Number Of Wireless Sensor Nodes Research Articles

Highly Adaptive Triboelectric‐Electromagnetic Hybrid Nanogenerator for Scavenging Flow Energy and Self‐Powered Marine Wireless Sensing

AbstractWith the development of the smart ocean which contains a large number of wireless sensor nodes, it is a great demand to develop high‐performance marine energy harvesters for powering those sensors. In this work, a highly adaptive hybrid nanogenerator based on triboelectric nanogenerator and electromagnetic generator is proposed. The hybrid nanogenerator can be used for scavenging both wind energy and ocean current energy. The peak power of the hybrid nanogenerator can reach 449.74 mW, which can recharge a 50 mAh‐3.7 V Lithium battery. In addition, it is found that there is a linear relationship between the voltage frequency of the triboelectric nanogenerator and the rotation speed, indicating the hybrid nanogenerator can serve as a flow velocity sensor. A fully self‐powered marine wireless sensor node is fabricated based on the hybrid nanogenerator and management circuit. The demonstrations show that the present hybrid nanogenerator has great potential applications for marine wireless sensing in the scenarios of nearshore, offshore, and underwater.

A Deterministic Algorithm for the Deployment of Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks are made up by communicating sensor nodes that gather and elaborate information from real world in a distributed and coordinated way in order to deliver an intelligent support to human activities. They are used in many fields such as national security, surveillance, health care, biological detection, and environmental monitoring. However, sensor nodes are characterized by limited wireless communication and computing capabilities as well as reduced on-board battery power. Therefore, they have to be carefully deployed in order to cover the areas to be monitored without impairing network lifetime. This paper presents a new deterministic algorithm to solve the coverage problem of well-known areas by means of wireless sensor networks. The proposed algorithm depends on a small set of parameters and can control sensor deployment within areas even in the presence of obstacles. Moreover, the algorithm makes it possible to control the redundancy degree that can be obtained in covering a region of interest so as to achieve a network deployment characterized by a minimum number of wireless sensor nodes.

Coverage Blind Area Repair Based on Perceived Multimedia Data Driven in Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks deploy a large number of wireless sensor nodes in the monitoring area to complete the target monitoring task. The coverage effect is an important index to evaluate wireless sensor networks. The effect of network coverage is realized by the wireless sensor nodes deployed in the monitoring area, because the reasonable deployment of sensor nodes can affect the accuracy, reliability, real time, and integrity of monitoring target data collection. The main purpose of network coverage is to use the least number of wireless sensor nodes to complete the monitoring task of targets in the monitoring area and to avoid the emergence of coverage blind areas. Random node deployment, electronic equipment failure, software error, fire spread, flood, and other phenomena may lead to large-scale failure of wireless sensor nodes. For the failure of some nodes, the phenomenon of coverage blind area appears in the network. In order to repair the coverage blind area in the network, a coverage blind area repair algorithm for wireless sensor networks is proposed in this article. The coverage blind area attracts the nodes, makes the nodes move, and repairs the coverage blind area in the network.

Selection of Number and Locations of Multi-Sensor Nodes Inside Greenhouse

One of the possible solutions for meeting the rising food demands is to opt for wireless sensor networks (WSN) monitored intelligent greenhouses. Such greenhouses require wireless sensor nodes rather than individual sensors to monitor and control the various parameters responsible for the growth of the plants. The appropriate selection of the number of wireless sensor nodes and their placement is crucial for optimizing the cost of the wireless sensor network by minimizing the number of sensor nodes as well as the measurement error. This paper extends the two techniques, namely, equal step (ES) and equal segment area (ESA) techniques, reported earlier for the selection of the number and locations of sensors to suit multi-sensor nodes inside a greenhouse. It also compares these techniques with the equal-spacing approach. The multi-sensor nodes considered here have temperature and luminosity sensors. Initial locations of the multi-sensor nodes have been fixed on the basis of temperature profile on the premise that temperature is the most important parameter for the growth of the plants. Evaluation of these techniques has been done on the basis of the root of the sum of square errors (RSSE) of the individual parameters. The ESA technique has been found to be better than the ES technique for the assumed temperature and luminosity profiles. In the future, this work may be extended to other situations where other than temperature is the most important parameter. The other direction in which the work can be extended may be considering the 2D or even 3D distribution of sensors.

