Nutmeg Production Research Articles

PRESERVING NUTMEG : HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE, MEDICINAL BENEFITS, AND CLIMATE CHANGE THREATS TO INDONESIAN NUTMEG

Over the past thousand years, scholars and practitioners, drawing from diverse fields including culture, philosophy, sociology, and history, have meticulously documented the intricacies of various medicinal substances and their applications. In this continuum of knowledge, nutmeg, a quintessential spice of Indonesian heritage, has held a prominent place. This study aims to explore the historical significance of nutmeg in Indonesia, its role in medicinal practices, and the threats posed by climate change to nutmeg cultivation. The research seeks to provide valuable insights into the cultural and historical importance of nutmeg in Indonesian society, as well as its medicinal benefits. Additionally, the study aims to analyze the potential impact of climate change on nutmeg production in Indonesia. The study uncovered nutmeg's diverse significance in Indonesia across historical, cultural, medicinal, and economic realms. It emphasized nutmeg's medicinal potential and the climate change challenges to its production. Findings stressed the necessity of robust climate policies and proactive adaptation strategies to ensure nutmeg farming sustainability. In conclusion, this study highlights nutmeg's historical, medicinal, and climate change-related challenges in Indonesia. It stresses the necessity of comprehensive measures to address climate change impacts and integrate resilience strategies into nutmeg farming practices and policymaking. These findings offer valuable guidance for policymakers and stakeholders to ensure the sustainable growth of Indonesian nutmeg exports amidst environmental changes.

Pelatihan Pemanfaatan Buah Pala menjadi Manisan Pala yang Bernilai Jual Tinggi

This service is motivated by the fact that Kalijaya Village, Banjaranyar District, Ciamis Regency, is one of the potential spice-producing areas, one of which is nutmeg. This condition is not optimally utilized by the Kalijaya Village Community, especially for those who work as nutmeg farmers, where nutmeg farmers like to throw away the nutmeg meat and make it waste after taking the seeds and nutmeg pulp, even though nutmeg meat is the largest component of fresh nutmeg compared to mace, seed shell, and seed meat. Optimal utilization of nutmeg meat through diversification of nutmeg processed products such as candied nutmeg, nutmeg syrup, nutmeg candy, and many others can increase income and provide multiple benefits for nutmeg farmers in Kaijaya Village. This condition is due to the lack of understanding and skills possessed by the Kaljaya Village Community. The purpose of this service is to provide solutions for optimizing the yield of nutmeg. One of the alternatives given in solving this problem is to conduct training related to the Utilization of Nutmeg Fruit in High-Value Sweets. The method of implementing this Community Service activity is in the form of counseling, and training/practice. The service participants consisted of nutmeg farmers and members of the Kaijaya Village PKK because most of the nutmeg farmers were PKK members. The result of this service is the existence of candied nutmeg products sourced from the utilization of nutmeg meat defect waste/waste making it a new business opportunity as an additional source of income.

In vitro potential control of white root fungus in nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) based on botanical fungicide of coconut shell liquid smoke

Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) is spice plant which has an important position as a source of essential oils. An important problem in nutmeg cultivation is white root disease which can reduce nutmeg production. Until now, white root disease is still a problem in nutmeg plantations in South Aceh district. One of the solution that can be explored as an environmentally friendly control measure is to use the botanical fungicide coconut shell liquid smoke. This research aims to determine the potential of coconut shell liquid smoke in controlling white root fungus in vitro. The research was carried out in the Plant Protection Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Teuku Umar University. The research design used was a non-factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of nine levels of liquid smoke concentration treatment; control 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%. Each treatment involved three replications. Data analysis was carried out using analysis of variance and Tukey's least significant difference (HSD) test.The research stages carried out consisted of producing coconut shell liquid smoke, isolating white root fungus from the roots of infected nutmeg plants and potential assay of liquid smoke in inhibiting the growth of white root fungus. In vitro bioassay result showed that liquid smoke treatment 3% was the best treatment because it was the lowest concentration causing total inhibition of the growth of white root fungus.

