Mean Number Of Words Research Articles

Can you tell me more about that? An examination of self-disclosure in videoconference and face-to-face psychological interviewing.

Videoconference psychotherapy (VCP) is a crucial component of many health care systems, allowing for remote delivery of services. However, little is known about the mechanisms of change within VCP. Previous research has suggested that self-disclosure may be greater in VCP than face-to-face modalities and was investigated in the current study. Young adults aged 18-25 years (N = 57) were randomly allocated to face-to-face or VCP interview conditions, with measures completed pre- and post-interview. Participants completed an autobiographical memory task, requiring them to describe specific memories in response to positive and negative valence cue words. Measures included self-reported self-disclosure, blind observer-rated self-disclosure, memory specificity, and mean number of words per response. No significant differences were found between conditions with regard to self-reported self-disclosure, capacity to recall specific memories, or words uttered per response. However, observer-rated depth of self-disclosure was significantly higher for participants in the face-to-face than VCP condition. Self-disclosure and memory specificity were also significantly greater for negative than positive valence cue words, regardless of condition. The findings indicate that whilst participants may be able to draw on memories with equal ease regardless of interview modality, in VCP, emotional processing of these memories may require increased support and guidance from the therapist.

EVALUATION OF READABILITY AND RELIABILITY OF TURKISH WEBSITES ON LOW BACK PAIN

OBJECTIVE: In this study, we investigated the readability and readability of Turkish websites containing information about low back pain. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In February 2022, a search was performed by typing the word "low back pain" into Google's search engine (https://www.google.com). Commercial websites, advertising sites, chat sites, forum sites, magazine sites, sites containing only images or videos, and sites with fewer than 10 sentences were excluded from the study. Reliability scores were calculated using the mean syllable count, the mean number of words with 4 or more syllables, and Ateşman's and Bezirci-Yılmaz's scores for readability, JAMA, and DISCERN. RESULTS: The mean number of syllables and words with 4 or more syllables was 2.78 (1.68-3.20) and 3.74 (0.36-6.31), respectively. The mean Ateşman, Bezirci-Yılmaz, and readability scores were 56.10 (29.77-100.00) and 12.80 (1.88-20.01), respectively, and the JAMA and DISCERN reliability scores were 1.06 (0-2) and 43.00 (26.00-67.00), respectively. CONCLUSION: As a result of this study, it was found that the readability, quality, and reliability of texts on Turkish websites containing information about low back pain are at a very low level.

Comparison of cognitive functions in individuals with primary psychosis and substance-induced psychotic disorders

ABSTRACT Background Cognitive dysfunctions are common in patients with primary psychosis disorder (PPD) and substance-induced psychotic disorder (SIPD), and this problem is very important in the course of their treatment and relapse. The present research was done to study the cognitive functions in the patients suffering from PPD compared to the patients with SIPD. Methods In this analytical study, the study population included all patients admitted to Farabi Hospital, Kermanshah, Iran, diagnosed with PPD and SIPD, whose cognitive functions were compared using the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) and Verbal Fluency Test (VFT). Results Only the mean number of words in the first list that the patient was unable to identify (Miss) distinguished the two groups in terms of the mean RAVLT scores. Due to the number of accurate answers in the SDMT and the speed of visual search, there was no discernible difference between the PPD and SIPD groups. The results showed a significant difference between the two groups due to the total number of correct VFT word in two parts of letters and categories. Conclusion The results of the present study can be used in the treatment and rehabilitation of PPD and SIPD patients.

Family instability in childhood affects language and memory in adulthood: results from the Pró-Saúde Study, Brazil.

The study aims to investigate associations between adverse childhood psychosocial exposures and declarative memory, language, and executive function in adults with secondary schooling or more and without dementia. In 361 participants from the Pró-Saúde Study, we estimated associations between maternal educational attainment, principal source of the family´s income, food insecurity, and childhood family structure and performance in learning, word recall, and semantic and phonemic verbal fluency tests using multiple linear regression models. Individuals whose mother was the family breadwinner (mean difference: -1.97, 95%CI: -3.27; -0.72) and head-of-household (mean difference: -1.62, 95%CI: -2.89; -0.35) or who lived with a non-parental caregiver or in institutions in childhood (mean difference: -2.19, 95%CI: -4.29; -0.09) showed a reduction in the mean number of words in language and memory in adulthood. The results provide further evidence of the effect of adverse exposures in childhood. Without effective interventions, such exposures are likely to have far-reaching impacts on cognition.

