Nusa Penida Island Research Articles

Dynamics of Coastal Land Use Change and Prospects for Sustainable Marine Ecotourism in Nusa Penida Island

Nusa Penida has rich marine ecosystems, such as coral reefs and mangroves, which are residents' main source of income through fisheries, seaweed cultivation, and tourism. Land use change in Jungut Batu Village, Nusa Lembongan, has implications for the environment and economy in the coastal area of Nusa Penida. This study uses secondary data and Google Earth software to analyze changes in the area. From 2009 to 2020, significant changes occurred from seaweed cultivation to tourism land and back to seaweed cultivation during the pandemic. This analysis reflects the evolving economic dynamics and environmental impacts. The transformation from cultivated land to a marine ecotourism destination demonstrates an evolution in approaches to sustainable land use. However, the negative impacts of mass tourism highlight the need for a shift towards environmentally friendly and sustainable tourism. Collaboration between communities, tourism actors, government, and continued research is key in developing an effective and sustainable ecotourism model for Nusa Penida.

Sinergi Pembangunan Wisata Bahari Berkelanjutan dalam Rangka Mewujudkan Visi Maritim 2024 di Pulau Nusa Penida, Klungkung, Bali

This research explores the synergy of sustainable marine tourism development in realizing the 2024 maritime vision on Nusa Penida Island, Klungkung, Bali, as well as the factors that affect it. The method used is a literature study with qualitative descriptive analysis. The results show that the synergy is achieved through communication and coordination of Indonesia's maritime vision with the implementation of optimization of marine tourism development under the Indonesian Marine Policy Action Plan 2021-2025 and Presidential Regulation Number 34 of 2022. Tourism in Bali has an economic impact on local communities, but its distribution needs to be more evenly distributed. Social, economic, and cultural tourism provides opportunities to utilize local potential with the participation of policy stakeholders. The tourism sector encourages the development of infrastructure and educational institutions, increasing human resources in the field of tourism. Factors influencing the synergy of marine tourism development include Indonesia's maritime history and politics, maritime biological and non-biological resources, socio-cultural factors, and maritime industry and economy. Recommendations include improving the marine ecotourism product program, multi-stakeholder involvement in planning, and the establishment of a special department in the Ministry of Tourism to focus on developing sustainable marine tourism to realize the 2024 maritime vision.

A New Species of Chigger (Acari: Trombiculidae) from Indonesia and Current Differentiation of Trombicula Berlese, 1905 Sensu Stricto Group.

Two new species of chiggers in the two genera (Chiroptella Vercammen-Grandjean, 1960 and Rudnicula Vercammen-Grandjean, 1964) have been described in Indonesia since 2020. The checklist of all known bat-infesting chiggers has also been compiled for Indonesia. It summarizes 16 species in 9 genera of chiggers parasitizing 12 bat species belonging to 5 families collected on 8 Indonesian islands. Nine specimens collected in 2020 on Nusa Penida Island were not included in the checklist because of their uncertain taxonomy. In the current paper, we resolve the taxonomy of these specimens belonging to Trombicula sensu stricto group. We also revise the existing characters of this group and provide new characters helping with the clear definition of this taxa. Hosts and chiggers were captured in February 2020 in Nusa Penida Islands in Indonesia using standard bat-capturing and parasite-collecting methods. For the specimens examined in this study were provided drawings, measurements, and microscopy images. This type material is deposited in the Slovak and Czech National museums. In the paper, we describe anew species parasitizing diadem leaf-nosed batin the Goa Peteng cave on Nusa Penida Island (Lesser Sunda Islands, East Indonesia). This new species differs from all related species by the presence of avery long tarsala I (S1). A key to the larvae of all seven known Trombicula s. s. species is provided. The differentiation of Trombicula s. s. group is based on leg segmentation fsp = 6.6.6, rugose scutum with complete AM, AL and PL setation, and fT = 5B, 5BN or 4B2N. Anew species within the genus Trombicula, group minor has been described. The new species also increases the number of known chiggers in Indonesia and the number of species parasitizing the host species Hipposideros diadema. Trombicula s. s. has also been revised and more clearly defined.