Pengaruh Konsentrasi Larutan Natrium Bisulfit Terhadap Karakteristik Manisan Pala Basah (Myristica fragrans Houtt)

Since long ago nutmeg was a popular commodity with high economical value, especially as spices. Nutmeg fruit could be processed into candied nutmeg, as an effort of food diversification. Problem in candied nutmeg production was the browning reaction. After having peeled, the color of flesh will change brown. This condition can lower the quality of nutmeg as raw material in food industry. One of the methods can be applied to prevent the browning reaction is by soaking nutmeg flesh in sodium bisulfite solution. Research had been conducted to find out the effect of soaking nutmeg flesh in sodium bisulfite at Chemistry Laboratory Agriculture Faculty Ma’soem University. The objective of the research was to determine the right solution of sodium bisulfite to produce the finest characteristic of candied nutmeg. The experimental method was applied in this research with six treatments; 500 ppm (A), 750 ppm (B), 1000 ppm (C), 1200 ppm (D), 1500 ppm (E), dan 1750 ppm (F), and each of the treatments was repeated four times. Monitoring was held on total soluble solid, vitamin C, sulfite residue, and organoleptic test on color, aroma, flavor and texture. Statistic analysis used variance analysis and proceeded by Duncan's Multiple Range Test. Result of the research showed that sodium bisulfite solution gave a significant effect on total soluble solid, sulfite residue, color and aroma. Vice versa, sodium bisulfite solution had no effect on vitamin C, flavor and texture. The 1500 ppm of solution produce the finest characteristics of candied nutmeg.

LESSON LEARNT DARI PROSES PELATIHAN PERENCANAAN KEUANGAN KELUARGA

The problem of households in Brongkendik village is financial difficulty because they do not have a life goal. Several factors influence this, such as marriage customs, baby birth customs, "tomborgmagh" culture and other needs. "Tomborgmagh" is a culture of putting wealth to help families in preparation for marriage. The aim of this community service activity was to assist in preparing a financial plan based on a priority scale for the purpose of family life and welfare. This activity was carried out in the form of training for mothers of nutmeg production. The participatory action research method was the training method used, starting from the stages of determining life goals, budgeting, to the Tower arrangement game. Colored paper was the material used in the life goal setting stage, pencils and paper for the budgeting stage, and mineral water glasses to be used in the tower game. The results of this training showed that the nutmeg production women can develop a financial plan and they have a commitment to save

Pemberdayaan Masyarakat melalui Diversifikasi Produk Olahan Pala (Myristica Fragrans) menjadi Kerupuk Kulit Pala

Purpose: This study aimed to (1) empower the community in the Cita Tani Mandiri women's group by diversifying processed nutmeg products into nutmeg skin crackers. (2) Developing digital-based marketing for processed nutmeg products. Methodology: The implementation of community empowerment activities is carried out through two activities: training and mentoring, which is complemented by learning-by-doing techniques. Training activities were divided into (1) Survey of Partners' knowledge, (2) delivery of the theory of making crackers, and (3) demonstration and direct practice of making nutmeg leather crackers. Assistance activities include (1) assistance in making logos, brands, and product packaging; (2) assistance in marketing products using marketplaces; and (3) Monitoring and Evaluation. Results: The results obtained from this activity are: (1) increasing the skills of the members of the Cita Mandiri Farmers Group regarding the diversification of processed nutmeg products into nutmeg crackers; and (2) increasing the knowledge of the members of the Cita Mandiri Farmers Group regarding digital marketing strategies. Limitations: This activity was limited to processing and marketing nutmeg crackers. Contribution: This activity contributes to marketing management of processed nutmeg products.

Community Empowerment through Pala Waste Utilization: Ecoenzymes, Syrup, and Candied Nutmeg in Paya Village, Pesawaran District

This community engagement initiative unfolds in Paya Village, located in the Padang Cermin Subdistrict, Lampung Province, Indonesia. With a population of 1,190 individuals distributed across four hamlets, the village predominantly thrives on daily labor and agriculture, with nutmeg as a prominent crop. Organic waste generated from nutmeg fruit, particularly the husks and flesh, has been largely underutilized. This initiative, led by the PKK group, endeavors to empower the community, enhance household incomes, and address the issue of organic waste accumulation by converting nutmeg waste into value-added products. The program focuses on creating eco-enzymes, nutmeg syrup, and candied nutmeg. Capacity-building activities are central to this initiative, involving workshops, training, and educational programs. Regular evaluations highlight the program’s success in enhancing participants’ knowledge and awareness of nutmeg products.

