Numbers Of Antigen-specific CD8 Research Articles

Evaluation of the Safety and Immunogenicity of a Multiple Epitope Polypeptide from Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) in Mice.

Morbillivirus canis is the etiological agent of a highly contagious disease that affects diverse domestic and wild animals. Vaccination is considered the most suitable strategy for controlling CDV dissemination, transmission, and distemper disease. However, the emergence of new CDV strains has led to the need to update the current vaccine strategies employed to prevent CDV infection in domestic and wild animals. Currently, there is a lack of effective alternatives for wild animals. Diverse computational tools, especially peptide-based therapies, enable the development of new universal vaccines. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and humoral and cellular immune response of a new generation of vaccines based on CDV peptides as single-peptide mixtures or multiepitope CDV polypeptides in mice. Twenty-four BALB/c mice were subjected to a three-dose regimen for 28 days. Seroconversion was evaluated via ELISA, and cellular immune responses were evaluated via flow cytometry through activation-induced markers (AIMs). Compared with the placebo, the peptide mixture and multiepitope CDV polypeptide were safe, and seroconversion was statistically significant in the multiepitope CDV polypeptide and commercial vaccine (CV) groups. The numbers of antigen-specific CD4+CD134+ and IFN-γ+ T cells, CD8+ T cells and TNF-α- and IL-6-producing cells were greater in the mice immunized with the multiepitope CDV polypeptide than in the control mice. This combined approach represents a potential step forward in developing new immunization candidates or enhancing current commercial vaccines to control CDV disease in domestic dogs and wild animals.

Suppressive effect of the anesthetic propofol on the T cell function and T cell-dependent immune responses

General anesthesia is thought to suppress the immune system and negatively affect postoperative infection and the long-term prognosis of cancer. However, the mechanism underlying immunosuppression induced by general anesthetics remains unclear. In this study, we focused on propofol, which is widely used for sedation under general anesthesia and intensive care and examined its effects on the T cell function and T cell-dependent immune responses. We found that propofol suppressed T cell glycolytic metabolism, differentiation into effector T cells, and cytokine production by effector T cells. CD8 T cells activated and differentiated into effector cells in the presence of propofol in vitro showed reduced antitumor activity. Furthermore, propofol treatment suppressed the increase in the number of antigen-specific CD8 T cells during Listeria infection. In contrast, the administration of propofol improved inflammatory conditions in mouse models of inflammatory diseases, such as OVA-induced allergic airway inflammation, hapten-induced contact dermatitis, and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. These results suggest that propofol may reduce tumor and infectious immunity by suppressing the T cell function and T cell-dependent immune responses while improving the pathogenesis and prognosis of chronic inflammatory diseases by suppressing inflammation.

Inflammation versus regulation: how interferon-gamma contributes to type 1 diabetes pathogenesis.

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease with onset from early childhood. The insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells are destroyed by CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. The disease is challenging to study mechanistically in humans because it is not possible to biopsy the pancreatic islets and the disease is most active prior to the time of clinical diagnosis. The NOD mouse model, with many similarities to, but also some significant differences from human diabetes, provides an opportunity, in a single in-bred genotype, to explore pathogenic mechanisms in molecular detail. The pleiotropic cytokine IFN-γ is believed to contribute to pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. Evidence of IFN-γ signaling in the islets, including activation of the JAK-STAT pathway and upregulation of MHC class I, are hallmarks of the disease. IFN-γ has a proinflammatory role that is important for homing of autoreactive T cells into islets and direct recognition of beta cells by CD8+ T cells. We recently showed that IFN-γ also controls proliferation of autoreactive T cells. Therefore, inhibition of IFN-γ does not prevent type 1 diabetes and is unlikely to be a good therapeutic target. In this manuscript we review the contrasting roles of IFN-γ in driving inflammation and regulating the number of antigen specific CD8+ T cells in type 1 diabetes. We also discuss the potential to use JAK inhibitors as therapy for type 1 diabetes, to inhibit both cytokine-mediated inflammation and proliferation of T cells.

