Nutrient Intake Of Adolescents Research Articles

Quantitative Analysis of Food Habits and Nutrient Intake of Adolescents in Two Different States in South India

Quantitative Analysis of Food Habits and Nutrient Intake of Adolescents in Two Different States in South India

Association of bone mineralization markers with dietary nutrient intake in adolescents with and without biochemical osteomalacia.

Dietary intake is widely known to play a crucial role in achieving peak bone mass among children and adolescents. Unfortunately, this information is lacking among Arab adolescents, an understudied demographic that has recently been observed to have a high prevalence of abnormal mineralization markers [low serum 25(OH)D, high serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), low calcium (Ca) and/or inorganic phosphate (Pi)] suggestive of biochemical osteomalacia (OM, defined as any 2 of the 4 parameters). In order to fill this gap, we aimed to evaluate the associations of serum markers of biochemical OM with dietary intake of macronutrients, vitamins and trace minerals. Saudi adolescents (N = 2,938, 57.8% girls), aged 12-17 years from 60 different schools in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia were included. Dietary intake of nutrients was calculated following a semi-quantitative 24 h dietary recall over 3 weekdays and 1 weekend-day using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Compliance to reference daily intake (RDI) of macronutrients, vitamins and trace minerals were calculated. Fasting blood samples were collected and circulating levels of 25(OH)D, ALP, Ca, and Pi were analyzed. A total of 1819 (1,083 girls and 736 boys) adolescents provided the dietary recall data. Biochemical OM was identified in 175 (9.6%) participants (13.5% in girls, 3.9% in boys, p < 0.01) while the rest served as controls (N = 1,644). All participants had serum 25(OH)D levels <50 nmoL/L. Most participants had very low dietary intakes of Ca (median ~ 290 mg) and vitamin D (median ~ 4 μg) which are far below the RDI of 1,300 mg/day and 20 μg/day, respectively. In contrast, excess dietary intakes of Pi, Na, K, and Fe were observed in all participants. In the biochemical OM group, thiamine and protein intake were significant predictors of serum 25(OH)D, explaining 4.3% of the variance perceived (r = 0.23, adjusted r2 = 4.3%, p = 0.01). Among controls, dietary vitamin C and vitamin D explained 0.6% of the total variation in serum 25(OH)D (r = 0.09, adjusted r2 = 0.6%, p = 0.004). Arab adolescents do not meet the RDI for dietary Ca and vitamin D, and none have sufficient vitamin D status (25(OH)D levels >50 nmol/L) but they exceed the RDI for dietary Pi. Interpreting these data in the light of the increased prevalence of rickets in Arab countries, food fortification to optimise vitamin D and Ca intake in Saudi adolescents should be considered.

Evaluation of Eating Habits and Nutrient Intake in Adolescents with and without Suspected Eating Disorders in Iran

Objective: Increasing the incidence of eating disorder (ED) attitude during adolescence may lead to inadequate nutrient intake and consequently to growth disorders. This study aimed to compare eating habits and nutrient intakes of adolescents with high risk and low risk of developing eating disorders in high schools in Tehran, Iran.&#x0D; Methods: In the current cross-sectional study, the Eating Attitude Test (EAT-26) was applied to 299 students (185 females and 114 males) aged 15-18 years for the determination of ED attitudes. Food habits and nutrient intake were assessed by a self-administered questionnaire and a validated Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), respectively. Nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) and mean adequacy ratio (MAR) were calculated using nutrient’s Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) for age and sex.&#x0D; Results: Of all students, 17.7% were at risk of developing ED. The results showed that girls, unlike boys, consumed more energy than they needed, but this difference between the ED group in both sexes was not significant. The distribution of sweetened drinks, candy, chocolate, and fast food frequency was significantly different between the two groups of girls (P

Reproducibility and validity of a food frequency questionnaire to assess cardiovascular health-related food intake among Mexican adolescents.