A decade drought monitoring through enhanced and standardized vegetation index in isolated karst environment: Nusa Penida Island, Bali, Indonesia

Nusa Penida is one of the regions in Indonesia that vunarablely experiences extreme drought. The worst drought occurred in December 2019, coinciding with the Covid-19 pandemic outbreak. At that time, drought caused major crises in many local primary economic aspects, such as clean-water crises and local crop failure. The situation worsened after the global pandemic lockdown was imposed. Many tourism-related hospitalities (i.e., hotels, resorts, and restaurants) also have crashed. Isolated karst islands such as Nusa Penida Island pose significant challenges for water and agricultural land management. Geologically, this area consists of hilly carbonate rock terrain, a lack of proper aquifers, low precipitation, and tend to had high concentrations of dissolved Ca and Mg in its water. These conditions make many areas less preferable for settlements and traditional agriculture. In this study, we assessed the area using geospatial data for drought monitoring. We analyzed weekly-22 years of data (18/02/2000-18/02/2022 or 507 weeks data) to understand the period pattern of seasonal droughts in Nusa Penida over the past decade. This study used compiled satellite raster-images data to compute the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) to express the Standardized Vegetation Index (SVI), which is sensitive to vegetation change during drought. The results showed that the longest droughts in Nusa Penida occurred from December 2000 to October 2001 (20 weeks) and Feb 2002 to Jan 2023 (21 weeks). The worst droughts occurred in December 2019 (SVI: -1.903 to -1.236), 2006 (SVI: -1.872 to -1.374), and 2002 (SVI: up to -0.136). There are patterns in which droughts in Nusa Penida tend to occur towards the end of the year, including at the end of 2022. Additionally, we detected some evergreen areas in Nusa Penida that require further investigation. These areas potentially act as natural permanent aquifers even during droughts. Furthermore, this study provides more insights for other comprehensive research, especially to enhance mitigation policies for near-future drought periods in Nusa Penida.

ANALISIS KELAYAKAN EKONOMI PENGOPERASIAN SISTEM PENYEDIAAN AIR MINUM (SPAM) DI PULAU NUSA PENIDA - KABUPATEN KLUNGKUNG

Water is the most basic need for living things, it follows population growth and development activities as in Nusa Penida Island. The water supply on this island comes from SPAM Penida and SPAM Guyangan. The Central and Provincial Governments of Bali provide operational subsidies of more than 7 billion on average. Perumda Panca Mahottama’s services also can’t cover all villages on this island. It means SPAM management is not yet economical, and the service is not optimal. The purpose of this economic feasibility analysis is to determine the economic feasibility of SPAM in terms of Full Cost Recovery and appropriate tariffs so that operational costs are proportional to income. To determine the economic feasibility conditions, a study was conducted to evaluate the value of current tariff (2021). The result is Opex value is bigger than the income value. This results in a NCF value of (-Rp.2,610,621,409.00). The operational cost is IDR.7,164,857,259.00/year with total production 1,530,362.88m3/year. The FCR value obtained was IDR.4,681.80/m3. The average production cost is IDR.2,975.92/m3, which means there will still be a loss in 2021 of IDR1,705.99/m3. Analysis was conducted based on the trial error method with calculation period of 15 years, with 3 different tariff systems, alternative 1, tariff with the same value IDR.4,100/m3 from 2023 to 2036, alternative 2 tariff is IDR.3,500 in 2023 to 2027 increase by IDR.1,000/m3 in 2028 to IDR.4,500/m3 until 2036. Alternative 3 tariff is IDR.3,000/m3 in 2023 increase by IDR.500/m3 in 2024 to 2026 and settled at a rate IDR.4,500/m3 until 2036.
 Keywords: SPAM; feasibility; economy; tariff

Comparison of horned, polled Bali cattle and Banteng based on microsatellite markers