Multiobjective fuzzy knowledge‐based bacterial foraging optimization for congestion control in clustered wireless sensor networks

SummaryWireless sensor networks (WSNs) include a number of wireless sensor nodes distributed in a geographical area. Due to the intrinsic and functional nature of WSNs, these networks face many challenges such as limited energy resources of sensor nodes and the routing congestions. Clustering is the most common routing approach to control congestion and achieve energy efficiency in WSNs, which ultimately prolongs the network lifetime. In the cluster‐based routing protocols, optimal selection of cluster heads (CHs) is an NP‐hard problem, and consequently, heuristic and metaheuristic algorithms can be employed to obtain a near‐optimal solution. In this paper, a fuzzy knowledge‐based metaheuristic model based on multiobjective fuzzy inference system (moFIS) and bacterial foraging optimization (BFO), named moFIS‐BFO, is proposed as an efficient routing protocol for clustered WSNs. In the moFIS‐BFO model, the moFIS is utilized to calculate the chance of each node for becoming a CH based on different criteria including degree difference, residual energy, total distance to neighbors, and distance to the base station. Taking into account the calculated chances of nodes, the BFO is employed to select proper CHs at every round. To control the queue in cluster headings, a priority ranking method is used to control congestions and avoid packet wastages. Simulation results demonstrate the superiority of the moFIS‐BFO protocol against the existing techniques to control congestion and prolong the network lifetime.

Solar Wireless Sensor Nodes for Condition Monitoring of Freight Trains

The objective of this work is to present the design and testing of a Wireless Sensor Network, powered by solar energy, to be installed on freight trains with the purpose of performing on-board monitoring operations. A complete Wireless Sensor Network requires a certain number of Wireless Sensor Nodes, installed in significant points of a vehicle, provided with sensors and capable of elaborating raw data, transmitting them via wireless network as synthesis information to an on-board control unit. The on-board control unit periodically communicates the data gathered from different sensors to a ground central control unit through the Internet. Each Wireless Sensor Node needs to be powered independently. To achieve this purpose a small solar panel was used to provide the Wireless Sensor Node with the necessary amount of energy. Integrated circuits were designed for power management, acquisition, elaboration and wireless transmission of data and analyzed in terms of performances and energy consumption. The communication protocol between the Wireless Sensor Node and the control unit was first laboratory-tested and finally the whole system was installed on a real wagon, and on-field tests were conducted for a period of almost one year.

Mutual Aid Among Sensors: An Emergency Function for Sensor Networks

A large number of wireless sensor nodes in a certain area results in high contention. Inevitably, the transmissions of any possible critical data packets may fail due to collisions. In this letter, we introduce an aspect of human intelligence in wireless sensor networks, influenced by cooperative networking, which enhances the timely delivery of critical data. Mutual aid among sensors is an emergency out-of-the-box medium access control function for IEEE 802.15.4-2020. Specifically, the network coordinator detects critical data packets and sets an emergency flag to its next beacon to inform the nodes that they may overhear data packets. When a node overhears a critical data packet from a neighboring node, it switches to sleep mode and stays idle until the end of the superframe. Thus, interference is mitigated locally and temporarily. Simulation results, using the CC2650 radio parameters in OMNeT++, show that interference is reduced significantly, in favor of the timely delivery of critical data packets.

Design of Digital Aerial Photography System for UAV based on Wireless Sensor Network

The traditional UAV aerial photography system has the disadvantages of unclear imaging, low system efficiency and poor flight control effect. Thus, a digital aerial photography system based on wireless sensor network is proposed. Firstly, the principle of aerial photography system is analyzed, and the wireless sensor network is set up. A large number of wireless sensor nodes are deployed in the interval, and functions such as wireless communication and calculation are completed by nodes; the SN-RN data acquisition layer, the RN-UAV relay transmission layer and the UAV-DC mobile aggregation layer are designed to form a wireless sensor network architecture, and the UAV digital aerial photography technology is combined to form the wireless sensor network. Experiments show that the medium error, maximum error and medium error limit of the digital aerial photography of the UAV are low, the total working time of the system is short, and the accuracy of the flight execution of the UAV is maintained between 93%-95%, and always stable. Therefore, the overall imaging effect of this method is better, the system work efficiency is higher, the system control effect is better, and it is more practical and advantageous.

