Nursery Programs Research Articles

Cross-lagged associations between father-child numeracy activities and very young children's number competence

Utilizing a sample of 109 young Chinese children who were followed up from the end of their nursery programs (Time 1 [T1]; age: M ± SD = 38.01 ± 2.68 months) to the beginning of their preschool programs (Time 2 [T2]), this study examined the reciprocal relation between father-child math activities and children's numerical ability. The results demonstrated that children's numerical ability at T1 negatively predicted the frequency of father-child number-skill activities and number-book activities at T2, but these predictions were only significant among girls. The frequency of father-child number-application activities at T1 positively predicted children's numerical ability at T2, but these predictions were only significant among boys. The findings highlight the significance of father-child number-application activities for boys' math learning. They also underline the possibility of fathers' participation in number-skill activities and number-book activities to remedy girls' limited numerical ability.

127 Large Scale Practical Nutrition Research Sharing: Nursery Nutrition Research and Nutritional Technologies and Strategies to Reduce Morbidity and Mortality

Abstract In modern swine production, there is a heightened interest surrounding the nutrition of the young pig as a result of the necessity of nursery pig nutrition programs to evolve, due to the inevitability of stress during the weaning event and the growing challenges experienced in commercial pig operations at this stage of production. Therefore, it is no longer sufficient to design a nutrition program that focuses solely on delivering the right nutrients for a pig at weaning that maximizes growth performance during the nursery period, as this may not result in desired outcomes from weaning to harvest. Consequently, nursery programs are being further enhanced with a renewed focus on nutritional technologies and strategies that emphasize feed intake, but more importantly, that maximize the probability of livability in the nursery. However, there is a growing need for large scale practical research that evaluates these nutritional technologies and strategies, since most of the published research has been done with a limited number of animals that limits the ability to detect mortality differences. Thus, this research will require a different model compared to that which has been used historically for nursery nutrition research. Some of the key elements of this research model include experimental design with the appropriate statistical power to detect mortality differences, in addition to conducting the experiments in conditions that are similar to the management and environment that resembles commercial production specific to the system, among others. To that end, it will be the objective of this presentation to share some of the large-scale research focused on minimizing disruption of nutrient intake using nutritional technologies that are supplementary to typical nursery diets, offering the potential to reduce morbidity and mortality of pigs raised on wean-to-market facilities.

The Women Who Don’t Get Counted

The Women Who Don’t Get Counted

“I’ve Got Something to Live for Now”: A Study of Prison Nursery Mothers

This study explored the perceptions of incarcerated women, housed in prison nursery units in three states, of the effects of the nursery units on their parenting and well-being, as well as their views on the potential long-term effects on their recidivism. In-depth interviews were conducted with nursery-participant women offenders in Illinois, Indiana, and Nebraska in order (1) to learn more about the women’s experience of giving birth to and raising a child in prison; and (2) to understand their perceptions of how this experience might impact their parental and life choices post-release. The interviews revealed that the women believed the mother–child attachment and bonding while in prison influenced their growth and development in a positive way, and enhanced their mothering abilities. The women also indicated that they felt empowered and more effective in their parenting role due to the gender-responsive nursery programs and that program implementation and design impacted their perspective of program effectiveness. The implications for further policy recommendations are discussed.

262 Effects of phase-feeding programs on growth performance of nursery pigs

Abstract Production systems commonly have multiple fill events in the nursery, which can lead to inaccurate feeding of dietary budgets. A simpler feeding program may provide practical benefits to producers. Five trials were conducted to compare nursery phase-feeding programs. Two treatments consisting of a 2-phase or a single-phase program were applied for 22 d postweaning. The 2-phase program consisted of a feed budget of 1.4 kg of a phase 1 diet formulated with 1.45% SID Lys and 5.4 kg of a phase 2 diet with 1.36% SID Lys. The single-phase program provided 6.8 kg of a unique diet with 1.38% SID Lys. Diets were corn, soybean meal, and whey permeate-based and contained 3,000 mg/kg Zn. All other nutrients met or exceeded the NRC (2012) recommendations. After the experimental period, pigs were fed a common diet for 23 d. In the five trials, 5,090 pigs were used with a total of 63 and 69 replicates per treatment for 2-phase and single-phase programs, respectively. There was no treatment × trial interactions (P > 0.10), thus data was combined for statistical analysis using SAS PROC MIXED. From d 0 to 22, pigs fed the single-phase program had higher (P = 0.041) ADFI and a tendency (P = 0.075) for higher BW. From d 22 to 45, pigs previously fed the single-phase program had a tendency (P = 0.057) for higher ADG. Overall (d 0 to 45), pigs fed the single-phase program had higher (P = 0.037) ADG and a tendency (P = 0.077) for higher final BW, with comparable (P > 0.10) ADFI and G:F to the 2-phase program. In conclusion, feeding a single-phase nursery program in the first 22 d postweaning resulted in higher overall ADG and similar ADFI and G:F compared to a 2-phase nursery program.