There is a lack of region-adapted tools to evaluate diet as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in adolescents. The study aim was to evaluate the reproducibility and validity of a paper-based and region-adapted food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) designed to assess CVD-related food and nutrient intakes of adolescents from Northwest México. The study design was cross-sectional. The FFQ was developed in a two-step process: prototype designing and a pilot test, with re-tested in a 3-month period, along with two administrations of 24 h-recall (24 hR). Pearson's and intra-class correlation coefficients (PCC and ICC) were assessed. Bland-Altman plots, limits of agreement and quintile classifications were carried out. Participants (n 221) were 53·8 % male, 18·5 ± 0·4 years old. Reproducibility had a median PCC = 0·66 for processed meats, ranging from 0·40 (saturated fat) to 0·74 (fish & shellfish), P = 0·001. ICC ranged from 0·53 (saturated fat) to 0·80 (sodium; and nuts, seeds and legumes), P = 0·001. Validity comparing FFQ1 v. 24 hR mean, PCCs ranged from 0·12 (P = 0·06) to 0·95 (P = 0·001), and ICC from 0·20 (P = 0·048) to 0·88 (P = 0·001); comparing FFQ2 v. 24 hR mean, PCCs ranged from 0·07 (P = 0·25) to 0·46 (P = 0·001), and ICC from 0·15 (P = 0·106) to 0·58 (P = 0·001). The FFQ overestimated the intake of all food groups and nutrients (P < 0·05), while Cohen's κ showed coefficients lower than 0·20. The proposed FFQ represents a moderately validated tool to estimate CVD-related food and nutrient intakes as a risk factor, which can be used in combination with multiple administrations of 24 hRs, as a critical mean in future interventions intended to reduce cardiometabolic risk in adolescents.

HUBUNGAN ANTARA ASUPAN ZAT GIZI DENGAN PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME PADA MAHASISWA AKADEMI KEBIDANAN MUHAMMADIYAH MADIUN

Premenstrual Syndrome pada remaja masih menjadi masalah kesehatan di Indonesia. Beberapa saat sebelum menstruasi, sejumlah wanita mengalami rasa tidak nyaman yang biasa disebut dengan Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS). Salah satu penyebab PMS adalah kurangnya asupan zat gizi. Untuk mengurangi terjadinya Premenstrual Syndrome adalah berolah raga, mengurangi kafein, nikotin, alkohol, gula, garam, istirahat cukup, memperhatikan gizi dan nutrisi. Dalam hal ini asupan zat gizi pada remaja adalah sesuatu yang penting dan diharapkan mampu menangani masalah Premenstrual Syndrome ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara asupan zat gizi dengan Premenstrual Syndrome pada mahasiswa Kebidanan Muhammadiyah Madiun. Rancangan penelitian menggunakan Cross Sectional. Populasi dalam penelitian ini mahasiswa yang kuliah di Kebidanan Muhammadiyah Madiun yang berjumlah 156 orang. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah sebagian mahasiswa akademi kebidanan muhammadiyah madiun yang berjumlah 112, diambil secara Purposive sampling. Instrumen penelitian yang digunakan yaitu food recall dan kuesioner, hasilnya dianalisa menggunakan uji Spearman Rank dengan taraf signifikasi α=0,05. Hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa hampir seluruhnya yaitu 104 orang (92,9%) mengalami Premenstrual Syndrome sedang. Sedangkan responden yang mempunyai status gizi sedang yaitu sebanyak 53 orang (47,3%). Dari uji Spearman Rank didapatkan hasil ρ=0,002. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diatas dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat hubungan antara status zat gizi dengan kejadian Premenstrual Syndrome pada remaja putri. Oleh karena itu, disarankan pada remaja putri untuk mempertahankan asupan gizi yang baik, sehingga dapat mencegah Premenstrual Syndrome.

Dietary Intake across Reproductive Life Stages of Women in India: A Cross-Sectional Survey from 4 Districts of India.

Nutritional deficiencies among women of reproductive age, especially from socially backward classes, are widely prevalent in India. The present study aimed to assess the nutrient intakes and analyse their associations with sociodemographic attributes among socially backward adolescent girls, newly married women, pregnant women, and lactating mothers from four districts of India. Further, the study looked at the associations between nutrient intakes and anthropometric measurements (body mass index, BMI; waist circumference; and waist-hip ratio, WHR) among adolescents and newly married women. This community-based cross-sectional study used the 24-hour recall method of the dietary survey to assess the food intake of women and girls. Nonparametric tests of associations between sociodemographic characteristics and the median nutrient intakes were conducted. Expected and observed increments in energy and nutrient intakes of pregnant and lactating women from the base (requirement of an adult woman) were calculated. A total of 477 pregnant women, 455 lactating mothers, 532 newly married women, and 223 adolescent girls were interviewed. According to the 24-h dietary recall, only 35% of adolescent girls, 57% newly married women, 40% pregnant women, and 34% lactating mothers were able to meet 70% of the recommended energy requirements. A large percentage of pregnant women had less than 50% of the recommended intakes of iron, calcium, and folic acid. Women living in nuclear families, urban slums, and those from backward classes had lower intakes of almost all the nutrients compared to their counterparts (p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in the nutrient intakes of adolescents, newly married, pregnant, and lactating women, and all had poor dietary intakes. We found positive relationships of all three anthropometric measurements (BMI, waist circumference, and WHR) with fats and inverse associations with carbohydrates. Public health interventions should work towards improving the nutrition of these vulnerable populations.