Using machine learning analysis to interpret the relationship between music emotion and lyric features.

Melody and lyrics, reflecting two unique human cognitive abilities, are usually combined in music to convey emotions. Although psychologists and computer scientists have made considerable progress in revealing the association between musical structure and the perceived emotions of music, the features of lyrics are relatively less discussed. Using linguistic inquiry and word count (LIWC) technology to extract lyric features in 2,372 Chinese songs, this study investigated the effects of LIWC-based lyric features on the perceived arousal and valence of music. First, correlation analysis shows that, for example, the perceived arousal of music was positively correlated with the total number of lyric words and the mean number of words per sentence and was negatively correlated with the proportion of words related to the past and insight. The perceived valence of music was negatively correlated with the proportion of negative emotion words. Second, we used audio and lyric features as inputs to construct music emotion recognition (MER) models. The performance of random forest regressions reveals that, for the recognition models of perceived valence, adding lyric features can significantly improve the prediction effect of the model using audio features only; for the recognition models of perceived arousal, lyric features are almost useless. Finally, by calculating the feature importance to interpret the MER models, we observed that the audio features played a decisive role in the recognition models of both perceived arousal and perceived valence. Unlike the uselessness of the lyric features in the arousal recognition model, several lyric features, such as the usage frequency of words related to sadness, positive emotions, and tentativeness, played important roles in the valence recognition model.

Using an Artificial Intelligence Based Chatbot to Provide Parent Training: Results from a Feasibility Study

Online parenting training programs have shown to be effective. However, no studies on parent training programs delivered through chatbots have been reported yet. Aim. This study aims to assess the feasibility of delivering parenting skills through a chatbot. Methods. A sample of 33 parents completed a pilot feasibility study. Engagement, knowledge, net-promoters score and qualitative responses were analyzed. Results. A total of 78.8% of the sample completed the intervention. On average, participants remembered 3.7 skills out of the 5 presented and reported that they would recommend the chatbot to other parents (net promoter score was 7.44; SD = 2.31 out of 10). Overall, parents sent a mean of 54.24 (SD = 13.5) messages to the chatbot, and the mean number of words per message was 3. Main themes parents discussed with the chatbot included issues regarding their child’s habits, handling disruptive behaviors, interpersonal development, and emotional difficulties. Parents generally commented on the usefulness of the intervention and suggested improvements to the chatbot’s communication style. Conclusions. Overall, users completed the intervention, engaged with the bot, and would recommend the intervention to others. This suggests parenting skills could be delivered via chatbots.

Sentiment analysis of consumer reviews – a comparison of organic and regular food products usage

PurposeThis study aims to compare online review characteristics, review length and review sentiment score between “organic” and “regular” food products. In addition, variations in the consumer sentiment scores across the review lengths are studied.Design/methodology/approachThis study fits into the descriptive research design. From Amazon’s website, the consumer product reviews are scrapped. Using the text analytical package “sentiment” in R-Studio, we computed the sentiment scores and counted the number of words in each review. The mean sentiment scores and mean review length are compared for regular and organic products using one-way ANOVA. Sentiment score variation across review length and product class is studied through factorial ANOVA. Sample reviews of ghee and honey are used to test the hypotheses.FindingsThe review length shows a significant difference between the regular and organic products. The mean number of words in the regular products reviews is significantly lower than the mean number of words in the organic product reviews. The regular products’ mean sentiment score is significantly lower than the mean sentiment score of organic products. The mean sentiment scores are not consistent between ghee and honey. Sentiment scores are better for organic honey and regular ghee products. For regular ghee products, longer reviews result in lower sentiment scores. For regular and organic versions of honey, longer reviews are associated with better sentiment scores.Research limitations/implicationsThis study did not include the helpfulness of a review and the demographic data of the reviewers.Practical implicationsSentiment scores’ variations across the regular and organic and product categories such as ghee and honey give a comprehensive feedback to the firms. It also indirectly communicates a brand’s evaluation by the consumers and the performance feedback for an upward extension like the organic category.Social implicationsStudies on organic category give feedback for environment-friendly products and consumer attitude shift towards safer products.Originality/valueVery limited studies have reported the upward line extensions. The authors study the upward line extension organic and associated sentiment scores variation. The role of review length and its systematic influence on the sentiment scores, variations in the review due to the product nature (organic/regular) are unique contributions of this study.