267 Determining the effects of diet complexity and body weight categories on growth performance of nursery pigs

Abstract Our objective was to determine the effects of feeding complex or simple diets to nursery pigs sorted by body weight (BW) on growth performance. A total of 1,296 pigs (PIC 337×Camborough, initially 5.8±0.10 kg) were used in a 35-d study. Pens of pigs were blocked by gender and randomly allotted to 1 of 6 treatments. Treatments included three BW categories: light (4.7±0.10 kg), medium (5.8±0.10 kg), and heavy (7.1±0.10 kg); and two dietary strategies: simple (SD) or complex (CD) diets. Treatments were fed in two phases from d 0-10 and 10-20, followed by 15-d with common diet. Simple diets had greater soybean meal (20/26 vs 12/20%) and phytase levels (2,000 vs 500FTU/kg), lower specialty protein (8.1/4.2 vs 12.0/6.8%) and lactose levels (12/5.3 vs 18/11.5%) compared to CD. There were 8 or 11 pens per treatment and 24 pigs per pen. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with pen as the experimental unit. There was no evidence of interaction for any response criteria. During the treatment period (d 0-20), pigs fed CD had greater (P< 0.05) average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and improved (P< 0.10) feed efficiency (G:F) compared to pigs fed SD. During the common period (d 20-35), pigs fed SD had greater (P< 0.05) ADG and ADFI compared to pigs fed CD. Overall (d 0-35), there was no evidence of differences in ADG, ADFI, G:F, and final BW between SD or CD. Heavy pigs had the greatest (P< 0.05) ADG and ADFI followed by medium and light pigs. In conclusion, pigs fed SD after weaning had poorer performance compared to pigs fed CD but were able to recover the loss in performance when switched to a common diet. This indicates nursery nutrition programs can be simplified without negatively affecting performance from 5.8 to 16.6 kg.

Legal, Ethical, and Developmental Considerations Concerning Children in Prison Nursery Programs

Prison nurseries are contentious both ethically and legally in the U.S. because of the tension between supporting the child's best interest and putting an innocent child in prison with their incarcerated parent. The majority of the research advocating for prison nurseries focuses primarily on justifying such programs through a utilitarian perspective of maximizing well‐being for society. Research has not focused on justifying prison nurseries as ethical from the perspective of the child. This research expands the purview of the Eighth amendment and argues that separating a child from his or her incarcerated parents represents a cruel and unusual punishment because of the multitude of adverse effects on the child. This paper builds off of the existing utilitarian narrative, while also advancing the argument that prison nurseries are ethical because of children's inherent and fundamental rights to have a relationship with his or her parent, prison nurseries limitation of the negative effects of parental incarceration and child because of society's duty to protect the best interest of the child. This paper argues that separating children from their incarcerated parents is unethical and that prison nurseries are just based on a mixture of a utilitarian framework and the inherent and fundamental rights of the child.

Scotland Embarks on a National Outdoor Play Initiative: Educator Perspectives

ABSTRACT Research Findings. The Scottish government is in the process of transforming their early childhood learning and care landscape by doubling the number of free hours of childcare for families and by requiring that all children in care spend a significant portion of each day outdoors. Thus, the government is promoting outdoor play programs. We surveyed 45 educators working in 16 outdoor programs and 16 nursery programs in Scotland as this transition was taking place. The survey focused on the benefits, barriers, risks, and challenges regarding implementation of this new social policy and educators’ views on an ideal outdoor play program. Research Findings and Policy revealed that educators working in outdoor play programs were more confident in supporting outdoor play, reported more benefits, risks, and challenges for both children and educators, and highlighted more barriers to implementing the new policy. Educators in both programs held similar views about early learning and care programs reflecting Ministry play-based curriculum guidelines for children’s learning, development, and the role of educators. Only outdoor play program educators raised issues regarding risk benefit analysis of outdoor play. Our findings highlight the importance of considering the views of educators regarding government policy decisions and its potential success of implementation.