Investigate the impact of MHC-I cytoplasmic tail on CD8 T cell function and fate

Abstract Mutational studies have revealed that the cytoplasmic tail of MHC-I plays an important role in the generation of CD8+ T cell mediated immunity. Although the MHC-I tail contains highly conserved serine and tyrosine phosphorylation sites that can potentially harbor signals or ‘instructional payloads’, little is known about how these post-translational modifications are induced, or the impact they may have on immune responses. In this study, we established the artificial antigen presenting cells K562 that express HLA-A2 with different cytoplasmic tail mutations on serine and tyrosine sites. We demonstrated that the deletion of exon 7 on HLA-A2 tail led to a higher T cell killing in the 4-hour assay, while mutating serine 335 to glutamic acid (S335E) increased long-term T cell killing. We further found that S335E has the highest expression of HLA-A2 on K562 cell surface compared to wild type and all the other tail mutants. As a result, the robust CD8 T cell killing to S335E K562 cells can be partially explained by the high expression level of HLA-A2 on the cell surface. We then conducted a T cell priming experiment using cytoplasmic tail mutated KG-1 cells. All the tail mutants generated low number of antigen specific CD8 T cells from healthy donor PBMC when compared to the wild type. However, T cells primed by KG-1 that bearing tyrosine 320 mutation (Y320E) expanded at a higher level after sorting. Together, our data showed that the MHC-I cytoplasmic tail might have an impact on CD8 T cell priming and effector function through the conserved amino acids S335 and Y320.

DDDR-29. THE HYDROGEL-CXCL9-MRNA (HCM) VACCINE RESULTS IN SIGNIFICANT ANTI-TUMOR EFFICACY THROUGH RECRUITMENT OF NATURAL KILLER (NK) CELLS

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Immunotherapy for GBM has resulted in limited benefits to overall survival due to the targeting of limited antigens and the hostile TME. Our group has developed a patented vaccine platform that combines an mRNA-nanoparticle with CXCL9 loaded polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogel. The HCM vaccine is given SQ and recruits a diverse immune cell population to deliver a large payload of mRNA. The objective of these studies was to evaluate the efficacy and mechanisms of action of the HCM vaccine. METHODS: C57BL/6 mice underwent intracranial implantation of KR158 glioma cells. The HCM vaccine was formulated with total tumor mRNA, DOTAP, CXCL9 and PEG hydrogel created in collaboration with the College of Engineering. Survival studies were analyzed with the Mantel-Cox test. Flow cytometry and ELISA data was analyzed using ANOVA. Graphpad was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: KR158-glioma intracranial tumor bearing mice were treated with SQ injection of the HCM vaccine (total tumor mRNA, DOTAP, CXCL9, PEG hydrogel). KR158 tumor bearing animals are resistant to treatment with radiation, temozolomide and other immunotherapy platforms in our laboratory. Treatment animals lived significantly longer compared to control animals (35 days versus 22 days, p < 0.0001). In a separate experiment, the fat pad was collected after vaccination and flow cytometry revealed recruitment of dendritic cells (DCs), CD4 and CD8 T cells and NK cells. Large numbers of antigen specific CD8 T cells were found in the spleen and within the TME after vaccination. When NK cells were blocked (NK 1.1 blocking antibody), the survival benefit from the vaccine was completely abrogated. NK cells were found to increase antigen presentation and available IFN-gamma within the PEG hydrogel scaffold. CONCLUSION: The HCM vaccine demonstrates efficacy in resistant murine glioma models and the efficacy is dependent on recruitment of NK cells at the site of vaccination.

