Number Of Wind Power Plants Research Articles

EXAMINATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE LOCATION OF WIND PLANTS AND THE EARTHQUAKE RISK: CASE STUDY TÜRKİYE

The significance of renewable energy resources has become increasingly prominent in light of the global population growth and the inadequacy of existing energy sources. Among these resources, wind energy stands out as a highly efficient option for sustainable power generation worldwide. Türkiye, with its capacity to accommodate both onshore and offshore wind turbines, has emerged as an attractive hub in this field. Given Türkiye's favourable geographical location, wind energy holds great potential in the country. Consequently, there has been a steady rise in the number of wind power plants established for electricity generation in Türkiye, along with an increase in their installed power capacity. However, the regions hosting these wind power plants face dynamic challenges, such as the risk of earthquakes, which can jeopardize their continuous operation. This study focuses on providing a comprehensive analysis of the causes of wind turbine damage, offering statistical insights into this subject. Additionally, the study discusses the various factors influencing the selection of suitable locations for wind turbine power plants, while also exploring relevant international laws and regulations. To initiate the research, an initial step involves creating a map illustrating the existing wind turbine plant locations. The study also presents statistical data regarding the distribution of wind turbine plants in earthquake-prone regions. Subsequently, by considering the earthquake map established in Türkiye's 2018 earthquake regulation, an assessment of earthquake risks is conducted based on the existing wind turbine power plant locations. As a result, new locations characterized by low earthquake risk and high wind efficiency are proposed for future wind power plant projects.

Research on Temperature Control of Mass Concrete of Fan Foundation

In recent years, wind power, as a new energy source, has its unique advantages. Under the push of the country, the number of wind power plants is increasing. Based on a wind power plant project in Shanxi Province, temperature field simulation is carried out for the construction of large volume concrete fan foundation, and field temperature monitoring and early acoustic emission monitoring experiments are carried out. The development trend of the temperature field inside the mass concrete is obtained, which reflects the temperature change inside the foundation in real time, and the rule between temperature and acoustic emission signal is found, which plays a certain guiding significance for the construction of mass concrete.

EJECTION WIND POWER PLANT

The article covers issues related to non-traditional sources of electricity, namely wind energy. It is shown that every year wind energy is used on an increasingly large scale in order to satisfy the need of mankind for reliable and environmentally friendly sources of energy. It is noted that in many European countries a significant amount of energy was produced in wind energy, which is approximately 2% of its global consumption. In the developed countries of Europe, wind energy already makes up a fairly significant share of all electricity. Compared to the countries of Western Europe and the Mediterranean, Ukraine is a windless region, where winds blow more stably only in the Carpathians and on the Azov coast. Despite this, a significant number of wind power plants have already been built in Ukraine. The wind speed for the operation of industrial wind power plants must be at least 3 m/s. As a result of weak wind or its temporary absence, wind turbines operate on average at 35% of the calculated capacity. The goal of the research is to develop an ejection wind power plant that can operate at 100% of the calculated capacity due to the creation of a constant upward flow of air. The article proposes the design of an ejection vertical wind power plant, which will ensure efficient operation and will be able to operate at 100% of the calculated capacity. The methodology uses an analytical research method, which is based on the calculations of the main indicators of the ejection power plant. Also, the methodology provides means of determining the speed of the air flow, which ensures the efficient operation of power plants. In the work, the calculations of the speed of the air flow on the ejection wind intake, the dynamic pressure of the fan, the impulse of the force of the air flow on the rotor blade, the projected power, and the payback period were performed. The indicators of the linear movement of the fairing, which is in the design of the ejection power plant, depending on the drop in atmospheric pressure, are given. The developed ejection wind power plant will ensure electronic independence, environmental protection, operational safety and economy.

