Nursery Box Research Articles

Changes in Odonata abundance between 2000 and 2015–2016 in Saga Plain, northern Kyushu, Japan

The impacts of systemic pesticides on biodiversity are a major ecological concern. Rapid population declines of Sympetrum species (Odonata: Libellulidae) have been reported in various localities in Japan beginning in the 2000s. Several studies suggested that nursery box use of fipronil in paddy fields to prevent insect feeding on rice seedlings negatively impacts Sympetrum larvae. Although several other Odonata species are suspected to have declined significantly in recent decades, accurate evaluations of their population declines and identification of the causes are difficult due to limited data on population density prior to the declines. In addition, a recent study revealed that herbicide use negatively affects phytophilous species, but positively impacts benthic populations of lentic Odonata by reducing the prevalence of macrophytes. To evaluate the changes in the abundance of Odonata during recent decades, we conducted line transect observation of Odonata populations at one site along the Tafusegawa River in Saga Plain, northern Kyushu, Japan in 2000 and 2015–2016, before and after the use of fipronil in paddy fields in this area. We identified that Sympetrum eroticum eroticum (Selys) (Libellulidae) populations have significantly decreased in recent years. In addition, prevalence of a lotic benthic species, Asiagomphus pryeri (Selys) (Gomphidae), has significantly decreased in this time period. Other lotic benthic species have also declined in this area, suggesting that benthic environments might have degraded in recent years. In contrast to the decrease of the abovementioned species, prevalence of the lentic and benthic species Orthetrum melania melania (Selys) and Rhyothemis fuliginosa Selys (Libellulidae) (Libellulidae) significantly increased. The densities of lentic phytophilous species appear to have decreased, suggesting that reduction of macrophytes in surrounding lentic environments could be involved in these changes.

Occurrence of Rice Sheath Blight in Iwate Kuji Area and the Effect of Nursery Box Application of Fungicides on the Disease Progression and Yield

Occurrence of Rice Sheath Blight in Iwate Kuji Area and the Effect of Nursery Box Application of Fungicides on the Disease Progression and Yield

Management of melanin biosynthesis dehydratase inhibitor (MBI-D)-resistance in Pyricularia oryzae using a non-MBI-D fungicidal application program for nursery boxes and a diclocymet and ferimzone mixture for field foliar applications.

We compared the risk of reselecting melanin biosynthesis dehydratase inhibitor (MBI-D)-resistant Pyricularia oryzae isolates between two treatment programs, a nursery box application of diclocymet and a rotational program in which nursery boxes received a non-MBI-D fungicide application and then later, in the field, a foliar application of a diclocymet and ferimzone mixture. Both were effective against panicle blast. However, the latter prevented the reselection of MBI-D-resistant isolates more effectively than the former.

Landscape Characteristics Related to Use of Artificial Roosts by Northern Long-Eared Bats in North-Central West Virginia

In the eastern US, research is needed on the establishment and evaluation of conservation measures for forest-dwelling bats, in general, and for the newly listed Myotis septentrionalis (Northern Long-Eared Bat), in particular. Our objectives were to evaluate the overall use of 3 artificial roosting structures—rocket box, nursery box, and artificial bark—by bats and to relate this use to local landscape characteristics in north-central West Virginia. We monitored 306 structures during summer 2016 and detected use (i.e., presence of guano, visual identification, capture of bats) at 132 (43%) roosts, of which 55 (42%) were confirmed, through capture or visual identification, to contain Northern Long-eared Bats. Nursery boxes were used more than expected based on availability (60%), but rocket boxes accounted for 40 (73%) of the roosts confirmed to be occupied by Northern Long-eared Bats, with 70% being used by maternity colonies of this species. We utilized binomial generalized linear models and an information theoretic approach to examine use of artificial roosts by maternity colonies of Northern Long-eared Bats. Our best-supported model differentiating structures occupied by maternity colonies from those that housed individual bats showed relationships to elevation, slope, area solar radiation, and distance to streams and large (>200 ha) forests. Our study provides initial guidance for land and wildlife managers on implementing an effective conservation and management technique for bats within this region.

MBI-D resistance management of Pyricularia oryzae using an application program incorporating benomyl.

This study's objective was to evaluate the contributions of benomyl and a melanin biosynthesis dehydratase inhibitor (MBI-D) mixture to preventing the re-emergence of MBI-D-resistant Pyricularia oryzae in rice fields. In nursery boxes, applications of diclocymet or mixtures of diclocymet and tiadinil showed low leaf blast incidences, but MBI-D-resistant isolates were re-selected. However, a management program applying both benomyl and MBI-D-related products to nursery box plants prevented the re-emergence of MBI-D-resistant isolates more effectively than the application of only MBI-D-related products.