Empowering Community through Innovation and Marketing Strategy for Candied Nutmeg Products: A Case Study in Negeri Ureng

This scientific article presents a case study on the implementation of Real Work Lectures (KKN) in Negeri Ureng, focusing on the innovation and marketing strategy for candied nutmeg products. The goal of this study was to foster empathy and a sense of concern for community issues while promoting the marketability of nutmeg shells through innovative product development. The research employed direct observation methods, particularly in the production of candied nutmeg, involving the local community members who were interested in initiating or expanding their businesses. The results showed that the project provided valuable insights, knowledge, and skills in product innovation using available natural resources in the Ureng Village. Additionally, it assisted local entrepreneurs in enhancing the packaging and branding of their food products to attract consumers. Furthermore, the project facilitated the process of obtaining trading permits, enabling the businesses to gain recognition across various segments of society. The implications of this study emphasize the importance of appropriate marketing strategies to expedite the sale of locally produced nutmeg-based products.Highlight:
 
 Innovation and marketability: Promoting the innovative use of nutmeg shells and developing marketable candied nutmeg products.
 Strategic marketing and packaging: Implementing effective marketing strategies and innovative packaging to enhance sales and expand market reach.
 Community empowerment: Empowering local producers through fair pricing, facilitating quick sales of processed nutmeg products, and supporting business permit acquisition.
 
 Keyword:KKN Implementation, Candied Nutmeg Products, Innovation, Marketing Strategy, Community Empowerment.

Empowering Community through Innovation and Marketing Strategy for Candied Nutmeg Products: A Case Study in Negeri Ureng

This scientific article presents a case study on the implementation of Real Work Lectures (KKN) in Negeri Ureng, focusing on the innovation and marketing strategy for candied nutmeg products. The goal of this study was to foster empathy and a sense of concern for community issues while promoting the marketability of nutmeg shells through innovative product development. The research employed direct observation methods, particularly in the production of candied nutmeg, involving the local community members who were interested in initiating or expanding their businesses. The results showed that the project provided valuable insights, knowledge, and skills in product innovation using available natural resources in the Ureng Village. Additionally, it assisted local entrepreneurs in enhancing the packaging and branding of their food products to attract consumers. Furthermore, the project facilitated the process of obtaining trading permits, enabling the businesses to gain recognition across various segments of society. The implications of this study emphasize the importance of appropriate marketing strategies to expedite the sale of locally produced nutmeg-based products.Highlight:
 
 Innovation and marketability: Promoting the innovative use of nutmeg shells and developing marketable candied nutmeg products.
 Strategic marketing and packaging: Implementing effective marketing strategies and innovative packaging to enhance sales and expand market reach.
 Community empowerment: Empowering local producers through fair pricing, facilitating quick sales of processed nutmeg products, and supporting business permit acquisition.
 
 Keyword:KKN Implementation, Candied Nutmeg Products, Innovation, Marketing Strategy, Community Empowerment.

Opportunities for Diversification of Processed Nutmeg as an Effort to Improve the Community's Economy on Saparua Island

Product diversification efforts can be used as a strategy to develop knowledge and skills as well as an alternative source of income for community households. The product diversification can be more optimal if it is supported by the availability of raw material sources located close to the community and wide market potentials so as to lower production costs incurred. This study uses a mixed method with a sequential exploration approach. This method begins with the use of qualitative method, followed by the quantitative method and interpretation. This study puts more emphasis on the qualitative analysis. Respondents of this study include farmers, community leaders and the government of Negeri Booi. Findings reveal that the most suitable diversifications of nutmeg products in Negeri Booi were in the form of nutmeg cider business and nutmeg juice business. Both of these businesses were supported by the availability of abundant raw materials, not too big business capital, and wide marketing potentials. This phenomenon was also supported by the existence of local customs, traditions and wisdom which were always applied in the community activities to meet their household needs.