Development of Wind Energy and the Installed Wind Power Plants in Turkey

This article analyses the development of wind energy in Turkey - the number and capacity of installed wind generators, as well as the generated electricity. It was established that the number of wind power plants is 99 with a total installed capacity of 3933 MW, and the amount of electricity produced by wind power plants is 17909.3 GWh / year. Turkey has been shown to have great potential for developing electricity generation from offshore wind farms. The increase in the number of offshore wind turbines in the coming years is expected to increase the relative share of renewable sources in the country’s energy mix, to contribute to the technological and industrial development of the regions, to produce electricity from renewable and environmentally friendly sources and to reduce the country’s energy dependence. It has been established that there are appropriate conditions in Turkey for the development of wind energy and preconditions have been created for achieving the target for promoting the use of renewable energy sources by 2023.

INTEGRATION OF WIND POWER PLANTS TO THE GRID AND REACTIVE POWER SUPPORT

The conversion of wind energy into electrical energy is one of the most environmentally sustainable methods of energy today. According to statistics published by the World Wind Energy Association, the total capacity of wind turbines installed worldwide at the beginning of 2019 exceeded 598 GW. Looking at the situation in Turkey, the number of wind power plants under operation is 180 according to published statistics at January 2019 by the Turkish Wind Energy Association. The total installed capacity of these power plants is 7369.35 MW. By the increasing of wind power capacity, the connection criteria of the power plants which are taken over to the grid become more critical. Although there are systems that are clean, renewable, and reduce external dependence on energy, power quality problems can occur in the grid connections of all wind power plants. In this respect, the grid connection criteria of wind turbines of the countries are essential. The connection requirements of wind turbines in Turkey, on April 22, 2017, revised Turkish Grid Code are determined under Appendix-18. Wind power plants connect to the grid from a medium voltage or high voltage level. At the grid connection point, there are some conditions that the plant must be met like changing wind conditions, switching, fault, etc. These requirements can be summarized as reactive power support, frequency response, contribution to the post-fault system. In this study, the reactive power capacity of a 9x3.6 MW Wind Power Plant to the grid is simulated and investigated.

An intelligent wind power plant coalition formation model achieving balanced market penetration growth and profit increase

Forming coalitions of wind power plants (WPPs) has frequently been studied as a solution for effective renewable energy management [14–22]. Due to the volatility of renewable energy generation, WPPs tend to conservatively bids in a day-ahead market to avoid huge penalties for failure to deliver the appointed amount of energy. Hence, such a coalition among WPPs lessens the risk of delivery failure and motivates WPPs to generate more energy. However, as the size of the coalition increases, the total supply bid grows and therefore the wholesale unit price is decreasing [15]. Hence, WPPs tend to strategically lower their bid to keep market prices from decreasing too much to avoid less profit. It harms the market penetration growth of renewable energy. In our study, we propose an intelligent coalition formation model to deal with the trade-off between the profits of individual WPPs increase and a market penetration growth. Our model is especially applicable to heterogeneous WPPs. We validate that our model achieves more profit of WPPs and higher market penetration than other models under specific conditions. The fairness regarding WPP profits are also improving as the heterogeneity of WPPs is larger, and the number of WPPs is increasing.

To Be or Not to Be…? Part II: Is Global Climate Change a Reality or a Means of Slavery?

This paper is a development of ideas presented in a previous publication, “To be or not to be…? Part I. Does global climate change a future reality?” The events that occurred in the world after the publication of Part I in this series have supported the idea that celestial influences on the earth’s climate prevail above all other influences. Some negative influence on the climate may arise from the destruction of air streams that have naturally existed for thousands of years in the Atlantic by the growing number of wind power plants. This development, which is harmful for the environment, was propagated by hysteria relating to “global climate change”. This will be discussed in this paper, in addition to the issues already presented previously in Part I, regarding the harm created by “fire-stick farming”. The hysteria relating to “global climate change” is mainly propagated by, and for, the big business corporations—which are “the State” and “the Law” on Earth—to drain the world’s population and some of the oil producing countries of money. This hysteria commenced as a social, geopolitical, and economic event, directed against militarization of the Russian Federation by using the oil money, and against some socially undesirable regimes as it was in Venezuela. Generally, big money-holders govern beyond the laws and the national governments. They would like to impose an additional economical yoke on the population of the earth.