원천 텍스트가 고등학생의 영어 쓰기에 미치는 영향

This study explores the effects of source texts on high school EFL students’ writing performances. The participants, consisting of four groups, were 120 high school second year students in a regular high school in a metropolitan city. Two source texts with different degrees of linguistic difficulty and topic familiarity were used. The effect of the source text was measured by comparing the participants’ pre- and post-writing products focusing on six text features (i.e., total number of words, number of sentences, mean number of words per sentence, lexical diversity, left embeddedness, and number of modifiers per noun phrase). Additionally, a questionnaire survey was also administered to obtain information about students’ perceptions of and attitudes toward the use of a source text for writing. According to the result, the effect of the source text, regardless of the linguistic difficulty, was more prominent in the increased number of words when the topic was more familiar. In addition, the survey result showed that with a proper instructional strategy writing can also be an important ingredient to develop in high school English classes. Based on the result, the study concludes that the use of a source text on a familiar topic can contribute to improving high school EFL students’ writing performances as well as enhancing their overall confidences in writing.

Syntactic complexity measures: variation by genre, grade-level, students’ writing abilities, and writing quality

Syntactic complexity has been recognized as an important construct in writing research, and for the past five decades, many syntactic complexity measures (SCMs) have been examined in numerous studies. This systematic review is the first study of its kind to synthesize 36 studies spanning from 1970 to 2019 by identifying and cataloging all SCMs examined during this period. An analysis was performed on how the use of SCMs varied by genre, grade level, students’ writing ability, and writing quality. Five online databases (Academic Search Premier, ERIC, PsycINFO, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, and PsycARTICLES) were searched. A total of 48 SCMs were grouped into six categories: T-units and sentences, clauses, phrases, words, combined measures, and other measures. Most studies examined three common SCMs: mean T-unit length, mean number of words per clause, and mean number of clauses per T-unit. The argumentative genre had the highest values for T-unit length and mean number of clauses per T-unit, which could indicate greater sentence complexity. Higher-grade-level students generally construct sentences that are syntactically complex, but comparison between studies was difficult because different studies investigated different SCMs. Although students with higher writing abilities generally construct sentences that are syntactically more complex compared to students with lower writing abilities, the findings are not conclusive, as only a few studies examined this relationship. A similarly inconclusive relationship was found between syntactic complexity and writing quality because only a few studies examined this relationship. More research is needed to examine the relationship between SCMs, writing quality, and genre.

Investigating Cognitive and Psycholinguistic Features of Translation Universals

Traditionally, translation is viewed as a reliable shield over linguistic diversity, one of the ways to ensure a target language survival. However, translation is also reported to distort a translated language due to introducing ‘the third code’ (Frawley, 1984) features. These “deforming tendencies” (Berman, 1985) destroy the translated language by erasing its natural pattern and by adding there a bundle of alien features that cause its lexical, syntactical, and stylistic deficiencies. The current study is aimed at detecting those destructive features treated in translation studies as “translation universals” (Chesterman, 2004). To this end, a psycholinguistic analysis was held to establish the use of language which is not the result of intentional, controlled processes and of which translators may not be aware. These subliminal translation-inherent processes can be traced in the use of function words that encode procedural meaning. Relevance Theory (Wilson & Sperber, 1993) explains a conceptual-procedural distinction as a major distinction made between two types of linguistically encoded information. Conceptual information expressed by content words is viewed as encoding concepts whereas words with procedural meaning contribute to the derivation of implicatures, certain ways of processing propositions. Discourse connectives, conjunctions, prepositions, particles, pronouns, modal words constitute that group of function words with procedural meaning. To uncover certain variations in the use of these linguistic units, a parallel English-Ukrainian corpus made up of an 8,000-character excerpt from Franny by J.D. Salinger, its professional translation, and forty novice translators’ target versions, was compiled.
 The corpus data were processed by Textanz and SPSS computerized tools.
 The results of the psycholinguistic analysis proved that the Ukrainian versions as contrasted to the original text contained the following S-universals: implicitation expressed through the shortage of discourse markers of global coherence, simplification due to the lack of personal pronouns, decreased mean number of words per sentence, and greater number of sentences; normalization embodied in vernacular network impoverishment due to the decreased amount of pragmatic markers and fillers, explicitation due to higher lexical variety and density rates, and rationalization as a result of abundant marking of discourse relations.
 Conclusions. Taken together, these findings have significant implications for the understanding of how procedural information processing by novice translators is manifested in translation.