Climate change over Indonesia and its impact on nutmeg production: An analysis under high‐resolution CORDEX‐CORE regional simulation framework

AbstractNutmeg is an important spice and contributes significantly to the gross domestic product of Indonesia. The study examines the impact of climate change on Indonesia and the production of nutmeg over Banda Neira Island. For this, the outputs from high‐resolution regional climate models under different representative concentration pathways (RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5), within the framework of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5/Coordinated Regional Climate Down‐scaling Experiment‐Coordinated Output for Regional Evaluations (CMIP5/CORDEX‐CORE) over southeast Asia domain are employed. The representation of the spatial structure of rainfall and temperature climatology is found to be much better in ensembles as compared to individual model experiments. The behaviour of simulated rainfall and temperature from the model experiments is examined to check whether the projected climate favours an increase in nutmeg production. The study found that projected changes in the number of wet days (ideal 100–160 wet days), heavy rainfall events, rising mean temperature above the optimum temperature range (25–26°C), increasing heatwave spells, and prolongation of the warm period led to an unfavourable climate for nutmeg production. Based on the analysis of dynamically produced (model simulated) climate variables, the study rejects the forecasted increase in nutmeg production using a statistical regression model due to the unfavourable climatic conditions that are likely to affect the growth, production and quality of nutmeg. The changing climate not only reduces regional agricultural production but also impacts the socio‐economic condition of the people of Indonesia. Therefore, the study emphasizes implementing stringent climate laws and policies at global, regional and local levels to curb greenhouse gas emissions and reduce the negative impact of climate change.

Respon Penawaran Dan Permintaan Pala Indonesia Di Pasar Internasional

Indonesia is one of the largest nutmeg producing country globally, followed by Guatemala, India and Nepal. Indonesia also the world’s leading largest harvest area with the nutmeg exporter which accounts for significant part of the nutmeg demand approximately 31.03 percent of the world's nutmeg production. This study aims to analyzed the response of supply and demand for Indonesian nutmeg in the international market over the period of 1985-2019. Secondary data were collected from various sources, including FAO and World Bank. This research used an econometric approach by constructed simultaneous equation model. Result showed that responsive factors affecting supply and demand for Indonesian nutmeg in the short term were export and nutmeg production and in the long terms were fertilizer urea Indonesia price in the previous year, growth nutmeg harvested area, Indonesian nutmeg supply, exchange rate of US dollars, per capita income, and the world nutmeg prices. Recommended policy for the Government that Indonesian nutmeg can be developed through a program directed at improving the price and expanding the harvest area. As a result of this policy implication, nutmeg supply grew significantly. By raising the farm level nutmeg price, able to increasing Indonesian nutmeg farmers' incomes affect to increasing their welfare.

Analisis Pemasaran dan Nilai Tambah Pala di Kecamatan Tapak Tuan Kabupaten Aceh Selatan

Based on Ministry of Agriculture data (2019), nutmeg is one of Indonesia's led commodities that have a high economic value which is focused on exporting orientation. This study aims to analyze the marketing efficiency level of nutmeg, and the added value of processed nutmeg products for home industries in Tapak Tuan District, South Aceh Regency. The method used to calculate marketing margin value, farmer's share value, R / C ratio. Meanwhile, the value-added analysis used the Hayami table. The analysis result showed that the nutmeg marketing system in Tapak Tuan District was relatively efficient. The calculating result of the equivalent estimate for the percentage value of the margin was 31.77%, the farmer's share was 68.23%, and the r / c ratio was 2.18. Channel 4 was relatively more efficient compared to other channels with sales volumes of 117.5 kg (type B) and 2.82 kg (mace). In nutmeg value-added processing activities, Permai’s home industry for flower-shaped cake obtained a value-added ratio of 53% and stick-shaped cake at 32%. Finally, Rovan's home industry for flower-shaped cake obtained a ratio of 62%, stick-shaped cake 49.5%, and nutmeg syrup 17%.