Bali cattle (Bos javanicus) are domesticated cattle from Banteng. Bali cattle have unique characteristics that is the white sock. In the Maiwa breeding center, Enrekang district, South Sulawesi Province, polled Bali cattle are being kept in large quantities, both male and female. The microsatellites are widely used in the study of population genetics and quantitative trait locus. Therefore, the study aims to observe genetic diversity and determine whether microsatellites can distinguish horned Bali cattle, polled Bali cattle, and Banteng as their wild relatives. DNA was isolated from blood samples of 57 Bali cattle from two different populations: horned Bali (n=20) from Nusa Penida Island Bali province, polled Bali cattle (n=37) from Maiwa Breeding Center, South Sulawesi province, and 20 samples of Banteng from Ragunan Zoo (n=10), Jakarta Province and Surabaya Zoo (n=10), East Java Province. Genotyping was done using 11 microsatellite markers. The size of each microsatellite marker was determined using GeneMapper version 5.0. The observed heterozygosity value (Ho), expected heterozygosity value (He), the heterozygote deficit within the breed (Fis), gene flow (Nm), Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HW), and allele frequency were performed using CERVUS version 3.0.7 program. The FSTAT 2.9.4 was performed to obtain Fis value from two different populations.Similarly, bayesian clustering assignments were analyzed using STRUCTURE version 2.2. The polymorphism information content of eleven microsatellite markers ranged from 0.390-0.879. Moreover, we found Fis values of all markers which depicted that there is no inbreeding in horned and polled Bali cattle populations. We also found that polled Bali cattle have more private alleles than horned Bali cattle. Using Bayesian analysis, we found different genetic structures between polled Bali and horned Bali cattle with the K optimal at K=3. Findings indicated that ILST6 allele 288, TGLA53 allele 132, and TGLA227 allele 70 can be considered as the private allele to differentiate between the horned, polled Bali cattle and Banteng.

DAMPAK SISTEM PENGELOLAAN AIR MINUM TERHADAP SOSIAL BUDAYA MASYARAKAT DI PULAU NUSA PENIDA


 Nusa Penida is a dry island with low rainfall throughout the year reaching 1428.40 mm. Water is an important means to support community life and tourism in Nusa Penida. As the population grows, the need for water also increases, so water needs to be managed with a drinking water management system. The research uses a qualitative descriptive approach using social theory, namely Cultural Materialism Theory to formulate the phenomenology of the socio-cultural impact of the management of the drinking water system on the island of Nusa Penida. The results showed that the existence of adequate resources on Nusa Penida Island sourced from underground water in Kutampi Kaler Village and Penida, Guyangan and Seganing springs managed by PDAM Klungkung Regency. Water is a very expensive resource and affects the economic, social and cultural conditions of the people of Nusa Penida. In the past, before the 2000s, most of the people at the top spent part of their income to buy water which caused the social condition of the community to experience poverty, because during the dry season people would spend their time walking to the coastal area to collect water. Cultural reduction in the form of religion also occurs by building communal communities as the bearers of temples that have freshwater wells on the coast. Starting in 2014, the drinking water management system on Nusa Penida Island has made a shift in the social life of the people of Nusa Penida, namely increasing community welfare due to economic substitution and changes in social patterns due to easy access to drinking water and the emergence of new business activities from the existence of drinking water as evidenced by changes in community culture. Nusa Penida is a shift from an agrarian culture to an industrial culture (tourism). Changes in community cultural patterns due to the availability of drinking water, namely the shift in the pattern of community livelihoods from an agrarian basis to an industrial pattern (tourism).

Identifying Karst Aquifer Recharge Area Using Environmental Stable Isotopes and Hydrochemical Data: A Case Study in Nusa Penida Island

Identifying the recharge area of karst aquifers is scientifically challenging due to the complexity of karst groundwater flow characteristics. It is essential to identify the recharge zones to conserve the groundwater resources contained within these aquifers. This paper proposes a combined methods for identifying recharge area of karst aquifers on Nusa Penida Island using stable isotopes (18O and 2H) and a hydrogeochemical approach. Based on the analysis of δ18O and δ2H values and their spatial distribution, it is possible to retrace karst aquifer recharge areas using average isotope elevations. In the meantime, groundwater facies will be determined in the karst region of Nusa Penida using the hydrogeochemical approach with the Piper diagram. According to the calculation of water stable isotope results, the average elevation of the groundwater recharge area at the study site is between 62 - 450 meters. If applied to the location of the study, the recharge area is almost entirely distributed across Nusa Penida. In addition, based on the hydrogeochemical analysis, the groundwater type at the study site can be divided into three categories: Na-Cl, mixed, and Mg-HCO3. The water types indicate that the groundwater in Nusa Penida comes from a combination of old water stored from its internal geological formations and mix with modern rainwater.