Efficacy, T cell activation and antibody responses in accelerated Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite chemoprophylaxis vaccine regimens

Repeated direct venous inoculation of Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites (PfSPZ) together with antimalarial chemoprophylaxis (PfSPZ–CVac) is the most potent way to induce sterile immunity against P. falciparum infection in malaria-naive volunteers. However, established schedules are complex and long. Here, we tested two accelerated three-dose schedules (28- and 10-day regimen) assessing efficacy by controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) against placebo, comparing vaccine-specific T cell and antibody responses by antigen-reactive T cell enrichment (ARTE) and protein microarray, respectively. Both regimens were similarly efficacious (67 and 63% vaccine efficacy) but different in the induction of vaccine-specific T cells and antibodies. The 10-day regimen resulted in higher numbers of antigen-specific CD4+ effector memory pro-inflammatory T cells and a broader antibody response compared with the 28-day regimen. Usually in nature, P. falciparum liver stage lasts about 6.5 days. The short vaccination-interval of the 10-day regimen prolongs the time of continuous exposure to liver-stage parasites, which may explain the stronger response. Besides dose and number of vaccinations, duration of liver-stage exposure is a factor to optimize PfSPZ–CVac immunogenicity.

Exploring the role of c-Myc in defining the fate of exhausted CD8 T cells

Abstract c-Myc is a major transcription factor expressed upon activation of CD8 T cells that drives their clonal expansion and metabolism. The role of c-Myc in regulating the outcome of exhausted CD8 T cells during chronic infection and cancer remains poorly defined. In this study, we used a unique model of c-Myc conditional ablation following antigen priming of CD8 T cells to investigate whether c-Myc exerts a role in CD8 T cell exhaustion in chronic antigenic settings. Our studies show that targeted deficiency of c-Myc in antigen-specific CD8 T cells resulted in decreased cell numbers but promoted the generation of stem-cell-like TCF-1+ less exhausted CD8 T cells. These cells are key therapeutic target for overcoming CD8+ T cells exhaustion by providing the proliferative burst after PD1 checkpoint blockade immunotherapy (CBI). We, therefore combined anti-PD-L1 therapy and c-Myc inhibition to determine whether c-Myc inhibition might synergize to improve the therapeutic outcome. Our data using c-Myc inhibitor alone revealed an increased frequency of TCF-1+ CD8 T cells. However, the number of antigen specific CD8 T cells and the production of effector cytokines (IFN-γ and TNF-α) remained identical to untreated group. Notably, the combination of c-Myc inhibitor and PD-1 CBI significantly promoted the proliferation of antigen-specific CD8 T cells and the production of IFN-γ and TNF-α. Overall, findings support a role for c-Myc in defining the fate of exhausted CD8 T cells, and illustrate a potential pathway for the optimization of check point blockade immunotherapy of chronic infections and cancer. Supported by NIH R21AI154363 NIH R01AI32819

Immunotherapy with 4-1BBL-Expressing iPS Cell-Derived Myeloid Lines Amplifies Antigen-Specific T Cell Infiltration in Advanced Melanoma.

We have established an immune cell therapy with immortalized induced pluripotent stem-cell–derived myeloid lines (iPS-ML). The benefits of using iPS-ML are the infinite proliferative capacity and ease of genetic modification. In this study, we introduced 4-1BBL gene to iPS-ML (iPS-ML-41BBL). The analysis of the cell-surface molecules showed that the expression of CD86 was upregulated in iPS-ML-41BBL more than that in control iPS-ML. Cytokine array analysis was performed using supernatants of the spleen cells that were cocultured with iPS-ML or iPS-ML-41BBL. Multiple cytokines that are beneficial to cancer immunotherapy were upregulated. Peritoneal injections of iPS-ML-41BBL inhibited tumor growth of peritoneally disseminated mouse melanoma and prolonged survival of mice compared to that of iPS-ML. Furthermore, the numbers of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells were significantly increased in the spleen and tumor tissues treated with epitope peptide-pulsed iPS-ML-41BBL compared to those treated with control iPS-ML. The number of CXCR6-positive T cells were increased in the tumor tissues after treatment with iPS-ML-41BBL compared to that with control iPS-ML. These results suggest that iPS-ML-41BBL could activate antigen-specific T cells and promote their infiltration into the tumor tissues. Thus, iPS-ML-41BBL may be a candidate for future immune cell therapy aiming to change immunological “cold tumor” to “hot tumor”.