9 水稲育苗箱全量基肥栽培における栽植密度と水稲収量との関係(一般講演,日本作物学会関東支部第104回講演会)

9 水稲育苗箱全量基肥栽培における栽植密度と水稲収量との関係(一般講演,日本作物学会関東支部第104回講演会)

10 疎植栽培における水稲育苗箱全量基肥プール育苗に関する検討(第3報)

10 疎植栽培における水稲育苗箱全量基肥プール育苗に関する検討(第3報)

1 水稲育苗箱全量基肥栽培条件における疎植栽培が生育・収量に及ぼす影響(第3報)(日本作物学会関東支部第100回講演会)

1 水稲育苗箱全量基肥栽培条件における疎植栽培が生育・収量に及ぼす影響(第3報)(日本作物学会関東支部第100回講演会)

プール育苗条件での水稲育苗箱全量基肥栽培における育苗箱内施肥量の検討

水稲育苗箱全量基肥技術と水稲疎植栽培は，共に育苗の省力・低コストを狙った栽培技術である．水稲疎植栽培では単位面積あたりに必要な育苗箱数は減るが，その一方で同時に水稲育苗箱全量基肥技術を用いると，育苗箱内の1箱当たりの施肥量を増やす必要性が生じる．しかし，水稲育苗箱全量基肥技術による育苗箱内の施肥量は通常1 kgを超えない範囲とされており，施肥量の上限を見極める必要がある．そこで，水稲育苗箱全量基肥専用肥料「苗箱まかせ」NK301-100を用い，ビニールプール育苗条件下で育苗箱内の肥料投入量を箱当たり600 gから最大2500 gまで変化させて苗の生育やマット強度，移植精度などについて3か年検討した．その結果，育苗期間が概ね3週間程度の条件で，育苗箱内の施肥量は1300 gまでであれば，苗の生育やマット強度，移植精度に実用上の支障がないことが明らかになった．

Biological Control of Rice Bakanae by an Endophytic Bacillus oryzicola YC7007.

In our previous study, we reported that a novel endophytic bacterium Bacillus oryzicola YC7007 has suppressed bacterial diseases of rice via induced systemic resistance and antibiotic production. This endophytic strain, B. oryzicola YC7007 was used as a biological control agent against bakanae disease of rice caused by Fusarium fujikuroi, and its mechanism of interaction with the pathogen and the rice was further elucidated. Root drenching with B. oryzicola YC7007 suspension reduced the disease severity of bakanae significantly when compared with the untreated controls. The treatments of B. oryzicola YC7007 suspension (2.0 × 107 cfu/ml) to the rice rhizosphere reduced bakanae severity by 46–78% in pots and nursery box tests containing autoclaved and non-autoclaved soils. Moreover, in the detached rice leaves bioassay, the development of necrotic lesion and mycelial expansion of F. fujikuroi were inhibited significantly by spraying the culture filtrate of B. oryzicola YC7007. Drenching of ethyl acetate extracts of the culture filtrate to the rhizosphere of rice seedlings also reduced the bakanae disease severity in the plant culture dish tests. With the root drenching of B. oryzicola YC7007 suspension, the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide was observed at an early stage of rice seedlings, and a hormonal defense was elicited with and without pathogen inoculation. Our results showed that the strain B. oryzicola YC7007 had a good biocontrol activity against the bakanae disease of rice by direct inhibition, and was also capable of inducing systemic resistance against the pathogen via primed induction of the jasmonic acid pathway.

水田使用殺虫剤の用途別使用量の簡便な推定方法の開発

A simple procedure has been developed for estimating the amount of the paddy pesticides used with each application method. We analyzed the usage for 14 insecticides used in Japanese paddy fields. Insecticide application was classified into five methods: ground application in paddy fields, nursery box application in paddy fields, aerial application in paddy fields, application in fields and orchards, and other applications. Based on the application method for each target pest provided in the pesticide application list, the fraction of usage with each application method was calculated, assuming that the usage was evenly distributed to each target pest. The usage with each application method in each prefecture was then calculated by multiplying the total usage by the fraction of usage for each application method. The accuracy of estimated usage in paddy fields was validated by a comparison with the estimated insecticide emission in paddy fields reported by the Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (PRTR) system. Estimation errors were largely around twofold; therefore, their accuracy would be similar. However, the errors became large when the usage amounts in paddy fields of each prefecture were small.