English to Persian Translation Accuracy of “Rules and Regulations” of In-Ternational Banking System

This study comparatively analyzed the English to Persian translations of “rules and
 regulations” of the international banking system, at lexicon, phrase, sentence and
 paragraph levels to find out if the translations had been semantically comparable to
 their English versions. The translated texts, together with their English scource texts,
 were handed in to raters to assess and score semantically based on a three-point scale
 of “incorrect”, “fair” and “correct”. According to the results, the majority (96%) of lexicons
 had been translated correctly into Persian, while a small percentage of translated
 lexicons (3%) had a fair quality and an even smaller percentage (1%) were incorrectly
 translated. As for the phrases, most of them (86%) had been translated correctly into
 Persian, while a small percentage of translated phrases (8%) had a fair quality and an
 even smaller percentage (6%) had been incorrectly translated. Regarding sentences,
 44% of their translations had a good and 44% had fair quality, whereas some smaller
 numbers (12%) had been incorrectly translated. Compared to previous components, i.e.
 lexicon and phrases, the percentage of incorrect translations had noticeably increased
 at the level of sentence. Yet, the mean words in Persian sentences (i.e., 23.48) were
 rather similar to the source language sentences (i.e., 25.72). Regarding paragraphs, the
 majority (40%) of the translations had either a good or fair quality, while a significant
 number (20%) had been incorrectly translated. So, unlike the lexicons and phrases, a
 significant number of sentences and paragraphs had semantically been inaccurately
 translated. In addition, the mean number of words in Persian paragraphs (64.6) was
 considerably smaller than the mean words in English paragraphs (71.1).

Describing the patient experience from Yelp reviews of community pharmacies

ObjectivesTo examine the characteristics of patient experience in community pharmacies through pattern exploration techniques of the unstructured free-text data from an online review website. DesignRetrospective observational study design using structural topic model (STM) and term frequency–inverse document frequency (tf-idf) to categorize free-text data. Tf-idf scores words in terms of importance, and STM extracts latent themes from free-text data based on the co-occurrence of words in a review. Human labels were assigned to STM output, with each topic’s prevalence mapped to each level of the 1- to 5-star review ratings. Setting and participantsData were obtained from the Yelp Academic data set from April 2006 through December 2017. These data were available for analysis from certain cities in the United States, Canada, and Europe. Included reviews were filtered based on the presence of pharmacy-specific character strings (e.g., “prescri”). Main outcome measuresDescriptive statistics of Yelp review characteristics, tf-idf scores, and topics produced from STM were used to characterize the content of Yelp reviews at each star-rating level. ResultsThe filtered data set contained 4463 reviews from 964 pharmacies in 8 U.S. states. The mean (±SD) review rating was 2.97 ± 0.91. The mean number of words in a review was 135 ± 116. STM revealed 9 topics that influenced patient experiences at community pharmacies, including waiting time, service attitude, and physical store characteristics. Friendly and helpful staff accounted for 28.3% of content in 5-star ratings, whereas waiting time accounted for 19.4% of 1-star ratings. ConclusionYelp reviews provide a public look into patient experience at community pharmacies, and the reviews likely influence other patients’ decisions to use the pharmacy. Pharmacies should focus their efforts on enabling pharmacy staff to provide high-quality care and minimizing unnecessary waiting times for patients.

교수자의 피드백 제공에 따른 EFL대학생의 영어 쓰기 오류의 변화

The purpose of this study is to investigate error patterns in EFL college students’ English writing as well as their change over time, based on the teacher’s feedback. In order to accomplish this purpose, two research questions were constructed; first, what are the characteristics of Korean EFL students’ writing based on the maturity of English sentence by the T-unit analysis? Second, what types of error patterns are produced in Korean EFL students’ writing? Also, how do the error patterns change based on the teacher’s feedback over time? The participants were four Korean EFL college students, and they were asked to pre-write, draft, revise and edit until they completed their final draft. The results of pre- and post-writing test were also analyzed. The major findings are as follows: 1) The mean number of T-unit among participants was 42.25 units, and the mean number of words per T-unit was 10.95 words. 2) The most frequently committed errors were found out as lexical and morphological errors. Moreover, the rate of lexical and sentence structure errors has been dropped, whereas the rate of punctuation errors has increased as the teacher’s feedback progressed over time. Pedagogical and practical suggestions are also made on the effective teaching of English writing in Korean classroom settings.

Readability and Comprehensibility of Patient Information Leaflets for Antidiabetic Medications in Qatar.