Identifikasi Jenis Gulma di Areal Pertanaman Pala (Myristica Fragrans) di Negeri Hatu Kecamatan Leihitu Barat Kabupaten Maluku Tengah

One of the agricultural commodities in Indonesia which is a source of foreign exchange for the country is nutmeg. The nutmeg plant is a plant whose all parts can be widely utilized both on an industrial scale and to meet community needs. The yield of nutmeg is an export commodity that is very important for increasing the country's foreign exchange, but the lack of proper cultivation techniques, especially maintenance, results in the process of growth and production of nutmeg plants often experiencing disturbances. In addition there are also disturbances that come from wild plants called weeds. Weeds grow side by side with nutmeg plants, thereby disrupting the growth process of nutmeg plants and reducing nutmeg production. One of the causes of the decrease in nutmeg production in every planting area in Negeri Hatu, Central Maluku Regency, is weeds. Weeds are present in every nutmeg plantation area. The hypothesis put forward in this study is that there are various types of weeds, there are dominant weeds in the planting area, there are suggestions for proper weed control. This study uses the "vegetation survey" method to collect data with field observations. In carrying out the vegetation analysis, the quadratic method was used with sample plots measuring 1 m x 1 m, on 6 nutmeg trees and on each nutmeg tree 3 weed samples were taken so that a total of 18 weed samples were taken under the nutmeg plant canopy Quantitative data / primary data includes density , frequency and biomass. Observation of weeds was carried out destructively, namely the types of weeds in the sample plots were removed to calculate the individual and the biomass of each type.Keywords: vegetation analysis, dominant weeds, nutmeg

Sosialisasi Pemberdayaan Masyrakat Melalui Bimbingan Teknis Home Industry Pengelolaan Cengkeh Dan Pala Di Desa Takofi Kecamatan Moti

The 2022 PKM activities carried out by the Mechanical Engineering Study Program, Faculty of Engineering, Khairun University, were completed in Takofi Village, Pulau Moti District. Takofi Village is one of the villages located in Pulau Moti District, with the average population working as farmers and fishermen. One of the biggest fertilizer producers from this village is cloves and nutmeg. The clove and nutmeg home processing industry in this village can be said to be very minimal. The clove and nutmeg marketing process carried out by the people of Takofi Village is usually carried out individually by the farmers and then sold to Village collectors; there are also itinerant traders who come from door to door to buy dried cloves from clove farmers who want to sell their cloves to them and some are sold directly to Ternate. The dedication results show that partners easily understand and practice the training material. This is evident from their ability to make several processed clove and nutmeg products, such as making clove oil and processed nutmeg products into candied nutmeg as taught. Through this activity, partners can be motivated to become entrepreneurs by utilizing existing local potential. Thus, the existing natural resources can not only be used optimally but also can generate added value for the family economy.Keywords: Cloves, Nutmeg, Community Empowerment, Takofi Village.

Reliable classification of nutmeg fruits from some geographical origins using SWNIR spectroscopy associated with PLS-DA and SVM methods: Case Study in Aceh Province, Indonesia

Essential oils of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) can have different qualities due to the soil and industrial process, as Indonesia’s main nutmeg production areas are enormous, especially in Aceh province. The lack of information on detecting chemical constituents and classifying nutmeg from Aceh province makes the price of nutmeg from Aceh unable to compete. Therefore, this study aims to reliably classify nutmeg fruits of some geographical origins in Aceh Province using shortwave near-infrared (SWNIR) spectroscopy associated with partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and support vector machine (SVM). The SWNIR used in this study has a wavelength of 381 to 1065 nm at a resolution of 3 nm and a diffuse reflectance mode. The fruit comes from four geographical areas of origin in the province of Aceh. A total of forty SWNIR spectral data were further classified using two algorithms, namely PLS-DA and SVM. The results show that SWNIR can correctly classify nutmeg from some sub-districts in Aceh province with the help of the PLS-DA and SVM algorithms. From this study, the following SVM algorithm is recommended to be used to classify nutmeg from the province of Aceh with an outstanding level of precision.