Enhancing the specific T cell immune response against micro- and nanoparticle immobilized antigen

The current study was a part of the project on generating viral particle traps occurring due to covalent immobilization on the interface of recombinant virus-specific polymer-based nano- and microparticles. It is assumed that protein-particle conjugates could be able to bind virions followed by engulfment by immune cells. The study was aimed to examine the effect of polylactic acid (PLA) and PLA block-copolymer with polyethylene glycol (PLA-PEG)-based micro- and nanoparticles on the cellular immune response against polymeric particle-bound antigen. Materials and methods. A recombinant chimeric protein beta-2-microglobulin — green fluorescent protein (β2M-sfGFP) was obtained by affine chromatography. The recombinant protein was immobilized onto the polymer particles, which were further used for mice immunization. Female F1 hybrid mice (CBA x C57BL) in experimental and control groups consisted of 4–6-month-old 15 animals (weighted 20–25 g). Intracellular cytokine staining was used to evaluate the cellular immune response. Results and discussion. It was shown that the nanoparticles of PLA block-copolymer with polyethylene glycol (PLA-PEG) were able to bind 10 microgram protein per 1 mg polymer. The polylactic acid nanoparticles were able to bind 2,3 microgram protein per 1 mg polymer. In experiment, mice in group 1 were immunized with 100 nm PLA-PEG particle-β2M-sfGFP conjugate, in group 2 — with same particles together with soluble β2M-sfGFP. In group 3, mice were immunized with 1400 nm PLA particles-β2M-sfGFP conjugate, and in group 4 — with same particles together with soluble protein. The spleens isolated 2 weeks after the four-time intraperitoneal immunization. Comparison of immune response between groups was assessed by nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis criterion with Tukey correction. It was shown that the number of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells produced to model protein was significantly higher after immunization with particle-β2M-sfGFP conjugate, as compared to control groups, wherein immunization was performed with a mixture of protein and unmodified particles (p 0.001). It was found that the number of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells formed against β2m-sfGFP did not differ between all groups examined.

Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived myeloid cells expressing OX40 ligand amplify antigen-specific T cells in advanced melanoma.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors improved the survival rate of patients with unresectable melanoma. However, some patients do not respond, and variable immune-related adverse events have been reported. Therefore, more effective and antigen-specific immune therapies are urgently needed. We previously reported the efficacy of an immune cell therapy with immortalized myeloid cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS-ML). In this study, we generated OX40L-overexpressing iPS-ML (iPS-ML-Zsgreen-OX40L) and investigated their characteristics and in vivo efficacy against mouse melanoma. We found that iPS-ML-Zsgreen-OX40L suppressed the progression of B16-BL6 melanoma, and prolonged survival of mice with ovalbumin (OVA)-expressing B16 melanoma (MO4). The number of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells was higher in spleen cells treated with OVA peptide-pulsed iPS-ML-Zsgreen-OX40L than in those without OX40L. The OVA peptide-pulsed iPS-ML-Zsgreen-OX40L significantly increased the number of tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes (TILs) in MO4 tumor. Flow cytometry showed decreased regulatory T cells but increased effector and effector memory T cells among the TILs. Although we plan to use allogeneic iPS-ML in the clinical applications, iPS-ML showed the tumorgenicity in the syngeneic mice model. Incorporating the suicide gene is necessary to ensure the safety in the future study. Collectively, these results indicate that iPS-ML-Zsgreen-OX40L therapy might be a new method for antigen-specific cancer immunotherapy.

A Human STAT1 Gain-of-Function Mutation Impairs CD8+ T Cell Responses against Gammaherpesvirus 68.