PENGARUH EDUKASI GIZI TERHADAP PERUBAHAN PENGETAHUAN, AKTIVITAS SEDENTARY DAN ASUPAN ZAT GIZI PADA REMAJA OVERWEIGHT DAN OBESITAS DI SMA N 2 KOTA SORONG

Obesity is a problem worldwide due to increasing prevalence in adults and adolescents both in developed countries and in developing countries. Many studies show the tendency of obese children and adolescents to remain obese in adulthood which may result in an increased risk of diseases and disorders related to obesity during the next life. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of nutrition education to changes in knowledge, sedentary activity and nutrient intake in adolescents at SMAN 2 Sorong. This type of research is pre-experimental design. Sampling was done by purposive sampling using the formula Lameshow. The research sample of 38 categories of nutritional status of overweight and obesity. Then performed a pretest for all respondents and given nutrition education using slides, leaflets and sms (short message service). Data measured respondents' knowledge at the time of pre-test and post test using questionnaires knowledge. Data food intake was measured using 24-hour recall questionnaire. Neither the sedentary lifestyle measurement data using questionnaires sedentary life style. The results showed Providing nutrition education significantly influence changes in knowledge adolescent overweight and obesity SMA N 2 Sorong city with an increase of 0.72 (D mean) with score p = 0.12. the provision of nutrition education influence the change sedentary activity adoloscent overweight and obesity SMA N 2 Sorong city with a drop of 0,1 (D mean) but the result was not significant (p=0,210). The provision of nutrition education had no effect on changes in energy intake (p = 0.06), carbohydrates (p = 0.35) and fat (p = 0.07) adolescent overweight and obesity SMA N 2 Sorong city . The provision of nutrition education affect the changes in fiber intake adolescent overweight and obesity SMA N Sorong City to increase fiber intake of 0.16 (Dmean) but the result was not significant (p = 0.12).

Nutritional intake and its association with educational achievement in high-school students in Islamic Republic of Iran.

Inadequate food intake can affect learning and memory. Studies on the nutrient intake of adolescents in Sabzevar are lacking. This study assessed the nutrient intake of high-school students in Sabzevar and its association with academic attainment. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 800 of 8 000 high-school students in Sabzevar. Stratified sampling was used. Demographic data and academic information were collected and the parents of the students completed a food frequency questionnaire which included 189 food items. The students' weight and height were measured using standard methods. Each food was coded using Nutritionist IV software and mean values of nutrients (13 vitamins/minerals, 4 food types and total energy) were calculated. The mean body mass index of female and male students was 20. 3 (SD 2.7) kg/m2 and 19.5 (SD 3.2) kg/m2 respectively. The intakes of energy, vitamins A, C, D, folic acid, calcium, iron and zinc were significantly lower than the dietary reference intake (P < 0.05). A statistically significant correlation was seen between iron intake and academic scores in female students (P < 0.05) but not for any other nutrient. The intake of most nutrients in high-school students in Sabzevar was lower than the dietary reference intake. Nutrition education and nutritional support strategies are recommended to improve the nutritional status of these students.

Comparison of nutrient intake in adolescents and adults with and without food allergies.