The Effect of Travel Vlogs as Electronic Word of Mouth and Destination Image on the Satisfaction and Loyalty of Millennial Tourists Visiting Nusa Penida Island

Satisfaction and loyalty become a measure of the success of a tourist destination. Electronic word of mouth and destination image are two factors that can affect the satisfaction and loyalty of millennial tourists who visit a tourist destination. The purposes of this study were 1) To analyze the effect of travel vlogs as electronic word of mouth on satisfaction and loyalty of millennial tourists visiting Nusa Penida Island, 2) To analyze the effect of destination image on satisfaction and loyalty of millennial tourists visiting Nusa Penida Island, 3) to analyze the effect of satisfaction on the loyalty of millennial tourists who visit Nusa Penida Island. This research was used quantitative method involving 100 respondents who are millennial tourists visiting Nusa Penida Island. Sampling was done by purposive sampling method and analysis using Structural Equation Model (SEM) with SmartPLS 3.0 software. The results showed that 1) travel vlog as electronic word of mouth had significant effect on satisfaction and destination image had significant effect on satisfaction 2) travel vlog as an electronic word of mouth had significant effect on loyalty and destination image had not significant effect on loyalty, 3) Satisfaction had significant effect on loyalty. Other results showed that 81% of millennial tourists use social media as a source of information about Nusa Penida Island.

TANTANGAN DAN HAMBATAN PENGUSAHA AKOMODASI LOKAL DALAM MENGELOLA ONLINE TRAVEL AGENT DI NUSA PENIDA

The purpose of this study to find out marketing with online travel agents used by local accommodation entrepreneurs on Nusa Penida Island and how local entrepreneurs manage these OTAs to increase the existence of their accommodation businesses. Entrepreneurs did not understand how to manage online travel agent, such as a lack of concern for maintaining the system and price disparity rates and the lack of ability to carry out innovative promotions through OTA, as well as dependence on offline travel agents. The theory of marketing and OTA have used in this researched, data obtained through interviews and analyzed using qualitative descriptive methods. Research results show thatLocal accommodation entrepreneurs need to increase their network or partners in promoting the accommodation business by registering their property business with online travel agents other than Booking.com and Agoda and actively managing accommodation marketing in maintaining their accommodation business.

Development of Agritourism Based on Seaweed Farming

Nusa Penida Island in Bali has been known as one of popular touristdestinations in Bali. Despite of tourism, Nusa Penida Island waspopular because of the seaweed production. However, the seaweedproduction has declined in this island due to the domination oftourism development. During the Covid-19 pandemic, some peoplein this island have back to seaweed farming. This research aimed tofind out the potential of seaweed farming as an agritourism, and topropose development strategies for agritourism in this island. SuanaVillage was chosen as the location of this research because manyseaweed farming practices are still existed within this village area.Data was collected by using literature review, observation, interviews,and focus group discussion. Data analysis was undertaken by usingInternal-External Factor Analysis, IE Matrix, and SWOT Analysis.Research findings suggested that agritourism based on seaweedfarming at Suana Village has some positive supports in terms oftourist attractions, amenities, accessibility, and ancillary servicesavailable in this village. The IE Matrix analysis suggested that thegrand strategies for the seaweed agritourism development areproduct development and market penetration. It is also required improvement of human resources. This research results show that it is really important to build up competitiveness of development ofseaweed agritourism in order to link tourism and aquaculture inNusa Penida Island.