Mothering Behind Bars: Evaluating the Effectiveness of Prison Nursery Programs on Recidivism Reduction

The purpose of this study is to conduct a comprehensive evidence-based review of evaluation studies of prison nursery programs to determine whether they are effective in reducing recidivism. Seven studies evaluating the effectiveness of prison nursery programs are examined and classified using the Maryland Scientific Methods Scale. The results show some empirical evidence for the capacity of prison nursery programs to reduce recidivism. However, weak methodological research designs and insufficient statistical analyses led us to classify the effectiveness of prison nursery programs as “unknown.” Suggestions for improving the methodological quality of studies examining prison nursery programs and directions for future research are discussed.

PSII-9 Effect of avilamycin on nursery pig performance and health

Abstract Four hundred (PIC 337 X Camborough, PIC, Hendersonville, TN) and 800 (PIC 359 X C29) barrows and gilts were used to determine the impact of avilamycin (Kavault®, Elanco, Greenfield, IN) on nursery pig performance. Upon weaning, the lightest 10% of pigs were sorted off to form one replication and the remaining pigs were sorted by sex and placed into blocks with 25 pigs/pen. Six of the 48 pens were assigned to a non-feed grade medication control treatment. Remaining blocks were assigned to 1 of 3 treatments (50 g Mecadox/ton, 73 g Kavault/ton d0 to d21, 73 g Kavault/ton d0 to d42). Diets were formulated to meet or exceed NRC (2012) recommendations. Pen weights and feed intake information were collected for calculation of ADG, ADFI, and F:G. Pigs were vaccinated against porcine circovirus, Mycoplasma hyopnuemoniae, Salmonella, and Lawsonia. Diagnostic samples showed presence of E. coli and Salmonella. Pigs were PRRSv and PEDv negative. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design using the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS with pen as experimental unit and treatment as a fixed effect. LSMeans were considered significant at P ≤ 0.05 and considered a trend at P > 0.05 and P ≤ 0.10. Final body weight (d42) was not significantly different (P = 0.26), but there were numerical improvements in body weight for all medication treatments compared to the control (0.68, 0.68, and 1.5 kg for Mecadox, Kavault 21 d and Kavault 42 d respectively). Overall ADG (0.46, 0.45, 0.48, 0.45 kg, respectively) was greatest and F:G was lowest for the Kavault 42d treatment, although differences were not always significant (P > 0.05). Feeding medications numerically lowered the percentage of injectable medication intervention compared to controls (110.8, 12.7, 137.2, and 156.0%, respectively). Avilamycin appears to be an effective medication option for pigs in 42 d nursery programs but the anticipated response may differ depending on feeding duration.

Developing and supporting quality nursery facilities and staff are necessary to meet global forest and landscape restoration needs

Seedlings are the foundation for many terrestrial ecosystems and are a critical consideration and investment for implementing global forest and landscape restoration programs. Global leaders have pledged to restore millions of hectares during the next decade, necessitating many millions of established plants. Although natural regeneration and direct seeding will likely meet a portion of that need, large quantities of high-quality, nursery-grown seedlings are also required. Insufficient plant quantities or poor-quality plants result in unsuccessful outplanting programs. Such failures have considerable economic and environmental consequences and will result in an inability to meet restoration goals. Nonetheless, the importance of restoration nurseries is often overlooked when making large-scale restoration commitments. Technology already exists to produce high-quality plants to meet a variety of goals. This technology cannot be applied, however, unless adequate resources and training are made available by overcoming political and socioeconomic barriers. In this article, we discuss the important role of nurseries to meet global restoration commitments and review three case studies where increased support to nursery programs resulted in improved restoration success.

Vigour Test to Predict Seed Germination and Normal Seedling Emergence of Acacia mangium in Nursery

Standard germination does not always indicate seed lot potential performance, especially if field germination conditions are less than optimal. Seed vigour tests therefore have been proposed to detect more accurate differences in potential seed lot performance. This study is aimed to obtain more precise method to assess Acacia mangium seed vigour correlated to germination success in a greenhouse and normal seedling emergency in a nursery. Tests were conducted on 13 seed lots collected from some certified seed sources. Seed testing and nursery activities were carried out at the Seed Laboratory of Forest Tree Seed Technology Research & Development Centre, Bogor. Experimental designs were arranged in a completely randomized design with four replications for laboratory tests (standard germination, germination index, number of normal seedling in the first count, radicle length, tetrazolium test, controlled deterioration test, accelerated aging, conductivity test), germination in a greenhouse and direct sowing in a nursery. Results showed that all tests were significantly different for ranking seed vigor in the different seed lots. Seed lot from Subanjeriji-2 provided the best germination performance in the greenhouse and direct sowingin the nursery, followed by seed lot from Parungpanjang, while seed lot from Kenangan had the lowest germination performance. The relationship between some laboratory tests, i.e. top paper test, germination index, and electrical conductivity test, and the greenhouse and nursery tests were significant. The electrical conductivity test had the highest accuracy with R 2 = 0,6278 for greenhouse test and R 2 = 0,4057 for nursery test. Overall, among all the laboratory tests, electrical conductivity test showed seeds well, so the usage of the electrical conductivity test for predicting normal seedling emergence could be suitable in A. mangium nursery programs.