Exclusion diets for the management of food allergy pose a risk of nutritional deficiencies and inadequate growth in children, yet less is known about their effect in adolescents and adults. The present study aimed to compare the dietary intake of adolescents and adults with food allergies with that of a control group. A food allergic and a control group were recruited from Portsmouth and the Isle of Wight in the UK. Participants were recruited from a food allergy charity, allergy clinics, a local school and university, and previous research studies. Macro and micronutrient intake data were obtained using a 4-day estimated food diary. Sociodemographic and anthropometric data was collected via a constructed questionnaire. This cross-sectional study included 81 adolescents (48 food allergic and 33 controls) aged 11-18 years and 70 adults aged 19-65 years (23 food allergic and 47 controls). Overall, 19 (22.8%) adolescents and 19 (27.1%) adults took dietary supplements, with no difference according to food allergic status. Adolescents with food allergy had higher intakes of niacin and selenium than adolescents without (P < 0.05). This difference persisted when dietary supplements were removed from the analysis. Adults with food allergies had higher intakes of folate and zinc than those without (P < 0.05); however, this difference did not persist when dietary supplements were removed from the analysis. Across all participants, the intake of several micronutrients was suboptimal. There was no difference in protein or energy intake, or body mass index, according to food allergic status. The dietary intake of food allergic participants was broadly similar and, in some cases, better than that of control participants. However, suboptimal intakes of several micronutrients were observed across all participants, suggesting poor food choices.

Nutrient intake of adolescents in rural area of Himachal Pradesh

Background: The nutrient requirements during adolescence are higher than at any other stage of life. Inadequate nutrient intake leads to poor growth, delayed sexual maturation, slow linear growth, anaemia and osteomalacia. Aim &amp;Objective: To assess the nutrient intake of adolescents in 13-15 years belonging to rural area of Shimla district, Himachal Pradesh. Material &amp; Methods: A school based cross-sectional study was conducted during 2014 - 2015 in rural area of Shimla district. Thirty clusters were identified using population proportionate to size sampling method. A total of 170 adolescents in the age group of 13-15 years studying in government schools were enrolled. Dietary assessment was done using 24h dietary recall method. Results: The percentage deficit in boys for calorie, iron, zinc and calcium intake was found 37.9%, 53.7%, 35.5% and 22.4% respectively as compared to Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA). The girls had percentage deficit for calorie, iron, zinc and calcium intake as 47.7%, 61.5%, 53.6%, and 43.6 % respectively as compared to RDA. Conclusion: The findings of present study indicate that the nutrient intake of adolescents aged 13-15 years was inadequate.

Evaluation of the relative validity of a Web-based food frequency questionnaire used to assess Soy Isoflavones and nutrient intake in adolescents

Dietary assessment during adolescence is crucial in determining how adolescents’ consumption habits potentially affect current and long-term health. However, assessment methods for adolescents need to be relevant to their emerging technological culture. We developed a web-based food frequency questionnaire (webFFQ) to assess the habitual soy isoflavones and nutrient intake of adolescents. Our purpose was to validate this webFFQ against multiple 1-day photograph-assisted food records (FR). Adolescents aged 12–18 years (n = 70) attending middle and high schools completed the webFFQ and provided six 1-day FR. Fifteen participants were excluded due to improbable energy intake. Statistical agreements were determined using Wilcoxon signed-ranks test, Pearson’s bivariate correlations of normalized values with energy-adjustment and correction for attenuation, cross-classification, and Bland-Altman plots. Based on n = 55, the webFFQ had higher intake estimates for all isoflavones and most nutrients compared to the FR. Energy-adjusted and deattenuated correlations were moderately strong for total isoflavones (r = 0.67), daidzein (r = 0.63), genistein (r = 0.64), and glycitein (r = 0.54). They ranged from a high of 0.82 (animal proteins) to a low of 0.11 (vitamin B12) for nutrients. Cross-classification agreement up to within 1 quartile ranged from 99.0 % (vegetable protein) to 61.8 % (vitamin B12) with low gross misclassifications (0.0–12.7 %). Bland-Altman plots for the isoflavones showed consistent overestimation and wide variation but nevertheless good agreement between the two methods. The webFFQ is relatively valid in ranking adolescents according to their isoflavones and nutrient intake. However, while it significantly overestimates the absolute intake of most nutrients, results are comparable to other food frequency questionnaires developed for adolescents.