New evidence on prehistoric settlement in Song Toyapakeh, an underwater cave in Nusa Penida, Bali

Song Toyapakeh is a submerged cave located on Nusa Penida Island, Bali, at a depth of 16m below sea level. The cave is believed to have been inhabited by human during the late Pleistocene period, as evidenced by the large numbers of bones from Cervidae and Elephantoid families, as well as turtles, that are scattered throughout the cave. The presence of these bones raises questions about the past use of Song Toyapakeh by humans and the transformation of the island's landscape into a submerged cave. The objective of this study is to address the function of Song Toyapakeh during the late Pleistocene period, based on the animal bones found within. To accomplish this, data were collected using scuba method to record the morphology of the cave and to take samples of the animal bones that were likely used by human in the past. Macroscopic and microscopic observations were then conducted on the cut marks and burn marks present on the bones to identify evidence of human use. In addition, paleogeographical and paleoclimatological data were examined to understand the landscape transformation of the cave. The analysis of the bones revealed traces of trimming and burn marks, indicating that the bones were used as tools and as food source by humans. Changes in the landscape caused by fluctuations in the sea level due to climate change during the Pleistocene period are believed to be responsible for the transformation of the cave from an area located above sea level to one that is now submerged. The evidence of human activity on the faunal remains found in Song Toyapakeh provides strong evidence of the use of the cave as human occupation during the late Pleistocene period.

The carrying capacity of Nusa Penida Island, Bali, Indonesia for Bali myna (Leucopsar rothschildi Stresemann, 1912)

Abstract. Hardini J, Wirayudha IGB, Rosyidi A, Rita NMA, Mawanti I, Kalih LATTWS, Joni M, Sudaryanto FX. 2023. The carrying capacity of Nusa Penida Island, Bali, Indonesia for Bali myna (Leucopsar rothschildi Stresemann, 1912). Biodiversitas 24: 3462-3470. This study is to analyze the carrying capacity of Nusa Penida Island on the existence of Bali myna (Leucopsar rothschildi Stresemann, 1912), because the population is increasing. Bali myna counting method: (i) Counting Bali myna on the tree where she sleeps. (ii) Counting Bali myna at the time of doing daily activities. Bali myna population in 2021, Ped Village 58 birds, and Toyapakeh Village 4 birds. In 2022, Bali myna in Ped Village had 102 birds, and in Toyapakeh Village 6 birds. On Nusa Penida Island, food sources of fruits and insects are abundant. There is enough nest box or tree hole to make a nest. Bali myna nest nuisance animals are bee honey (Trigona itama, Cockerel 1918 and ant (Ochetellus glaber (Mayr, 1862)), while predators are tokay gecko (Gekko gecko (Linnaeus 1758)), and water monitor (Varanus salvator Laurenti 1768). It is suspected that some Bali myna moved from Ped Village to Toyapakeh Village due to a large number of nesting disturbing animals in Ped Village. Until now, the people of Nusa Penida Island still carry out awig-awig (customary law) to protect Bali myna. From this research, it is known that the carrying capacity of Nusa Penida Island for Bali myna. The move of Bali myna from Ped Village to Toyapakeh Village is not due to a lack of carrying capacity but because of the presence of Bali myna nuisance animals.

Analysis of French Language Training Needs for Tourism Actors in Nusa Penida

This research is intended to review and characterize the French language training requirements for Nusa Penida tour operators to develop their foreign language skills. In Klungkung Regency, Nusa Penida Island which is located in the south of Bali Island is managed as a Regency. Dubbed “Bali Is Called Nusa Penida The Best Destination for Backpackers,” it ranks first out of 20 countries as the biggest destination for tourists worldwide, beating Vietnam, Madagascar, and other ASEAN countries, according to the New Dublin Based Online and Hostel-Booking Platform.
 Comparing the number of visitors from various European countries to Bali from 2016 to 2020, the number of French tourists occupies the top position. Likewise, the island of Nusa Penida sees many French visitors. The following questions were included in a questionnaire given to 50 respondents: What topic of French are you most interested in learning? What kind of French language education are you looking for? What French term or verb would you like to learn first? What kind of substance do you need? What learning method do you prefer?
 According to the responses, speaking and oral communication skills were cited by 70% of respondents as their top learning priority, followed by outreach by 50% of respondents and courses by 36%. 44% of respondents identified greetings as a function of the language they wanted to learn, while 24% chose greetings and giving information. 48% of respondents said they wanted travel information, and 26% said they wanted information about food. 34% of respondents chose reading and writing as their preferred learning method, while 28% chose to listen.