Autosomal dominant STAT1 mutations in humans have been associated with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC), as well as with increased susceptibility to herpesvirus infections. Prior studies have focused on mucosal and Th17-mediated immunity against Candida, but mechanisms of impaired antiviral immunity have not previously been examined. To begin to explore the mechanisms of STAT1-associated immunodeficiency against herpesviruses, we generated heterozygous STAT1 R274W knock-in mice that have a frequently reported STAT1 mutation associated in humans with susceptibility to herpesvirus infections. In primary macrophages and fibroblasts, we found that STAT1 R274W had no appreciable effect on cell-intrinsic immunity against herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) or gammaherpesvirus 68 (γHV68) infection. However, intraperitoneal inoculation of mice with γHV68 was associated with impaired control of infection at day 14 in STAT1 R274W mice compared with that in wild-type (WT) littermate control animals. Infection of STAT1 R274W mice was associated with paradoxically decreased expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) and gamma interferon (IFN-γ), likely secondary to defective CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses, including diminished numbers of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. Viral pathogenesis studies in WT and STAT1 R274W mixed bone marrow chimeric mice revealed that the presence of WT leukocytes was sufficient to limit infection and that antigen-specific STAT1 R274W CD8+ T cell responses were impaired even in the presence of WT leukocytes. Thus, in addition to regulating Th17 responses against Candida, a STAT1 gain-of-function mutant impedes antigen-specific T cell responses against a common gammaherpesvirus in mice.IMPORTANCE Mechanisms of immunodeficiency related to STAT1 gain of function have not been previously studied in an animal model of viral pathogenesis. Using virological and immunological techniques, we examined the immune response to γHV68 in heterozygous mice that have an autosomal dominant mutation in the STAT1 coiled-coil domain (STAT1 R274W). We observed impaired control of infection, which was associated with diminished production of gamma interferon (IFN-γ), fewer effector CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and a reduction in the number of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. These findings indicate that a STAT1 gain-of-function mutation limits production of antiviral T cells, likely contributing to immunodeficiency against herpesviruses.

Irradiated sporozoite vaccination induces sex-specific immune responses and protection against malaria in mice

In both preclinical animal studies and human clinical trials, adult females tend to develop greater adaptive immune responses than males following receipt of either viral or bacterial vaccines. While there is currently no approved malaria vaccine, several anti-sporozoite vaccines, including RTS,S/AS01 and attenuated sporozoite vaccines, are in development, but the impact of sex and age on their efficacy remains undefined. To examine sex differences in the efficacy of anti-sporozoite stage malaria vaccination, adult (10 weeks of age) or juvenile (11 days of age) male and female C3H mice were twice vaccinated with irradiated transgenic Plasmodium berghei sporozoites expressing the P. falciparum circumsporozoite (CSP) protein and 45 days post boost vaccination, mice were challenged with transgenic P. berghei via mosquito bite or intradermal challenge. Immunization with irradiated sporozoites resulted in greater protection against challenge in adult females, which was associated with greater anti-CSP antibody production and avidity, as well as greater hepatic, but not splenic, CD8+ T cell IFNƴ production in adult females than adult males. No sex differences in adaptive immune responses or protection were observed in mice vaccinated prior to puberty, suggesting a role for sex steroid hormones. Depletion of testosterone in males increased, whereas rescue of testosterone decreased, anti-CSP antibody production, the number of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells isolated from the liver, and protection following parasite challenge. Conversely, depletion of sex steroids in female mice did not alter vaccine-induced responses or protection following challenge. These data suggest that elevated testosterone concentrations in males reduce adaptive immunity and contribute to sex differences in malaria vaccine efficacy.

FACS isolation of low percentage human antigen-specific CD8+ T cells based on activation-induced CD3 and CD8 downregulation

As T cell activation leads to downregulation of T cell receptor (TCR) and coreceptor CD8, we developed a novel FACS-based sorting method to enrich activated antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. Using multiple established or low percentage T cell cultures, with either single antigen specificity or multiple influenza A virus antigen specificities, we have optimized the sorting method for T cell activation time and stimulating antigen dose. We have also sorted various numbers of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells into 96-well plates to demonstrate these T cells are capable of expanding into nearly pure CD8+ T cell lines. Our approach has the advantage of sorting antigen-specific T cells without knowing their specific antigenic epitopes or restricting HLA. We believe this method can be very helpful for successfully establishing CD8+ T cell lines for various purpose, including immunotherapy.