Assessment of Breakfast Eating Habits and its Association with Cognitive Performance of Early Adolescents (11-13 Years) in Shebedino District, Sidama Zone, Southern Ethiopia

Background: Regular consumption of breakfast is associated with improved cognitive performance and nutrient intake in adolescents. Despite breakfast’s positive attributes, many children go to school without breakfast. The objective of this study was to assess the association between breakfast eating habits and cognitive performance among early adolescents aged 11-13 years old in the study area. Method: A cross sectional study was conducted from June to July 2012. Structured questionnaire was used to capture breakfast eating habits, socio-economic and demographic factors. Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children -II tests was used for cognitive performance measurement. A representative sample size of 211 participants was selected randomly from 4 kebeles. The data was analyzed with SPSS version 16.0 software. Results: Of the 208 interview, 52% were girls while 48% were boys with mean (±SD) age of 12.01±0.82 years. Breakfast skipping prevalence was 42.3%. Regular breakfast eating habits were significantly (P<0.001) associated with Simultaneous scale and Pattern Reasoning. Regular breakfast eating habit and mother education were significantly (P<0.001) associated with Sequential scale explaining 13.7% variation. Regular breakfast eating habits were also significantly associated with Pattern Reasoning explaining 31.6 % variation. Conclusion: Irregular consumption or skipping breakfast and socio-demographic factors have beneficial influence on cognitive performance of adolescents. The important predictors of cognitive performance were breakfast eating habits and maternal education. We recommended that, parents and adolescents should be educated and trained on healthy breakfast eating patterns and good nutrition practices for healthy cognitive development of adolescents.

Dietary habits and nutrient intake in adolescent girls living in Northern Iran

Rapid changes in lifestyle and industrialization of communities have an important effect on food intake pattern of society. Regarding the lack of enough data about dietary habits and nutrient intake of adolescents in our society, this study was performed in a group of adolescent girls in Lahijan, North of Iran. In this cross-sectional study, 400 high school girls aged 14-17 years selected by random stratified sampling. Nutritional data were collected by 24-hour dietary recall, food habits and food frequency questionnaires for all samples. The mean energy intake was 2338±611 kcal/d. The contributions of carbohydrate, protein and fat to the total energy intake were 59.3, 11.9 and 28.8%, respectively. The daily intake of energy obtained from breakfast, lunch, dinner and snacks were 16.3, 23.5, 25.9 and 34.3%, respectively. The mean intakes of vitamin A, vitamin D, calcium, phosphorous and zinc were below the Recommended Daily Allowances. The consumption of fresh vegetables and fruit was generally low. Twelve percent in total did not drink milk at all. Almost all the subjects had a prepared meal, most often in the evening, at least four times a week. Regarding the undesirable food pattern and proportions of nutrient intakes, it is necessary to development means of motivating adolescents to eat nutritionally rich foods, good for health and well-being.

Evaluation of dietary quality of adolescents using Healthy Eating Index

The aim of this study was to use the Healthy Eating Index-2005 (HEI-2005) to assess diet quality and determine the relationship between the HEI-2005 and the energy and nutrient intakes of adolescents. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 1,104 healthy adolescents, mean age of 15.8 ± 1.24 years. Dietary intake was measured with the 24-hour dietary recall method, and dietary quality was assessed by means of the HEI-2005. Diet quality scores ranged from 23.7 to 77.5. The mean score was found to be 51.5 ± 9.07 according to the HEI-2005. There were no differences according to gender; 42.8% had a poor diet and 57.2% had a diet that needs improvement. No subjects had a "good diet". Lower mean subgroup scores were found for whole grains, total vegetables, total fruits, dairy products, and meat and beans. Fruits and vegetables scores were significantly high in girls, whereas sodium, oil, and meat and beans scores were significantly high in boys. Total HEI-2005 scores were increasingly associated with parental education level when age and gender were adjusted. There was a negative correlation between HEI-2005 scores and age, total energy intake, and fat intake. Positive correlation was only observed in the HEI-2005 scores for protein and dietary fibre intakes. Consequently, the overall diet quality and nutritional habits of Turkish adolescents need modification and improvement. In the family, measures should be initiated by the government, including advertisements and campaigns.