Enhancing sensor network sustainability with fuzzy logic based node placement approach for agricultural monitoring

Wireless sensor networks are widely used in many areas such as underground monitoring, underwater monitoring, and agricultural monitoring. Agricultural monitoring is mostly used in rural areas by farmers with the aim of increasing agricultural productivity. Therefore, the technique of determining the locations where sensor nodes are located in terms of cost and sustainability is very important. The locations where the nodes are located affect the probability of the target region that is within the detection area of a sensor node, relay node, and their connection to the collector station. In this article, a new approach is proposed in which a large number of sensor nodes are placed over a wide agricultural area. In addition, fuzzy logic-based relay selection approach is proposed to enhance network sustainability for agricultural monitoring. Sensor nodes are considered to sense values such as temperature, humidity, pressure, etc. in an agricultural area. Sensor nodes are placed to cover the entire agricultural region to detect these parameters. The values sensed by the sensor nodes are collected by the collector station, which is stationary in the center. The simulation model of the proposed approach was carried out using the Riverbed Modeler software. Thanks to the proposed node placement and relay node selection approaches, it is provided to monitor a certain agricultural area with the least number of wireless sensor nodes.

Improvement of LEACH Algorithm Based on Inter-Cluster Ring Routing Strategy

Wireless Sensor Network (Wireless Sensor Network, WSN) is a self-organizing network formed by a large number of wireless sensor nodes through radio communication [1]. The sensor nodes in the network cooperate with each other to monitor and collect the object information in the observation area, and the information is transmitted to the users who need this information after data fusion processing. It is often deployed in harsh environments, such as oceans, deep forests, and deserts. At the same time, the sensor nodes in the network are powered by batteries [2]. These external factors make it impossible to replace batteries manually. Therefore, energy is an important resource for wireless sensor networks [3]. In this paper, aiming at the problems of LEACH inter-cluster communication, from the perspective of energy saving, an improved strategy using inter-cluster ring routing is proposed. This strategy first abstracts all sensor nodes into a ring system model during the network topology formation stage. In the data transmission stage, a ring transmission strategy is adopted, and nodes on the ring are used to randomly and evenly undertake data transmission tasks, so the imbalance of energy consumption of sensor nodes can be effectively reduced. Simulation experiments show that this strategy can extend the network life cycle to a certain extent.

Design, Development and Realization of Flexible Programmable Low-cost Wireless Sensor Nodes for Industrial Application Using IOT

One of the promising application of IoT is Remote monitoring system, this kind of system is used in various fields of engineering and agriculture. In this type of systems number of wireless sensor nodes is deployed for remote monitoring and these nodes are capable of acquiring data for further processing. In this paper we have designed low-cost wireless sensor node (WSN) which uses At-tiny85 and Nordic nRF24L01, working at 2.4 GHz frequency in ISM band. We designed a wireless node which is flexible in case of interfacing any sensor and can send that sensor data to one master reader. The reader is itself a gateway which can send data to cloud. User can see that data on the designed dashboard online in any web enabled device he prefers. For programming all the feature on Attiny85, Arduino IDE Application has been used, PCB design has been made on Eagle PCB, and for data collection on IoT MQTT Protocol has been used with a software called MQTT FX.

Energy constrained clustering routing method based on particle swarm optimization

Wireless sensor networks are made up of a large number of wireless sensor nodes which are exploited to sense parameters in environment such as temperature, moisture level, pressure, light intensity, vibration, and so on. In order to effectively reduce energy consumption of WSN, this paper proposes a novel energy constrained clustering routing method based on particle swarm optimization. The simulation results show that proposed method can achieve better overall performance for both energy consumption and network lifetime.