The differences in immunoadjuvant mechanisms of TLR3 and TLR4 agonists on the level of antigen-presenting cells during immunization with recombinant adenovirus vector

BackgroundAgonists of TLR3 and TLR4 are effective immunoadjuvants for different types of vaccines. The mechanisms of their immunostimulatory action differ significantly; these differences are particularly critical for immunization with non-replicating adenovirus vectors (rAds) based vaccines. Unlike traditional vaccines, rAd based vaccines are not designed to capture vaccine antigens from the external environment by antigen presenting cells (APCs), but rather they are targeted to the de novo synthesis of vaccine antigens in APCs transfected with rAd. To date, there is no clear understanding about approaches to improve the efficacy of rAd vaccinations with immunoadjuvants. In this study, we investigated the immunoadjuvant effect of TLR3 and TLR4 agonists on the level of activation of APCs during vaccination with rAds.ResultsWe demonstrated that TLR3 and TLR4 agonists confer different effects on the molecular processes in APCs that determine the efficacy of antigen delivery and activation of antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. APCs activated with agonists of TLR4 were characterized by up-regulated production of target antigen mRNA and protein encoded in rAd, as well as enhanced expression of the co-activation receptors CD80, CD86 and CD40, and pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL6 and IL12. These effects of TLR4 agonists have provided a significant increase in the number of antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. TLR3 agonist, on the contrary, inhibited transcription and synthesis of rAd-encoded antigens, but improved expression of CD40 and IFN-β in APCs. The cumulative effect of TLR3 agonist have resulted in only a slight improvement in the activation of antigen-specific T cells. Also, we demonstrated that IFN-β and TNF-α, secreted by APCs in response to TLR3 and TLR4 agonists, respectively, have an opposite effect on the transcription of the targeted gene encoded in rAd. Specifically, IFN-β inhibited, and TNF-α stimulated the expression of target vaccine antigens in APCs.ConclusionsOur data demonstrate that agonists of TLR4 but not TLR3 merit further study as adjuvants for development of vaccines based on recombinant adenoviral vectors.

CXCR4 antagonist (BL-8040) to enhance antitumor effects by increasing tumor infiltration of antigen-specific effector T-cells.

73 Background: C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) helps to retain the hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) in the bone marrow (BM). CXCR4 binds to its ligand CXCL12/SDF1 which is constitutively expressed in the BM thereby inhibiting the mobilization of CXCR4 expressing immune progenitor cells. Moreover, increased numbers of effector cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) are directly correlated to enhanced immunotherapeutic efficacy. Therefore, we hypothesized that CXCR4 antagonism will result in movement of immune progenitor cells from BM to periphery leading to increased availability of T-cells in the periphery and better infiltration of effector cells into the TME. Methods: In TC-1 mouse tumor-model, we tested the effects of CXCR4 antagonist (BL-8040; 4 doses; 24 h apart; 20 mg/kg) on the tumor growth and mice survival in the presence of tumor-specific antigen priming using E7 peptide vaccine (3 doses, one week apart). Anti-tumor immune responses were determined in the tumor tissues obtained 3-4 days after the second vaccination using flow cytometry. Results: We found that BL-8040 given with specific antigenic stimulation results in significantly enhanced anti-tumor immune response, leading to a decrease in tumor growth (p≤0.001 at day 21) and prolonged mice survival. At day 35 after tumor implantation, 80% of mice survived in the BL-8040 + vaccine treatment group compared to 0% survival following BL-8040 or vaccine treatments. Interestingly, we also found that BL-8040 leads to a significant increase in the numbers of antigen-specific CD8+ T-cells in the TME. We also found that starting BL-8040 prior to or together with the priming of the mice did not affect the outcome, suggesting that the scheduling of BL-8040 does not affect the therapeutic outcomes. Conclusions: These results suggest that BL-8040 treatment enhances anti-tumor immune response by potentially increasing the immune progenitor cells in the periphery leading to a better immune response. These results also suggest that BL-8040, a CXCR4 antagonist, is a promising immune-modulatory agent with potent anti-tumor effects.