Validity and reliability of an FFQ for use with adolescents in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

The present study evaluates the reliability and validity of an FFQ designed for use with adolescents in urban Vietnam. A cohort study was conducted between December 2003 and June 2004. The FFQ was administered three times over a 6-month period (FFQ 1-3) and nutrient intakes were compared to those obtained from four 24 h recalls collected over the same period (24 h recalls 1-4) using crude, energy-adjusted and de-attenuated correlation coefficients. The level of agreement between the two measurements was also evaluated with Bland-Altman analysis. The percentage of nutrient intakes classified within one quintile, as well as quadratic-weighted kappa statistics, were calculated. Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. A total of 180 students were recruited in three junior high schools. Coefficients ranged from 0.22 for retinol to 0.78 for fibre for short-term reliability, and from 0.30 for retinol to 0.81 for zinc for long-term reliability. Coefficients for nutrient intakes between the mean of the three FFQ and mean of four 24 h recalls were mostly around 0.40, but higher for energy-adjusted nutrients. After allowing for within-person variation, the mean coefficient was 0.52 for macronutrients and 0.46 for micronutrients. There were a relatively high proportion of nutrient intakes classified within one quintile and a small number grossly misclassified. Kappa values shows 'fair' to 'good' agreement for all food/nutrient categories, while the Bland-Altman plots indicated that the FFQ is accurate in assessing nutrient intake at a group level. This newly developed FFQ is a valid tool for measuring nutrient intake in adolescents in urban Vietnam.

A systematic review of dietary assessments of pregnant adolescents in industrialised countries

Adolescent pregnancy is a major public health challenge for many industrialised countries and is associated with significant medical, nutritional, social and economic risk for mothers and their infants. Despite this, relatively little is known about the nutrient intakes of adolescents during pregnancy. The aim of this study is to review the current evidence relating to the dietary assessment of pregnant adolescents living in industrialised countries. Nine papers were identified that fulfilled the inclusion criteria, seven of which were conducted in the USA. Mean nutrient intakes were compared with the most recent US dietary reference intakes (DRI) for pregnant adolescents. Despite the poor quality of the majority of studies, there appeared to be some consensus to suggest that the nutrient intakes of pregnant adolescents were below the DRI for energy, iron, folate, calcium, vitamin E and magnesium, nutrients which are recognised to be vital for fetal growth and development during pregnancy. Modest differences were observed in nutrient intake between trimesters and age groups. Current research is limited by sampling and measurement bias, and research is urgently required to address these limitations. Further consideration should also be made of the influence of age and of role of socio-economic support on pregnant adolescents' nutrient intake. The achievement of improved nutrition in pregnancy among adolescents requires multidisciplinary collaborations of adolescent health care providers, academics, professional organisations, policy makers, industry and service users. Only once this is achieved can adolescent nutrition, and adolescent nutrition in pregnancy, be significantly and sustainably optimised.

Food habits, energy and nutrient intake in adolescents with Type 1 diabetes mellitus

The aims were to describe the food habits of adolescents with Type 1 diabetes (Type 1 DM) and to compare them with healthy control subjects; to describe the distribution of energy-providing nutrients in patients and compare it with current recommendations and previous reports; and finally, to investigate associations between dietary intake and glycaemic control. One hundred and seventy-four adolescents with Type 1 DM and 160 age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects completed a validated food frequency questionnaire, and 38 randomly chosen patients completed a prospective 4-day food record. Patients ate more regularly, and more often ate fruit and fruit juice, potatoes and root vegetables, meat, fish, egg, offal and sugar-free sweets than control subjects. Control subjects more often ate ordinary sweets and snacks. Patients chose coarse rye bread and dairy products with less fat to a greater extent than control subjects. Patients were heavier than control subjects. The intake of saturated fat was higher in patients compared with recommendations and, for boys with diabetes, the intake of protein was higher than recommended. Patients with poorer glycaemic control ate vegetables, fruit and fish less often than patients with better control. The food habits of adolescents with Type 1 DM were healthier than those of control subjects. The intake of energy-providing nutrients was in line with current recommendations and showed improvements compared with previous reports, with the exception of fibre intake. The association between dietary intake and glycaemic control needs further investigation in prospective studies.

Impact of dietary fat and fiber intake on nutrient intake of adolescents.