An Enhanced Vitality Efficient and Reliable Wireless Sensor Networks with CRT-Based Packet Breaking Scheme

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) consist of a large number of wireless sensor nodes dispersed in an area of interest with one or more base stations mainly used in monitoring our environment and also for physical conditions. It has been established that energy is the most constraining factor on the functionality of such networks because they are powered with limited energy and replacement of power resources might be unfeasible. Duty Cycling and In-Network Aggregation could be used to reduce energy consumption but energy saving is obtained at the expense of an increased node complexity and network latency. However, in order to reduce energy consumption and increase reliability, nodes only need to send small packet to the sink. A secured and energy efficient wireless sensor network using Chinese Remainder Theorem (CRT) based packet splitting algorithm is therefore proposed. This technique involves splitting the messages sent by the source node of a wireless sensor network so that the maximum number of bits per packet that a node has to forward is reduced which decreases the energy consumption of the network. However, it also increases the message security because the remainders of sensed data are sent instead of data itself, the received packet is encrypted and for decrypt the message, need to have the moduli set which serves as the secret key. The results obtained shows the proposed algorithm outperforms traditional approaches in terms of energy saving, reliability, simplicity and fair distribution of energy consumption among all nodes in the network as well as reduction in end-to-end delay.

Stand-Alone and Cooperative Deep Sleep for Battery-Driven Optical Network Unit

In the era of the Internet of Things (IoT), the access network should provide Internet connectivity to huge numbers of wireless sensor nodes that are collecting data. For most sensor nodes, the macro cells of cellular networks provide cost-effective connectivity. However, covering the remaining nodes, which are either in the out-of-service state or have short-range wireless interfaces only, is a difficult issue. For example, when deploying small cells densely to provide fuller node coverage, the cost of the small cells should be well considered. From the perspective of economy, small cells that use the passive optical network (PON) and moderately priced wireless interfaces, called fiber-wireless (Fi-Wi) in this paper, seem the most promising candidates. However, the flexibility in Fi-Wi system deployment is strictly constrained by the need for a stable power source. Because most of the PON systems have been developed for fiber to the home (FTTH), the gateway node on the customer premise continuously consumes power and thus requires a stable power source. Therefore, the key issue is how to reduce the power consumption of the Fi-Wi gateway node drastically enough to run continuously with only battery and/or solar power. Additionally, the power-saving approach must meet the requirements of the IoT applications at the same time. We focus on the deep sleep approach, which turns off almost all the components, with significant power savings at the cost of a drop in quality of service (QoS). This paper proposes methods to control the deep sleep while assuring successful packet reception.

A Hybrid Novel Perspective of Secure Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks

Background/Objectives: Mobile sensor nodes are the key prerequisite for many ecological and non-attended applications of Wireless Sensor Networks. The key objective of this work is to extend the security of roaming nodes to attain the secure routing in WSN. Methods/Statistical analysis: Mobility of sensor nodes upsurges security disputes in WSNs and correspondingly it issusceptible to several types ofattacks. We have incorporated the prominentkey distribution tactics like key pre-distribution, hierarchical key management schemes, pair-wise key agreement and group key based key agreement in proposed secure framework. Findings: Active wireless sensor network have two utmost issues namely the authentication of mobile nodes and security in communication by means of key distribution. Till the time, many WSN’s security practitioners and researchers deliberated about security in WSN in the static environment. Although the schemes available in the literature are secure and effective, they are not adequate for secure roaming WSN’s scenario. In this article, we have recommended a hybrid novel perspective of secure routing in WSN. The proposed scheme has been exceedingly effective under dynamic environment and accomplishes significant improvement than existing system in terms of packet delivery ratio, and normalized routing overhead by achieving efficient energy usage. Applications/Improvements: We use this novel standard for evaluating the performance of existing traditional secure routing tactics and the proposed secure routing mechanism in static as well as dynamic scenario for several number of wireless sensor nodes. The results deliberated in the last section of this article depicts that the proposed framework for secure routing in WSN is adequatelyappropriate and precise for dynamic WSN applications.