水稲育苗箱全量基肥栽培における肥料溶出期間と水稲の生育・収量との関係 (第4報)

水稲育苗箱全量基肥栽培における肥料溶出期間と水稲の生育・収量との関係 (第4報)

水稲育苗箱全量基肥栽培における肥料溶出期間と水稲の生育・収量との関係（第３報）

水稲育苗箱全量基肥栽培における肥料溶出期間と水稲の生育・収量との関係（第３報）

Nursery‐Box Total Fertilization Technology (NBTF) Application for Increasing Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Chinese Irrigated Riceland: N–Soil Interactions

AbstractHigh N fertilizer and flooding irrigation applied to rice in anthropogenic‐alluvial soil often result in N leaching and low use efficiency of applied fertilizer N from the rice field in Ningxia irrigation region in the upper reaches of the Yellow River. Sound N management practices need to be established to improve N use efficiency while sustaining high grain yield levels and minimize fertilizer N loss to the environment. We investigated the effects of Nursery Box Total Fertilization technology (NBTF) on N leaching at different rice growing stages, N use efficiency and rice yield in 2010 and 2011. The four fertilizer N treatments were 300 kg N ha−1 (CU, Conventional treatment of urea at 300 kg N ha−1), 120 kg N ha−1 (NBTF120, NBTF treatment of controlled‐release N fertilizer at 120 kg N ha−1), 80 kgN ha−1 (NBTF80, NBTF treatment of controlled‐release N fertilizer at 80 kg N ha−1) and no N fertilizer application treatment (CK). The results showed that the NBTF120 treatment increased N use efficiency, maintained crop yields and substantially reduced N losses to the environment. Under the CU treatment, the rice yield was 9634 and 7098 kg ha−1, the N use efficiency was 31·6% and 34·8% and the leaching losses of TN were 44·51 and 39·89 kg ha−1; NH4+‐N was 5·26 and 5·49 kg ha−1, and NO3−‐N was 27·94 and 26·22 kg ha−1 during the rice whole growing period in 2010 and 2011, respectively. Compared with CU, NBTF120 significantly increased the N use efficiency and decreased the N losses from the paddy field. Under NBTF120, the N use efficiency was 56·3% and 51·4%, which was 24·7% and 16·6% higher than that of CU, and the conventional fertilizer application rate could be reduced by 60% without lowering the rice yield while decreasing the leaching losses of TN by 16·27 and 14·36 kg ha−1, NH4+‐N by 0·90 and 1·84 kg ha−1, NO3−‐N by 110·6 and 10·14 kg ha−1 in 2010 and 2011, respectively. Our results indicate that the CU treatment resulted in relatively high N leaching losses, and that alternative practice of NBTF which synchronized fertilizer application with crop demand substantially reduced these losses. We therefore suggest the NBTF120 be a fertilizer application alternative which leads to high food production but low environmental impact. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Effects of the Inabenfide [4’-chloro-2’-(α-hydroxybenzyl)-isonicotinanilide] on the Growth of Rice Grown in No Tillage Cultivation with Single Basal Fertilization to the Nursery Box

Effects of the Inabenfide [4’-chloro-2’-(α-hydroxybenzyl)-isonicotinanilide] on the Growth of Rice Grown in No Tillage Cultivation with Single Basal Fertilization to the Nursery Box

水稲育苗箱全量基肥栽培における肥料溶出期間と水稲の生育・収量との関係 (第2報)

水稲育苗箱全量基肥栽培における肥料溶出期間と水稲の生育・収量との関係 (第2報)

Comparative efficiency and yield in different systems and densities at the nursery culture phase of the oyster Crassostrea gigas in southern Brazil

This study was conducted to compare different aquaculture systems and seed densities for the nursery phase ofCrassostrea gigas in Brazil. Small oyster seeds (2 mm in height) reared in three nursery systems (same area/floor), a lantern net, a bouncing bucket or a floating box were compared with three initial stocking densities (50, 100 and 200 mL of seeds/system floor). As density increased, there was a significant decline in seed growth and yield, mainly in the lantern nets (P=0.0002). Better yields were observed in the box (P=0.005) and bucket systems (P=0.02) under densities of 50 and 100 mL. However, at the highest density, the nursery box system had the highest seed yield when compared to the lantern net and bucket systems (P=0.003). The results showed that the floating box was the most efficient system tested with a survival of 54% at a density of 100 mL. This was more than twice the survival for the same volumes used in the nursery lantern nets (24%), which was the most common culture method in Brazil prior to this experiment (2002). An additional advantage is the reduced cost of starting with 2.0 mm seeds that cost 50% less than the usual 4.0 to 8.0 mm seeds. These results showed the efficiency of the floating box system, which is currently used by over 90% of oyster producers in Brazil.

西南暖地に適合した苗箱上施肥法による水稲栽培 「ゆめしずく」へのLPS80、LPSS100施用事例

西南暖地に適合した苗箱上施肥法による水稲栽培 「ゆめしずく」へのLPS80、LPSS100施用事例

水稲育苗箱全量基肥栽培条件における疎植栽培が生育・収量に及ぼす影響 (第5報)

水稲育苗箱全量基肥栽培条件における疎植栽培が生育・収量に及ぼす影響 (第5報)

Control of Green Rice Caterpillar, Naranga aenescens, by Insecticidal Nursery Box Application

Control of Green Rice Caterpillar, <i>Naranga aenescens</i>, by Insecticidal Nursery Box Application