First Report of Citrus leaf blotch virus in Lemon in China

HomePlant DiseaseVol. 101, No. 8First Report of Citrus leaf blotch virus in Lemon in China Previous DISEASE NOTES OPENOpen Access licenseFirst Report of Citrus leaf blotch virus in Lemon in ChinaM. J. Cao, Y.-Q. Yu, X. Tian, F. Y. Yang, R. H. Li, and C. Y. ZhouM. J. CaoSearch for more papers by this author, Y.-Q. YuSearch for more papers by this author, X. TianSearch for more papers by this author, F. Y. YangSearch for more papers by this author, R. H. LiSearch for more papers by this author, and C. Y. ZhouSearch for more papers by this authorAffiliationsAuthors and Affiliations M. J. Cao , National Citrus Engineering and Technology Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beibei, Chongqing 400712, China Y.-Q. Yu , National Citrus Engineering and Technology Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beibei, Chongqing 400712, China; and College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China X. Tian F. Y. Yang , National Citrus Engineering and Technology Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beibei, Chongqing 400712, China R. H. Li , USDA-ARS, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705 C. Y. Zhou , National Citrus Engineering and Technology Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beibei, Chongqing 400712, China. Published Online:12 May 2017https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-10-16-1500-PDNAboutSections ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailWechat Citrus is one of most important economic fruit crops in China. Citrus leaf blotch virus (CLBV) is a virus species of genus Citrivirus in family Betaflexiviridae. This virus was first reported from Nagami kumquat in association with bud union disorder (Navarro et al. 1984). It is transmitted in citrus by grafting and seed (Guerri et al. 2004). CLBV was found recently in sweet cherry (Wang et al. 2016) and kiwifruit (Zhu et al. 2016) in China. In May 2015, one Eureka lemon sample (Citrus limon (L.) Burm.f.) displaying yellow vein clearing symptoms was found in a citrus orchard in Wanzhou in Chongqing municipality during a survey for virus-like symptoms. Leaf tissues were collected and sent to the Beijing Genomics Institute for total RNA preparation, small RNA (sRNA) library construction, and sequencing. De novo assembly of sRNA reads was performed using CLC Genomics Workbench (CLC bio v10.0, Denmark), and 623 contigs >50 nucleotides (nt) were obtained after removal of host sRNAs. BLASTn and BLASTx searches against nonredundant nucleotide and protein databases revealed eight contigs similar to Citrus yellow vein clearing virus (CYVCV) and five contigs to CLBV. The largest CLBV contig of 4,683 nt was 98% identical to CLBV isolate NZ_G78 (EU857540). From this sequence, two primer pairs, F2 (5′-AGAGGGAAAGGTCTTGGAGTG-3′)/R2 (5′-GCAATCTATCAGCAGTCAGGA-3′) and F3 (5′-AAGTCAATGGCAAAGAAGCG-3′)/R3 (5′-TCGTGGTGAGATTTCGTCTG-3′), were designed from this contig and which in RT-PCR successfully amplified 412 nt (partial replicase polyprotein and movement protein) and 597 nt (partial movement protein) fragments from the symptomatic lemon tissue. These fragments were cloned, sequenced, and found to be the appropriate CLBV genomic regions characterized from the contig. Bark grafting was performed from the lemon plant to ‘Dweet’ tangor plants and characteristic chlorotic mottle symptoms developed on leaves by 6 months after grafting; cloning and sequencing from ‘Dweet’ tissues confirmed the presence of CLBV. To further investigate the distribution of the virus, 20 citrus samples collected from different regions of China were tested by RT-PCR. Three infected tangor (C. reticulata × C. sinensis) samples were identified, one each from trees of varieties Harumi, Reikou, and Shiranuhi from Hunan, Sichuan, and Zhejiang provinces, respectively. The aforementioned 412 and 597 nt genomic regions were amplified, cloned, and sequenced from these samples. BLASTn searches of the clones from Harumi (KX924465 and KX924464), Reikou (KX924466 and KX924467), and Shiranuhi (KX924468 and KX924469) and Wanzhou (KX924470 and KX924471) revealed all sequences had at least 98% identity with CLBV isolate NZ_G78. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of CLBV infection on citrus in China. As CLBV has been reported to be capable of invading the apical meristem, results indicate the necessity for detection and therapy in citrus germplasm and nursery programs in China.