Low Voltage Ride-Through Capability Solutions for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Wind Generators

Due to the increasing number of wind power plants, several countries have modified their grid codes to include specific requirements for the connection of this technology to the power system. One of the requirements is the ride-through fault capability (RTFC), i.e., the system capability to sustain operation during voltage sags. In this sense, the present paper intends to investigate the behavior of a full-converter wind generator with a permanent magnet synchronous machine during symmetrical and asymmetrical voltage sags. Two solutions to improve the low voltage ride-through capability (LVRT) of this technology are analyzed: discharging resistors (brake chopper) and resonant controllers (RCs). The design and limitations of these solutions and the others proposed in the literature are discussed. Experimental results in a 34 kW test bench, which represents a scaled prototype of a real 2 MW wind conversion system, are presented.

INVESTIGATION OF WIND POWER GENERATION IN LITHUANIA

New Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources leads to rapid increase in the number of wind power plants and penetration of wind power into power systems. Highly variable and poorly predictable generation of wind power leads to serious concerns for power systems regarding control of their operation regimes and power generation balancing. Solution to these and other issues requires knowledge of potential and likely deviations of probabilistic variations in wind power generation, interdependencies of wind power generation variances between wind power parks and power system loads, parameters of wind speed and direction, etc. Successful integration of wind power plants into power systems demands appropriate assessment of all the types of required power generation reserves, research of wind power generation balancing by distributed power plants, possibilities for energy accumulation and variable load. For the purpose of solving these tasks it is necessary to determine probability parameters and interdependencies characteristic of power plants utilizing renewable energy as precisely as possible.

Estimation of lightning vulnerability points on wind power plants using the rolling sphere method

The escalating number of wind power plants in many countries makes their reliability and safety of crucial importance. One of the main causes of damages for wind power plants is constituted by lightning. Hence, appropriate tools for the lightning protection of wind power plants are required. We have developed a new computer program in Visual Basic, LPS 2008, which runs over AutoCAD and is able to perform risk assessment on a structure or on a service due to lightning flashes to ground. Computer simulations obtained by using LPS 2008 are presented, and conclusions are duly drawn.

Wind power plants and the conservation of birds and bats in Spain: a geographical assessment

The number of wind power plants installed in Spain has increased dramatically, and many are located in important wildlife areas. This paper explores the geographical overlap of wind power plants with the ranges of flying vertebrate species. The list of animals studied includes bats, soaring birds, and other birds that may be killed by turbines. Results show that the 10 × 10 km UTM squares occupied by wind power plants fell within the range of more bat and bird species than squares free of these infrastructures. For species included in the Spanish Red List, there were more wind power plants than expected inside the range of two raptors (Neophronpercnopterus and Circuspygargus) and less than expected in six species (Ciconianigra, Aquilaadalberti, HieraetusfasciatusMyotiscapaccinii, Rhinolophusmehelyi and Myotismyotis). The rest of endangered species (15) had a range occupation similar to that predicted by random sampling, a result that reflects a poor strategy to prevent the overlap. These patterns may be explained by the small amount of overlap of the range of many of these animals with the windiest areas in Spain, where wind power plants are concentrated today. However, this situation is changing rapidly with the densification and expansion of wind power plants promoted under the Spanish Plan of Renewable Energies. This may produce the occupation of many areas important to bird and bat conservation, and therefore preventive measures should be implemented to protect these species and their habitats.

Investigation of the Behaviour of Wind Turbines under Low Turbulence Wind Conditions and Their Interaction with the Distribution Grid

Due to the increasing number of wind power plants all over the world, many studies have been carried out to assess the interaction of such plants with the distribution grid. The electrical power generated by wind turbines is strongly affected by fluctuations in the wind speed and structural vibration excitation, leading to undesired disturbances on the electrical grid. In Brazil, the interest for such systems is considerable. This paper presents the results of measurements carried out at the Brazilian Wind Energy Centre (BWEC) in order to analyze the behavior of a 30kW wind turbine and its influence on the distribution grid, under transient/steady state (nearly constant wind) conditions and, also, under special vibration conditions. The low turbulence wind condition is one of the characteristics of the “trade winds” acting on the northeast Brazilian coast.