Background:The readability and comprehensibility of the patient information leaflets (PILs) provided with antidiabetic medications are of questionable standards; this issue negatively affects adherence to drug therapy, especially in patients with limited literacy skills. Objective: To evaluate the readability and comprehensibility of PILs supplied with medications used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Qatar. Methods: All PILs of the antidiabetic medications in Qatar were evaluated using the Flesch Reading Ease (FRE) score for readability. The Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level, Gunning-Fog Index, and SMOG Grading were used to estimate the comprehensibility of PILs in terms of school grade levels. Results: A total of 45 PILs were evaluated: 32 (71.1%) PILs of brand-name products and 13 (28.9%) for generics. Nine (20%) of the PILs were in English only; 8 (17.8%) were in English, Arabic, and French; and 28 (62.2%) were in English and Arabic. The mean FRE score was 37.71 (±15.85), and the most readable PIL had FRE score of 62. The mean scores for the comprehensibility evaluations were 10.96 (±2.67), 15.02 (±2.52), and 11.41 (±1.6) for the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level, Gunning-Fog Index, and SMOG Grading, respectively. The most commonly used antidiabetic medication was metformin with 1372.9 (±552.9) as PILs' mean number of words. Conclusion: Only 2.2% of PILs had acceptable readability scores. All PILs could be comprehended by at least an 11th grade student, which exceeds the recommended grade level for health-related materials. Approximately 20% of these PILs were in English only and were not readable by most patients.

Complexity at the phrasal level in spoken L1 and very advanced L2 French

This article examines linguistic complexity in the noun phrase in spoken L1 and L2 French. Research on linguistic complexity in L2 has often concentrated on syntactic complexity, subordination in particular. In this study, we focus on syntactic complexity at the phrasal level, i.e. in the noun phrase, following the assumption put forward by Norris and Ortega (2009: 564) that internal NP complexity provides an important measure of very advanced learners. The present study examines pre- and post-modification in the noun phrase in the oral production of very advanced non-native speakers (NNS) and native speakers (NS) elicited through an on-line retelling of a clip from Modern Times. The results confirm our main hypothesis, that there are differences between NS and NNS: NS use more complex NPs, NPs with a higher mean number of words and more NPs with multiple modifiers.

Inviting Small Children to Dialogue – Scaffolding and Challenging Conversational Skills

The purpose of this study was to learn about how to scaffold and challenge conversational skills in children at an early stage in language development. Language production most often mirrors verbal comprehension, and moreover gives cues to the conversational partner to relate to and further expand upon. The presented results come from dialogues between speech and language therapists and children aged five to six whose language development has been found to be delayed for their age. However, the results are highly applicable to all children, particularly in small children during their most intensive language developing phases. The theoretical framework highlights the importance of being an active language learner, i.e. language skills are mastered by being used in social interaction. Twenty-two dialogues were video-, and audio recorded, transcribed and coded with respect to language structure and interaction. The mean number of words per turn in the children’s contributions was quantified and a qualitative analysis of the preceding turn of the elicitation strategies was performed. The results underline the importance of relating to the child’s focus without being soliciting, i.e. to comment and give feedback, rather than using many questions and imperatives.

Strengthening vocabulary for literacy: an analysis of the use of explicit instruction techniques to improve word learning from story book read-alouds

Vocabulary knowledge is an important predictor of literacy and broader academic outcomes, and children's literature is a rich source of sophisticated vocabulary. This study investigated the effect of providing instruction in word meanings as an adjunct to story-book read-aloud sessions in Grade One classrooms. The main intervention programme ran for 18 weeks over three terms in low socio-economic status (SES) schools. Two intervention models incorporating explicit instruction components were compared with existing classroom practice. Teaching a greater number of word meanings more briefly was contrasted with teaching fewer words in greater depth. Pre- and post-instruction vocabulary knowledge was assessed using curriculum-based assessments. Both explicit approaches were more effective in improving word learning than a traditional constructivist approach. Increased intensity of instruction resulted in better learning for individual words. There was no discernible carryover to scores on standardised vocabulary tests.

