efficiently exploring and exploiting organic-rich source rocks. A regional correlation of these cycles and their geochemical signatures could provide a powerful tool to trace ocean currents and associated climate change along the Tethys margin during the early Maastrichtian.

Postoperative chyle leakage after abdominal surgery-Diagnostic and therapeutic strategies

Apostoperative chyle leakage (CL) is caused by intraoperative damage to the main lymphatic vessels or their tributaries. It is characterized by the secretion of atriglyceride-rich fluid, which classically has acharacteristic milky appearance in apercutaneous drain. In visceral surgery CLs mostly occur after pancreatic and esophageal surgery but rarely occur after colorectal, liver or gastric surgery. Treatment often consists of adiet rich in medium chain triglycerides (MCT) to reduce the lymphatic flow, while ensuring asufficient nutrient supply. If the CL does not cease, total parenteral nutrition is usually carried out. Areoperation, lymphography sometimes with percutaneous intervention or short-term irradiation for CL are rarely necessary. ACL frequently results in aprolonged hospital stay and can be accompanied by other complications but is rarely associated with apoorer prognosis.

Carbon accumulation in recently deposited peat is reduced by increased nutrient supply

High-latitude mires store a considerable part of the global soil carbon. Current understanding suggests that wetter conditions promote carbon accumulation. This paradigm is based primarily on temperate ombrogenic bogs and overlooks the influence of minerogenic water from the catchment area, despite most northern mires being minerogenic fens. Here we show that minerogenic water is the main negative influence on past century carbon accumulation in boreal fens. This effect is most pronounced in mires formed during the last millennia. Rather than enhancing productivity, minerogenic water stimulates organic matter decay, apart from in elevated hummocks where both decay and productivity were stimulated. These findings reshape our understanding of carbon cycling at high-latitudes, highlighting how shifts in precipitation-evapotranspiration may impact carbon sequestration in fens, which are widespread in the circum-arctic. Contrary to expectations for temperate regions, we argue that increased catchment water input in sub-arctic peatlands is unlikely to enhance mire carbon accumulation.

Ferrous Fumarate-Encapsulated Nanoformulation Triggering a Domino Effect for Enhanced Ferroptosis Therapy.

Fenton-induced ferroptosis has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy for malignant tumors. However, the therapeutic efficacy of ferroptosis is limited by factors such as suboptimal Fenton efficiency, intracellular antioxidant systems, and insufficient drug accumulation. Here, we report a domino effect triggered by a homologous cancer cell membrane-camouflaged nanoformulation: disrupting intracellular redox homeostasis, inducing enhanced oxidative stress and leading to specific ferroptosis. This strategy involves using pure red-emission upconversion nanoparticles (NaErF4:4%Tm@NaYF4, U NPs), a ferroptosis inducer (ferrous fumarate, an iron-deficiency anemia therapeutic reagent), and glucose oxidase (GOx). The nanoformulation, U@mSiO2/ferrous fumarate/GOx@lecithin/cell membrane (USFGM), enables efficient in vivo deep tissue upconversion luminescence (UCL) imaging by pure red-emission. Lecithin-modified cancer cell membranes are characterized by homologous target "homing" and acid-responsive release. Exogenous GOx depletes intratumoral glucose and generates H+/H2O2, which disrupts the nutrient supply and promotes efficient generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Subsequently, Fe2+/fumaric acids (FAs) are acid-responsively released from ferrous fumarate, which synchronously triggers and exacerbates the process of ferroptosis through mechanisms such as lipid ROS generation and glutathione (GSH) depletion. Here, we report for the first time that FA depletes GSH and leads to inactivation of GSH-dependent peroxidase 4 (GPX4). This concept is also confirmed in tumor-bearing mice of salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (SACC). In summary, this work identifies a systemic, low-toxicity, and highly efficient cancer inhibitory nanoformulation from existing clinical drugs, which provides a promising direction for exploring therapeutic strategies for human malignant tumors.

Effects of biochar combined with the application of plant ash and effective microorganisms on the soil in the vegetable facility

In facility agriculture, soil barriers have led to severe soil quality degradation, making it crucial to take effective measures for soil improvement. This research focuses on exploring the impacts of biochar, plant ash, and Effective Microorganisms (EM) on the physical, chemical properties, and nutrient levels of facility-agriculture soil, aiming to find a novel and efficient solution to address the soil-related issues. A field trial was carried out to assess the combined application of biochar, EM bacteria, and plant ash on soil properties. The experiment setup consisted of a blank control (CK) and six treatment groups (T1–T6) with different dosage gradients. The combined application of biochar, plant ash and EM bacteria significantly enhanced various soil properties. Specifically, the pH, soil bulk density, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, organic matter, alkaline hydrolyzed nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium levels in facility-agriculture soil increased by 1.1-24.0%, 6.09-9.83%, 32.22-61.26%, 11.82-47.82%, 1.44-6.99%, 19.42-77.23%, 10.64-44.09%, 22.01-49.71%, and 14.11-93.64% respectively. The soil comprehensive fertility index (IFI) showed that this combined application could effectively improve the comprehensive soil fertility, with the T4 treatment (plant ash 3030 kg/hm2 + biochar 6060 kg/hm2 + EM bacteria 37.5:1) demonstrating the best improvement effect. The combined application of biochar, EM bacteria and plant ash can overcome the soil barriers in facility agriculture, mitigate soil acidification and nutrient disorders, promote nutrient supply, and enhance soil fertility. The study provides a practical and innovative approach to relieve the difficulties in facility vegetable cultivation, offering valuable insights for sustainable development in facility agriculture.