Cluster Head Election with Hexagonal Node Deployment Technique in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are a network of large number of wireless sensor nodes deployed over a wide geographical area. The sensor nodes have a limited amount of memory as well as power. Excess extent of energy is dissipated during data transmission to the base station (sink) from normal sensor nodes. The efficient way of prolonging the lifetime of sensor nodes is clustering which optimizes the energy dissipation of WSNs. In this paper, a homogenous clustering algorithm based on fuzzy logic has been proposed in which cluster head election is done with the help of two fuzzy descriptors namely residual energy and proximity distance. The sensor nodes have been hexagonally deployed in the homogenous environment. This covers the sensing area efficiently along with reducing the redundancy in data being transmitted by the sensor nodes. This algorithm has been compared with the low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) protocol. The simulation results show that the proposed approach outperforms the LEACH protocol in terms of number of data packets transmitted to base station, energy consumption and prolonged network lifetime.

Delay-Aware Data Collection Network Structure For WSN

Wireless sensor networks utilize large numbers of wireless sensor nodes to collect information from their sensing terrain. Wireless sensor nodes are battery-powered devices. Energy saving is always crucial to the lifetime of a wireless sensor network. Recently, many algorithms are proposed to tackle the energy saving problem in wireless sensor networks. There are strong needs to develop wireless sensor networks algorithms with optimization priorities biased to aspects besides energy saving. In this project, a delay-aware data collection network structure for wireless sensor networks is proposed based on Multi hop Cluster Network. The objective of the proposed network structure is to determine delays in the data collection processes. The path with minimized delay through which the data can be transmitted from source to destination is also determined. AODV protocol is used to route the data packets from the source to destination.

SRDA: Smart Reputation-Based Data Aggregation Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network

Wireless sensor network is a self-organizing multihop network, which is composed of a large number of wireless sensor nodes and usually deployed in unattended environment to collect target information. At present, WSN is facing a growing range of security threats owing to its wireless and resource-constrained characteristics. Compromised sensor nodes can easily corrupt data accuracy and integrity by falsifying sensed information, selectively forwarding or misdirecting received data packets during the process of data aggregation. To solve these security problems, we propose a smart reputation-based data aggregation protocol for WSNs (SRDA) that can provide adequate protection of data accuracy and integrity for wireless sensor network. The simulation results indicate that SRDA can effectively identify the compromised nodes and isolate them from the network by the deployment of the smart reputation system.

Performance Optimization of Forward Aware Factor -Energy Balanced Routing Protocol In Wireless Sensor Networks

A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of a large number of wireless sensor nodes. Since wireless sensor nodes are battery powered devices, they have limited processing and transmission power. In order to transmit sensing data to receiver effectively, it is important to design a routing protocol for WSNs. Since energy conservation is a key issue in WSNs, data aggregation should be exploited in order to save energy. In this case, redundant data can be aggregated at intermediate nodes reducing the size and number of exchanged messages and, thus, decreasing communication costs and energy consumption. This paper propose a Forward Aware Factor-Energy Balanced Routing Method (FAF-EBRM). In the experiments, this method is compared with LEACH. Experimental results show that this method FAF-EBRM outperforms LEACH, which balances the energy consumption, prolongs the network function lifetime and provides the best aggregation quality . Keywords: forward aware factor(FAF), Energy balance, Routing, Wireless sensor networks(WSNs).

Energy Balanced Routing Method for In-Network Data Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks

A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of a large number of wireless sensor nodes. Since wireless sensor nodes are battery powered devices, they have limited processing and transmission power. In order to transmit sensing data to receiver effectively, it is important to design a routing protocol for WSNs. Since energy conservation is a key issue in WSNs, data aggregation should be exploited in order to save energy. In this case, redundant data can be aggregated at intermediate nodes reducing the size and number of exchanged messages and, thus, decreasing communication costs and energy consumption. This paper propose an Enhanced Forward Aware Factor-Energy Balanced Routing Method (EFAF-EBRM) based on Data aggregation technique that has some key aspects such as a reduced number of messages for setting up a routing tree, maximized number of overlapping routes, high aggregation rate, and reliable data aggregation and transmission.. In the experiments, proposed method is compared with FAF-EBRM and LEACH. Experimental results show that proposed method outperforms FAF-EBRM and LEACH, which balances the energy consumption, prolongs the network function lifetime and provides the best aggregation quality .