A meta-analysis of the effect of nursery adjustment programs on children

A meta-analysis of the effect of nursery adjustment programs on children

Babies Behind Bars: An Evaluation of Prison Nurseries in American Female Prisons and Their Potential Constitutional Challenges

This note opens the prison doors and delves into the United States female prison system, primarily focusing on the positive and negative impact of nursery programs on mothers and children, along with potential constitutional claims that can be brought against these programs. Part I provides a general background about the American prison system, and briefly touches on the constitutional standards of prisoners’ rights. It also discusses the history and development of female prisons and illustrates the rapid increase of female incarceration. Part II focuses on the prevalence of mothers within the female population in prisons. Part III introduces prison nursery programs and explains their history and how they operate. Part IV discusses the positive impact prison nurseries have had on both mothers and children. Part V touches on a few negative effects and the limitations of these programs. Finally, Part VI raises three potential constitutional challenges that can be raised against prison nurseries: two arguments based on the Fourteenth Amendment Equal Protection Clause and one argument based on the Fourteenth Amendment Due Process Clause. As this note will conclude, there should be an increase in the implementation of prison nursery programs in American prisons, as the value of these programs greatly outweighs their limitations. Moreover, potential constitutional attacks on these programs should not be discouraging, as they are unlikely to prevail.

Analysis of Disability-Related Activities Based on Nuri Curriculum in Nursery Programs for 3-5 Year-Olds

Analysis of Disability-Related Activities Based on Nuri Curriculum in Nursery Programs for 3-5 Year-Olds

Correctional Administrators’ Perceptions of Prison Nurseries

As more pregnant women are incarcerated, states are forced to determine the most cost-efficient methods of addressing childbirth and motherhood in prison. Traditionally, newborn babies are removed from the prison setting, and their mothers, within a few days. Research shows that women who are allowed to keep their babies with them in the correctional setting have reduced recidivism rates. This study explores perceptions of the prison nursery as a form of correctional programming. Correctional administrators from all 8 states currently operating nursery programs were interviewed, as were administrators from 20 states that do not have prison nurseries ( N = 28). Findings indicate that barriers to the implementation of prison nursery programs include a lack of knowledge about these programs and the impact they have on recidivism rates, concerns about legislative budgeting given current economic conditions, and for a small number of administrators, the consequences of housing infants within the prison environment.

MATERNAL SEPARATIONS DURING THE REENTRY YEARS FOR 100 INFANTS RAISED IN A PRISON NURSERY

Prison nurseries prevent maternal separations related to incarceration for the small subset of children whose pregnant mothers are incarcerated in states with such programs. For a cohort of 100 children accepted by corrections into one prison nursery, subsequent separation patterns are analyzed. The largest numbers are caused by corrections' removal of infants from the nursery and infants reaching a one-year age limit. Criminal recidivism and substance abuse relapse threaten continued mothering during reentry. Focused and coordinated services are needed during prison stay and reentry years to sustain mothering for women and children accepted into prison nursery programs.

Converging Streams of Opportunity for Prison Nursery Programs in the United States

Prison nursery programs allow departments of correction to positively intervene in the lives of both incarcerated mothers and their infant children. The number of prison nurseries in the United States has risen dramatically in the past decade, yet there remains a significant gap between predominant correctional policy in this area and what is known about parenting and infant development. Using Kingdon's streams metaphor, this article examines the recent convergence of problem, policy, and political events related to incarcerated women with infant children and argues that this has created a window of opportunity for development of prison nursery programs. Aday's policy analysis criteria are also used to analyze available evidence regarding the effectiveness, efficiency, and equity of prison nursery programs as policy alternatives for incarcerated women with infant children.

THE REPRODUCTIVE AND PARENTAL RIGHTS OF INCARCERATED MOTHERS

Acknowledging the explosive growth in the number of incarcerated women in the United States, this Note critically examines the current treatment of mothers and expectant mothers in the U.S. prison system. This Note highlights the severe inadequacy of current prison policies and accompanying maltreatment of incarcerated women and their children, especially with regard to the frequent separation of mothers from their children and the poor health care available to expectant mothers. The damage inflicted by current prison policies must be comprehensively redressed through the creation of prison nursery programs, halfway houses, the provision of optimal prenatal care, and the elimination of the draconian practice of shackling pregnant women. Such reforms will not only benefit incarcerated women and their children, but will also deter recidivism and promote the welfare of the community at large.