To evaluate the impact of fat and fiber intake on energy and nutrient intake of 15-year-old adolescents. Twenty-four-hour dietary recalls were collected on a random sample of 15-year-olds. Subjects were then categorized into groups based on fat and fiber intake, with 319 students meeting criteria for 1 of 4 dietary intake quadrants: low fat, low fiber; low fat, high fiber; high fat, low fiber; and high fat, high fiber. Students with medium fat or fiber intakes were excluded from the study. Low-fat and high-fat intake were defined as <30% and >40% of total energy intake, respectively. Low- and high-fiber intake were defined as <15 g/day and >20 g/day, respectively. Low-fat and high-fiber intake had a minimal impact on energy intake and did not adversely affect nutrient intake. High-fiber intake was associated with greater likelihood of adequate intake of vitamins A, B6, B12, and C; niacin; thiamin; riboflavin; folacin; magnesium; iron; zinc; phosphorus; and calcium. High-fat intake was associated with greater likelihood of adequate vitamin B12 intake. Significant differences in fat and fiber intake distributions were found for ethnic background and gender, with more non-white than white students in the high-fat groups and more males than females in the high-fiber groups. A low-fat and high-fiber diet meeting current nutrition recommendations does not adversely affect energy or nutrient intake, increases nutrient density of the diet, and increases the likelihood of adequate intake for several key nutrients.

Nutrient Intakes of Adolescents and Adults with Phenylketonuria

Eighteen PKU individuals completed three-day food records. Nutrient analysis of the diets was determined using the Minnesota Nutrition Data System for Research. Subjects were divided into three medical formula consumption groups: Adequate (ns=6), Inadequate (n=3) and No Formula (n=9). Adequate formula was defined as consuming ≥ 80% of the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) of protein from medical formula. Statistical significance was found among the three groups using ANOVA for the mean nutrient intakes of folate (p=0.01), calcium (p<0.003), magnesium (p<0.008), iron (p<0.001) and zinc (p<0.005). For all significant nutrients, the Adequate group had significantly greater intakes than the No Formula group using Newman-KeuFs multiple comparisons test (p<0.05). Statistical significance was found using ANOVA for the mean percent DRI for folate (p=0.03), calcium (p<0.003), magnesium (p<0.004), iron (p<0.003) and zinc (p<0.004). For all significant nutrients, the Adequate group had significantly greater intakes than the Inadequate and No Formula groups using Newman-KeuFs multiple comparisons test (p<0.05). Marginal statistical significance was found using ANOVA for mean nutrient intake (p=0.09) and mean percent DRI (p<0.06) for vitamin B12. The results of this pilot study suggest that PKU subjects consuming no medical formula or less than adequate amounts of medical formula are at risk for several nutrient deficiencies. Supplementation with vitamins and minerals may be warranted in these subjects.

Snacking, Obesity, Cardiovascular Fitness and Television Viewing Among Adolescents

Possible relationships among snacking, obesity, cardiovascular fitness and television viewing were examined in a group of 54 14-and 15-year old adolescents. Dietary intake was estimated using a 24-hour recall and 2-day food record for which subjects were asked to identify all foods and beverages consumed as either a meal or snack. The three days of intake were analyzed by the University of Minnesota Nutrient Data System for total nutrient intake (meals + snacks) and again for snacks alone. A nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) and mean adequacy ratio (MAR) were calculated for the total intake (meals + snacks) using nutrients with an established Recommended Dietary Allowance. Skinfold thicknesses were measured to calculate percentage body fat (%BF). Males with >20 %BF and females with >30 %BF were classified as obese. A modified Harvard step test assessed cardiovascular fitness. A 24-hour activity recall and 2-day activity record estimated the hours spent viewing television. Statistical analysis included Students t-Test and Pearson's product moment analysis. Over 40% of both male and female subjects were classified as obese. Males reported a significantly higher NAR for vitamin D, folate, calcium, magnesium and iron when compared to females (p<.01), although the MAR between the two groups was not different (p>.05). Males reported an average of 2.6 snacks per day compared to the 1.9 snacks reported by females (p>.05). Snacks provided more than 25% of energy and more than 20% of the total intake for several nutrients, including calcium, magnesium, and vitamins A, E and C. Females had a mean step test score which suggested a lower level of cardiovascular fitness when compared to males (p<.05); however the mean score for both groups was below average. Males and females reported viewing television for an average of 3.6 and 4.5 hours, respectively (p>.05). A significant correlation between the hours of television viewed and the number of snacks consumed was not identified (r=.05, p=.74). Likewise there was no significant correlation identified between the hours of television viewed and obesity (r=−.28, p=.50), television and cardiovascular fitness (r=.24, p=.104), and the number of snacks consumed and fitness score (r=−.05, p=.712). These results suggest that snacks can make important contributions to the overall nutrient intake of adolescents. In addition, these results suggest that snacking and television viewing may not be linked directly to obesity, which are contrary to previous findings. Supported in part by the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station.