Nutrient‐dependent thermal response in growth and stoichiometry of Antarctic phytoplankton

AbstractRising temperatures and altered nutrient supply are expected to influence future phytoplankton thermal performance and community dynamics. The thermal response of phytoplankton has been shown to be influenced by nutrient availability, but information is still limited, particularly for the coastal Southern Ocean. Additionally, environmental interactions are often tested with single species but rarely address comparisons between populations and communities. To fill this gap, we experimentally investigated the thermal response in maximum growth rate (μmax), carrying capacity (K) and stoichiometry of three Antarctic phytoplankton species (Chaetoceros simplex, Geminigera cryophila, and Phaeocystis antarctica) in interaction with three nitrogen : phosphorus (N : P) ratios and identified the thermal traits of each species in monocultures and a mixed assemblage. Phytoplankton growth rate (μmax) showed a typical unimodal response to temperature with a thermal optimum around 4°C and significantly higher μmax with nutrient addition. The strongest temperature sensitivity to nutrient supply was observed around Topt and an ambient N : P supply ratio. Thermal traits, however, showed only minor changes with nutrient supply, indicating saturated nutrient concentrations. Nutrient addition significantly increased K while the thermal response of K was constant. Phytoplankton N : P was species‐specific and significantly altered by the temperature × nutrient interaction. Species‐specific growth performance varied whether the species grew in monocultures or in communities, demonstrating that monoculture thermal performance does not necessarily predict species thermal responses in multispecies assemblages. Overall, the results indicate that increasing temperatures will push Antarctic phytoplankton closer to their thermal optimum, altering phytoplankton growth, stoichiometry, and species interactions.

Increasing the Proportion of Broadleaf Species in Mixed Conifer-Broadleaf Forests Improves Understory Plant Composition and Promotes Soil Carbon Fixation.

Understory vegetation is an important component of forest ecosystems, and the supply of nutrients in the soil is related to the growth and development of soil microorganisms and understory plants. The effects of different tree species composition ratios in the forest on the process of soil microbial community assembly are not clear in the existing studies, and the factors influencing the differences in the abundance of understory plants under different forest canopy compositions and their mechanisms of action have not yet been clearly explained. In this study, two types of pure forests (PFP and PFQ) and two types of mixed forests (MF and MPQ) were selected from the Zhongcun Forestry, and the soil characteristics, soil microbial community assembly process, and understory plant community abundance, composition, and β-diversity were analyzed for the different forest types. The results showed that changes in the proportion of broadleaf and coniferous species in the forest could lead to changes in the community assembly process of soil fungi, and that the fungal assembly process in the mixed forest was mainly related to dispersal limitation. Compared with pure forests that were exclusively coniferous or exclusively broadleaf, mixed coniferous and broadleaf forests had a higher abundance of understory plants and a more stable forest community composition. In mixed forests, forests with a large proportion of broadleaf arbors had more available resources in the soil, soil pH was closer to neutral, and soil C was less likely to be lost compared to forests with a large proportion of conifers.

Dominant Role of Irrigation Regime over Biochar in Controlling GHG Emissions from Paddy Fields

Biochar is widely used in agriculture to enhance crop yield, improve soil fertility, and regulate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Its effectiveness, however, depends not only on its properties but also on soil moisture conditions, making integrated water management essential for maximizing its benefits. The study reports the results of a laboratory incubation experiment using three biochar application rates (0, 20, and 40 t ha−1) and two irrigation regimes—flooded irrigation and alternate wetting and drying (AWD)—to investigate the effects of biochar amendment and water management on soil greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The results indicated that there was no significant interaction between biochar and water regulation on GHG emissions, and changes in soil moisture and biochar application levels had no significant impact on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Compared to flooded irrigation, AWD effectively enhanced soil microbial activity, increasing nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions by 62.50% to 88.35%, but significantly reducing methane (CH4) emissions by 44.30% to 68.55%, thereby lowering the soil’s global warming potential (GWP). Additionally, biochar amendment significantly increased soil SOC and TN contents, enhanced soil enzyme activities, and significantly improved microbial carbon use efficiency (CUE), the C/N ratio, and the net nitrification rate (NNR). However, it had no significant effect on soil N2O and CO2 emissions, while significantly suppressed CH4 emissions. Throughout the entire growth period, biochar application increased soil GWP overall. However, during the first water cycle, GWP increased with higher biochar application rates, whereas in the second water cycle, biochar application exhibited a suppressive effect on GWP. In conclusion, integrating biochar application with AWD irrigation can optimize soil CUE, enhance soil nutrient supply, and mitigate, to some extent, the potential increase in GHG emissions induced by biochar. This provides valuable insights for carbon management and sustainable agricultural development.