Gender Responsive: Inequality Development in Islands Bali, Indonesia

Aims: Sustainable development goals do not focus on the economy alone, but also on gender equality. Since Indonesia implemented regional autonomy (1999), it is hoped that the development goals will be realized. However, the facts show that income and gender inequality still exists. The Province of Bali is also faced with this problem. Therefore, this study aims to determine trends and analyze the effect of development inequality as measured by Gini Ratio, Gross Regional Domestic Product at constant prices (GRDP-cp), on gender inequality as measured by the human development index (HDI) and development index gender (IPG).
 Study Design: This Study used a quantitative descriptive method.
 Place and Duration of Study: Regional Province of Bali as the location of the study. The Province of Bali is one of 33 Provinces in Indonesia. The Province of Bali consists of small islands namely Bali Island, Nusa Penida Island and several others having an area of 5,632.82 square kilometers. Administratively, Bali Island consists of eight regencies, one city area.
 Methodology: This study aims to determine the trend of the gini ratio, GRDP-cp, human development index (HDI) and gender development index (GDI) and also analyze the relationships that influence each of these variables. The approach used in this research is quantitative with secondary data in the form of panel data obtained from the Indonesian Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) for period (2010 - 2017) are used in the analysis. This data is sourced from the annual reports of the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) of the regencies / cities and the Province of Bali. Several statistical models are applied in accordance with the objectives of the study, consisting of graphs, linear and nonlinear trend models and multiple linear regression estimation models. The method used to analyze gender responses: development inequality in Bali is panel data regression.
 Results: Gini ratio (GR) has a positive and significant effect at a significance level of 5 percent, towards the gender development index (GDI), GRDP-cp has a positive and significant effect at the 5 percent significance level, towards the growth of the gender development index (GDI), The human development index (HDI) has a positive and significant effect at the 5 percent significance level, on the gender development index (GDI).
 Conclusion: Human development that leads to gender equality at the Regency/Municipality level in the Province of Bali continues to progress until the end of 2017, and if the conditions of the regional economy are able to be maximally improved then the success of sustainable human development is not impossible to achieve and, However, until now the facts show that the results of development achieved at the Regency/Municipality level in Bali Province still have income and gender inequalities, although it has been attempted to be minimized by various policies carried out by the government. Some areas of development in this area that still need to be completed are income and gender inequalities in the fields of economics, and education.

THE ANTECEDENTS OF ECOTOURISM INTENTION

Many people today need to pay more attention to the environment. In addition, more and more activities are making people unaware of how harmful their actions are to the environment. The aim is to examine the determinants influencing tourists' intentions to visit for ecotourism purposes. This study found a strong correlation between the three important factors determining tourists' interest in ecotourism sites. This is an environmental concern, the future time and eco-destination perspectives picture. This study also reports a strong relationship between eco-destination image, future time perspective, and environmental concern. This research is experimental research conducted in Indonesia. One hundred seventy-five respondents aged 20 to over 50 years were given a questionnaire to fill out to collect data. Purposive sampling was used as the sampling method in this study. The Structural Equation Model (SEM) approach assesses the research hypothesis. According to research, the contribution of time perspective to decision-making about visiting ecotourism sites is beneficial. Environmental concern also influences the intention to engage in ecotourism. It will increase ecological awareness if it has a positive reputation as an eco-friendly destination. If the image of an eco-friendly destination evokes pleasant emotions and attachments, the intention to visit ecotourism increases. Future research is expected to add more variables, such as loyalty. Further research can be carried out on other ecotourism destinations such as Tanjung Putting National Park, Kawah Ijen, Nusa Penida Island, etc.

Water Ambulance Service Provision to Improve Healthcare Access for Community in Nusa Penida Island, Bali: A Qualitative Feasibility Study