Extraction and Composition of Nutmeg’s Essential Oils (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) Based on Seed Skin Color

Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) is native to Indonesia. One of the nutmeg products that are traded and exported is seeds. Nutmeg or what is commonly called nutmeg is in great demand because it contains many aromatic compounds in the form of essential oils. This study aims to extract and determine the composition of seed essential oils based on differences in seed coat color. Fresh samples were extracted and analyzed using GC-MS. The results showed that twelve compounds were identified in B1 and eleven seed compounds of B2 which were dominated by monoterpenes, respectively 85,76% and 80,56%; the rest are aromatic phenol-ether compounds. The dominant monoterpenes of B1 and B2 seeds, are sabinene (48,57%; 46,38%), ?-pinene (13,86%; 12,45%), and ?-pinene (13,36%; 12, 36%). Aromatic phenol-ether compounds such as myristicin (11,42%) and eugenol (0,62%) for B1 seeds and myristicin (16,50%) and metoksieugenol (0,92%) for B2 seeds. Nutmeg essential oil is dominated by monoterpenes and a few aromatic phenol-ether compounds.
 
 Keywords: nutmeg, aromatic phenol-ethers, essential oils, monoterpenes

Arthropods in Different Vegetation in Nutmeg Plantation in Aceh Province

Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Hout) is a leading commodity from Aceh Province. The high yield of nutmeg oil and its distinctive aroma makes it in demand by the world market. The production of nutmeg plants is currently decreasing due to the disturbance of nuisance organisms so that nutmeg plants get sick and die. Appropriate agro eco-management of the nutmeg system is thought to overcome these problems. Such as by conserving the diversity of arthropod communities. Information regarding the presence of arthropods in nutmeg cultivation is very limited in South Aceh District. This study investigates the abundance of arthropods in nutmeg cultivation in different vegetation to detect the causes of the decline in nutmeg production in the South Aceh district. Sampling was carried out at 2 locations with different vegetation conditions, using the determining sub-samples. Each location consisted of 200 individual nutmeg plants, and at each location, several 20 individual nutmeg plants were assigned as samples. The results showed that the total collection of arthropod populations at the location I found nine orders, namely Araneae, Coleoptera, Dermaptera, Diptera, Homoptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Isoptera, and Orthoptera. Location II found 12 orders, namely Araneae, Blattodea, Coleoptera, Dermaptera, Diptera, Embioptera, Homoptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Isoptera, Orthoptera, and Phasmatodea). The class of insects and arachnids found at these two locations is part of the Phylum Arthropoda.

Description of Family Knowledge on Children's First Aid With Dehydration in RT 003 Village Bani City

Background: Diarrhea is still the main cause of death in the world, accounting for 5-10 million deaths per year. The magnitude of the problem can be seen from the high morbidity and mortality due to diarrhea. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 4 billion cases occur in the world and 2.2 million of them die and most of them are children under the age of 5 years. According to data in America, each child experiences 7-15 episodes of diarrhea with an average age of 5 years. Purpose: This study aims to develop processed nutmeg products, namely Sukade and nutmeg juice and to determine the acceptance of these products based on organoleptic tests. Method : This type of research is descriptive research. used a descriptive approach to obtain a description of the family's knowledge of providing first aid to children with diarrhea with dehydration. Results: The results showed that the profession of parents affects the knowledge of first aid for children with diarrhea and dehydration. Conclusion: It is concluded that parents with entrepreneurial professions and/or family members who as students have more knowledge about first aid for children with diarrhea with dehydration compared to parents with professions as farmers, casual laborers and domestic work.

Description of Family Knowledge on Children's First Aid With Dehydration in RT 003 Village Bani City, Putri District Green Bengkulu North Year 2021

Background: Diarrhea is still the main cause of death in the world, accounting for 5-10 million deaths per year. The magnitude of the problem can be seen from the high morbidity and mortality due to diarrhea. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 4 billion cases occur in the world and 2.2 million of them die and most of them are children under the age of 5 years. According to data in America, each child experiences 7-15 episodes of diarrhea with an average age of 5 years. Purpose: This study aims to develop processed nutmeg products, namely Sukade and nutmeg juice and to determine the acceptance of these products based on organoleptic tests. Method : This type of research is descriptive research. used a descriptive approach to obtain a description of the family's knowledge of providing first aid to children with diarrhea with dehydration. Results: The results showed that the profession of parents affects the knowledge of first aid for children with diarrhea and dehydration. Conclusion: It is concluded that parents with entrepreneurial professions and/or family members who as students have more knowledge about first aid for children with diarrhea with dehydration compared to parents with professions as farmers, casual laborers and domestic work.