Acoustically activated nanoplatforms achieve tumor regression by exacerbating tumor hypoxia.

Rapid tumor proliferation can be mitigated by "starving the cancer cells" through nutrient and oxygen blood supply blockade to the tumor, which is a significant challenge in oncological treatment. We developed a multipathway nano platform designed to improve hypoxia-exacerbated cancer starvation therapy. This was achieved by co-loading the acoustic sensitizer-IR780-and the vascular disruptor-vadimezan (DMXAA)-into dendritic silica nanocarriers to establish acid-responsive nanoplatforms, termed DMXAA/IR780@SiO2 (DIS NPs), using a simple one-pot synthesis method. In vivo and in vitro experiments were conducted to determine the antitumor mechanisms of this nanomaterial. In vitro cellular experiments revealed that reaching the acidic tumor microenvironment value with DMXAA/IR780@SiO2 degrades silica in DIS NPs, accompanied by the release of the drug, and the released DMXAA damaged blood vessels at the tumor site, thereby blocking oxygen and nutrient supplies. Concurrently, the acoustic sensitizer-IR780-released after the cleavage of DIS NPs generates reactive oxygen species under the action of ultrasound (US), thereby depleting oxygen, further aggravating tumor hypoxia, and damaging the mitochondria by disrupting the redox reaction, which ultimately triggers cellular damage and even death. Further, a significant therapeutic effect on tumors in vivo was observed when combined with ultrasound US therapy, demonstrating synergistic therapeutic effects in terms of acoustic dynamics and vascular disruption, as well as good biosafety. The DIS NPs exhibit a promising approach for hypoxia-exacerbated cancer starvation therapy, providing a potential new avenue for cancer treatment with demonstrated efficacy and biocompatibility.

Agricultural Cultivation Improved Soil Nitrogen Sequestration by Accelerating the Accumulation of Labile Nitrogen

ABSTRACTSoil organic nitrogen (SON), particularly its labile fraction (LN), is pivotal in nutrient supply and soil fertility maintenance. However, the retention mechanisms of LN under low‐nitrogen conditions in conservation agriculture remain unclear. This study, conducted in the Yellow River sedimentary area, applied SON functional fractionation (labile vs. stable pools) and a coupled analytical framework of soil particle composition, enzyme activity, and management practices to explore the vertical differentiation of LN under different land‐use types. Results showed that LN content was greater in agricultural soils (381.36–467.85 mg/kg), primarily driven by elevated activities of invertase and alkaline phosphatase. Silt (< 50 μm) improved the efficiency of stable nitrogen (SN) sequestration through organic‐mineral bonding, while sand particles (> 250 μm) led to increased LN leaching flux. Integrated fertilisation improved LN availability and SN stability through dual CN interactions and enzyme activation pathways. These findings highlight LN's ‘rapid response, high loss’ behaviour in sandy soils and offer a scientific basis for organic nitrogen regulation in fragile agroecosystems.

Impact of Probiotic Soy Supplementation on Silkworm Growth and Development

Silkworm growth and production are significantly influenced by diet and gut microbiota which is essential for cocoon formation and producing high-quality silk. This study aims to investigate the effects of soy probiotics on silkworm growth, larval development, and overall cocoon production. Effects were likely mediated by changes in the intestinal digestive enzyme activity and nutrient provisioning (e.g., Soy) of the host, improving nutrient digestion and assimilation. Silkworms were divided into two groups: a control group and a probiotic soy-supplemented group. Fresh mulberry leaves were sprayed with distilled water for control and mulberry leaves were sprayed by each concentration of soy and were fed to silkworms, from 3rd to 5th instar. Silk yield was measured. Biochemical assays were conducted to assess digestive enzyme activity. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA. The results showed that probiotic soy supplementation significantly improved larval weight, feed efficiency, and silk production compared to the control and soy-only groups. These findings highlight the potential of probiotic soy as a dietary supplement to optimize sericulture practices and improve silk quality.

The transmembrane glycoprotein Gpnmb is required for the immune and fibrotic responses during zebrafish heart regeneration.

The transmembrane glycoprotein Gpnmb is required for the immune and fibrotic responses during zebrafish heart regeneration.

Glucose oxidase/copper‑carbon dots/hyaluronic acid self-assembly for self-supply hydrogen peroxide in a double-enzyme cascade to enhance anti-tumor therapy.

Glucose oxidase/copper‑carbon dots/hyaluronic acid self-assembly for self-supply hydrogen peroxide in a double-enzyme cascade to enhance anti-tumor therapy.