Background and purpose: An important component of healthcare access is transportation. Lack of transportation has been cited as an important barrier to healthcare access in remote islands region. Here we conduct a feasibility study on the implementation of water ambulance service to improve healthcare access in the region of Nusa Penida and its surrounding islands in Bali Province, Indonesia. Methods: We employed a qualitative approach with interviews and focused group discussions with stakeholders. Data collection was conducted to assess the feasibility of operating water ambulance services, based on a framework that included technical, market, organizational, and financial feasibilities. Inductive coding was conducted and data was analyzed to evaluate the feasibility based on local capacity against pre-determined framework of assessment based in literature. Results: Qualitative interviews revealed perceived urgency and need for water ambulance service among stakeholders. They also perceive the need of water ambulance service was not mutually exclusive to other alternatives, such as expanding healthcare capacity on the islands. There was also readiness and adequate capacity from stakeholders which include a dedicated health emergency services under the health office that coordinate ambulance service in the region, readiness to create dedicated medical team and boat crew to operate water ambulance services, and readiness to cover the cost of initial procurement followed by operational costs which may include public-private partnerships. Conclusion: There was a strong perceived need for water ambulance service in Nusa Penida Islands. At the same time, local stakeholders revealed adequate basic capacity to feasibly operate water ambulance services according to benchmarks identified in literature review.

Potential Geotourism Attractions on Nusa Penida Island, Klungkung Regency, Bali

Nusa Penida Island is one of the leading tourist destinations in Bali Province. Tourist destinations on the Island consist of various types of beaches, hills, caves to unique landscapes formed due to the karstification process. Nusa Penida Island is geologically composed of limestones (the Selatan Formation) with various types such as clastic limestones and coral limestones(Hadiwidjojo et al, 1998). In addition to the unique geology of Nusa Penida Island, it also has archaeological uniqueness. The Gede Cave shows that Nusa Penida was once inhabited by prehistoric humans (Abdillah, 2011). During the COVID-19 pandemic, tourism seems to be forced to accelerate and requires new tourist attraction innovations that support sustainable tourism. This research discusses geotourism-based tourist attractions that can be developed and explored in Nusa Penida. The approach used is geological diversity inventory method (Geological Agency, 2017). Primary data was obtained through survey activities. From the research carried out, it can be concluded that 10 geological site locations in the Nusa Penida area have the potential to be developed as areas with geotourism attractions, which offer unique geology, especially regarding karts landscape processes and one of the key geological history on the island of Bali. In addition, Nusa Penida Island has the potential to be developed as a geopark as an effort to develop sustainable tourism in Klungkung Regency.

Atribut Destinasi, Persepsi Risiko, Kepercayaan, dan Niat Berkunjung Wisatawan ke Pulau Nusa Penida Klungkung Bali pada Masa Pandemi Covid-19

This research aimed to analize tourist satisfaction and trust in influencing tourist behavior intentions of visiting tourists to Nusa Penida Island Klungkung Bali during the Covid-19. The theory of consumer behavior is used with several concepts namely concept of destination attributes, trust, perceived risk, and behavioral intentions of tourists. This research was designed with a quantitative approach with a survey method of 100 foreign tourists visiting Nusa Penida. The data were analized by Partial Least Square (PLS). The results show that tourism attributes have a positive and significant effect on tourist trust revisit intentions. The tourist trust has a positive significant effect on revisit intentions. Perceived risks have a positive and significant effect on tourist trust and revisit intentions. This research foud out that tourists traveling do not want to take the risk in these activities. Based on these results, it can be suggested to increase the role of trust in mediating the relationship between perceived risk and revisit intention.

Identification of suitable sites for rainwater harvesting using GIS-based multi-criteria approach in Nusa Penida Island, Bali Province, Indonesia

The critical step in increasing water availability and land productivity in areas with freshwater scarcity, such as arid and semi-arid, is identifying suitable sites for Rain Water Harvesting (RWH). Identifying RWH suitable sites is site-specific due to a wide variety of a region’s characteristics. Biophysical (slope, soil texture, drainage density, land use), hydrological (runoff potential), and socio-economic (distance to road, distance to river, distance to settlement) parameters of the study area were implemented integrating multi-criteria decision analysis (analytical hierarchy processes) and Geographic Information System (GIS) to evaluate RWH suitable sites in Nusa Penida Island, Indonesia. This study’s parameters and hybrid method were effective tools for identifying RWH suitable sites. The result also indicated that approximately 38% of the Nusa Penida Island is highly suited for RWH. These areas are characterized by dryland farming as the dominant land use, gentle slope, high runoff potential, high drainage density, and moderately fine soil texture. The initial identification of RWH potential sites could be valuable information in completing water conservation programs for several purposes. This study’s approach also contributes to developing a suitable RWH identification methodology, especially for dry regions in Indonesia.