Perturbed CD8+ T cell immunity across universal influenza epitopes in the elderly.

Influenza epidemics lead to severe illness, life-threatening complications, and deaths, especially in the elderly. As CD8+ T cells are associated with rapid recovery from influenza, we investigated the effects of aging on antigen-specific CD8+ T cells across the universal influenza epitopes in humans. We show that aging is characterized by altered frequencies in T cell subsets, with naive T cells being partially replaced by activated effector/memory populations. Although we observed no striking differences in TCR signaling capacity, T cells in the elderly had increased expression of transcription factors Eomes and T-bet, and such changes were most apparent in CD8+ T cells. Strikingly, the numbers of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells across universal influenza epitopes were reduced in the elderly, although their effector/memory phenotypes remained stable. To understand whether diminished numbers of influenza-specific CD8+ T cells in the elderly resulted from alteration in TCR clonotypes, we dissected the TCRαβ repertoire specific for the prominent HLA-A*02:01-restricted-M158-66 (A2/M158 ) influenza epitope. We provide the first ex vivo data on paired antigen-specific TCRαβ clonotypes in the elderly, showing that influenza-specific A2/M158+ TCRαβ repertoires in the elderly adults varied from those in younger adults, with the main features being a reduction in the frequency of the public TRAV27-TRBV19 TCRαβ clonotype, increased proportion of private TCRαβ signatures, broader use of TRAV and TRBV gene segments, and large clonal expansion of private TCRαβ clonotypes with longer CDR3 loops. Our study supports the development of T cell-targeted influenza vaccines that would boost the T cell compartment during life and maintain the numbers and optimal TCRαβ signatures in the elderly.

CpG-ODN Facilitates Effective Intratracheal Immunization and Recall of Memory against Neoantigen-Expressing Alveolar Cells.

Intrapulmonary immune reactions are impaired by the tolerogenic environment of the lung. This is manifested by the absence of effective endogenous T cell responses upon neoantigen expression. This tolerance is considered to contribute to lung cancer and inefficient immune therapeutic interventions. To investigate the mechanisms contributing to lung tolerance and to overcome these restrictions, we developed a transgenic mouse model with induction of a neoantigen (OVA) exclusively in alveolar type II epithelial cells. This model is characterized by the absence of functional endogenous T cell responses upon OVA neoantigen induction. Standard DNA and protein vaccination protocols resulted in the accumulation of high numbers of antigen-specific CD8 T cells in the lung. However, clearance of antigen-expressing cells was not achieved. To overcome this tolerance, we induced inflammatory conditions by coapplication of the TLR ligands LPS and CpG-ODN during intrapulmonary vaccinations. Both ligands induced high numbers of neoantigen-specific T cells in the lung. However, only coapplication of CpG-ODN was sufficient to establish functional cytotoxic responses resulting in the elimination of neoantigen presenting target cells. Remarkably, CpG-ODN was also crucial for functional memory responses upon re-induction of the neoantigen. The results highlight the need of TLR9 co-stimulation for overcoming tolerization, which might be a key factor for therapeutic interventions.

Combined HDAC and BET inhibition to enhance cancer vaccine-elicited T-cell responses.

e14632 Background: The combined inhibition of histone deacetylases (HDAC) and the proteins of the bromo and extra terminal (BET) family have recently shown therapeutic efficacy against pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, melanoma and lymphoma cancers in murine studies. However, in these studies the role of the immune system in therapeutically controlling these cancers was not explored. Methods: We sought to investigate the effect of the HDAC inhibitor romidepsin (RMD) and the BET inhibitor I-BET151, both singly and in combination, on vaccine elicited immune responses. C57Bl/6 mice were immunized with differing vaccines (Adenoviral, protein) in prime-boost regimens, under treatment with RMD, I-BET151, or RMD+I-BET151. Results: The combination RMD+I-BET151, administered during Adenoviral prime-boost vaccination, resulted in the significant increase in the frequency and number of antigen-specific CD8 T cells. RMD+I-BET151 treatment affected vaccine-elicited secondary T cell responses, significantly increasing the frequency of IFN-γ+ splenic CD8 T cells and maintaining their dual IFN-γ+TNFa+ polyfunctionality. These CD8 T cells maintained their protective ability against Listeria monocytogenes, and protected against B16-OVA challenge. The significant augmentation of vaccine elicited CD8 T cell responses under RMD+I-BET151 treatment was additionally observed following protein (OVA+CpG) prime-boost vaccination, resulting in greater protection against B16-OVA challenge and enhanced survival. T-regulatory cell (FoxP3+CD4+) frequency and total CD4 and CD8 cell numbers remained unaltered following RMD+I-BET151 treatment. Conclusions: Combined HDAC and BET inhibition resulted in greater vaccine-elicited CD8 T cell responses following immunization by multiple vaccine platforms, and enhanced protection against B16-OVA challenges. We are currently assessing immunological mechanisms of action for this combined HDAC and BET inhibition.