The Effect of Value Sequence on Value-directed Metamemory

Value-directed metamemory allows individuals to choose more important information to encode, preserve and retrieve in order to allocate their attention resources reasonably and maximize their effective memory performance when they are exposed to some information with different value. Previous research has mainly focused on the differences in value-directed metamomery between young and old people, as well as the impairment of value-directed metamemory in Alzheimer's disease and Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.However, there is little research concerning the factors affecting the level of value-directed metamomery.Value-directed metamemory improves memory efficacy by emphasizing high-value information. Therefore, it is of great importance to explore the factors promoting the Value-directed metamemory, such as the influence of value sequence on Value-directed metamemory. Value sequence refers to the Spatial or temporal sequence of value and words.In the present study, two experiments using a selectivity task were conducted to investigate the effect of value sequence on Value-directed metamemory, namely whether there was a value-sequence effect: one was to measure the memory capacity(mean number of words recalled), the other the memory efficiency/selectivity(the recall of high-value items relative to low-value items is the selectivity index, or SI). Subjects were told that they would be presented with six different lists of words, and that each list contained 12 words. They were informed that each word was paired with a number, and that this number indicated how much the word was "worth." They were told that the values ranged from 1 to 12. Their tasks were to study and recall high-value words as many as possible in order to maximize their score in the experiment. Two experiments were conducted with 2(value sequence: value-item/item-value) × 3(value category: high-value/medium-value/low-value) within-subject factorial design. Experiment 1 explored that whether there was a value-sequence effect on SI in spatial sequence of words and value, and the results showed that the main effect of value sequence was not significant on SI.Experiment 2 explored that whether there was a value-sequence effect on SI in temporal sequence of words and value, and the results showed that value-word sequence produced a better value-directed metamemory, compared with word-value sequence when item and value were presented sequentially, and the diffidence reached a distinct level.The results of 2 experiments are as follows: 1) there is no value-sequence effect when value and words are presented spatially; 2) there is a value-sequence effect when value and words are presented temporally. To be specific, the priority of value improves the level of value-directed metamemory, and also the subjects could make use of the task experience to encode, retrieve and utilize high-value words more efficiently. By contrast,the subjects' value-directed metamemory is relatively stable on the "words-value" condition, and they are not sensitive to updated task experience. In conclusion, our results reveal that there is an effect of value sequence on value-directed metamemory. The present findings do not only demonstrate how to promote people's metamemory during the learning process, but also extend the research method of value-directed metamemory.

Literacy, pregnancy and potential oral health changes: the Internet and readability levels.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the readability level and content of articles concerning pregnancy and the periodontium which are presented on internet websites. Websites were selected from Google, Yahoo, and Bing. The sites which were excluded were: commercial sites; blogs; dental office sites; sites with articles having fewer than 20 sentences; duplicated search results; and non-secure sites (N = 137). The grade level was determined from the SMOG reading index. Content was scored for specific pregnancy related periodontal content. The mean reading level was 8th grade. The mean number of words with 3 or more syllables in 20 sentences was 38.90. Articles written below the 8th grade level were more likely to recommend brushing twice a day and using a soft-bristled brush. Articles at or above the 8th grade level were more likely to discuss preterm birth and periodontal disease. One article from a national dental organization and 3 from government sites were returned from the searches. Internet articles are written across the literary spectrum. Dental organizations were not adequately represented. Many advertisements, .coms, and non-secure sites pose challenges in seeking health information. Although the internet is a useful tool, practitioners need to provide trustworthy, useful information during clinical visits and encourage national and state medical and dental organizations to provide content in response to search terms that would be typically used.

Clinical Communication in Diagnostic Imaging Studies

To examine how and why the quality of clinical communication between radiologists and referring physicians was changed in the inpatient imaging process after implementation of a hospital information system (HIS). A mixed-method study of the chest X-ray (CXR) requests and reports, and their involved processes within a pre- and post-HIS implementation setting. Documentation of patient age, patient ward, and name and signature of requesting physician decreased significantly in post-HIS CXR requests (P<0.05). However, documentation of requested position and technique increased significantly (P<0.05). In post-HIS CXR reports, documentation of patient age, patient chart number, urgent/normal status of requisition, position and technique of CXR, name of referring physician, and date of request were increased significantly (P<0.05). However, documentation of discussion for important findings was decreased significantly (P<0.05). The mean number of words in the body text of post-HIS reports was increased significantly (18.65 vs. 16.3, P = 0.00).Our qualitative findings highlighted that involving nursing and radiology staff in the communication loop between physicians and radiologists after the implementation resulted in extra steps in the workflow and more workload for them. To cope with the new workload, they adopted different workarounds that could explain the results seen in the quantitative study. The HIS improved communication of administrative and identification information but did not improve communication of clinically relevant information. The reason was traced to the complications that the inappropriate implementation of the system brought to clinical workflow and communication loop.