Adaptive immune responses to booster vaccination against yellow fever virus are much reduced compared to those after primary vaccination

Outbreaks of Yellow Fever occur regularly in endemic areas of Africa and South America frequently leading to mass vaccination campaigns straining the availability of the attenuated Yellow Fever vaccine, YF-17D. The WHO has recently decided to discontinue regular booster-vaccinations since a single vaccination is deemed to confer life-long immune protection. Here, we have examined humoral (neutralizing antibody) and cellular (CD8 and CD4 T cell) immune responses in primary and booster vaccinees (the latter spanning 8 to 36 years after primary vaccination). After primary vaccination, we observed strong cellular immune responses with T cell activation peaking ≈2 weeks and subsiding to background levels ≈ 4 weeks post-vaccination. The number of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells declined over the following years. In >90% of vaccinees, in vitro expandable T cells could still be detected >10 years post-vaccination. Although most vaccinees responded to a booster vaccination, both the humoral and cellular immune responses observed following booster vaccination were strikingly reduced compared to primary responses. This suggests that pre-existing immunity efficiently controls booster inoculums of YF-17D. In a situation with epidemic outbreaks, one could argue that a more efficient use of a limited supply of the vaccine would be to focus on primary vaccinations.

Low hemagglutinin antigen dose influenza vaccines adjuvanted with AS03 alter the long-term immune responses in BALB/c mice

ABSTRACTWe investigated the long-term immune profiles of dose-sparing, AS03-adjuvanted vaccines compared to a traditional high-dose, unadjuvated influenza vaccine formulation. BALB/c mice received 2 IM injections of influenza A/Uruguay/716/2007 (H3N2) split vaccine antigen: high-dose (HD) (3 µg hemagglutinin (HA)/dose) or low-dose (LD) formulations (0.03 µg or 0.003 µg HA) with AS03 and were followed to 34 weeks post-boost (pb). We examined serologic responses, spleen and bone marrow (BM) HA-specific antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) by ELISpot, influenza-specific cytokine/chemokine production in re-stimulated splenocytes by multiplex ELISA, and antigen-specific CD4+ T cells that express cytokines (IL-2, IFNγ, TNFα and IL-5) by flow cytometry. All formulations elicited robust serum antibody titers that persisted for at least 34 weeks. The number of antigen-specific ASCs in the spleen and BM were higher in the 2 LD +AS03 groups, but despite having fewer ASCs, the average spot size in the HD-unadjuvanted group was larger at later time-points, suggesting greater antibody production per cell. Striking differences in the long-term profiles induced by the different vaccine formulations may contribute to these different ASC profiles. The HD-unadjuvanted vaccine elicited strong Th2 cytokines during the first 6 weeks pb but LD+AS03 groups generated broader, more durable responses at later timepoints. Finally, the 0.03 µg HA+AS03 group generated the greatest number of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells and the highest percentage of poly-functional cells that expressed 2 or more cytokines. Although all of the tested vaccines induced durable antibody responses, we show that different vaccine formulations (dose-sparing, adjuvant) generate distinct long-term immune profiles. Furthermore, our data suggest that the different profiles may be generated through unique mechanisms.