Number Of Washing Cycles Research Articles

Salt removal from coal flotation product filter cakes using counter-current and displacement washing

Water reuse is a common practice to alleviate water scarcity concerns and mitigate their environmental footprint in coal processing facilities. Nevertheless, water reuse leads to the accumulation of various organic and inorganic substances, including salt and residual reagents in the processing water, potentially leading to the retention of soluble impurities within the coal product. Residual impurities may result in a reduction in the quality of coal products. Salt and moisture retention has become a common issue on-site, but there lacks a proper solution currently. To resolve this industrial problem, investigations were carried out for the effects of washing on removing inorganic impurities from the cake during filtration. Filter cakes were prepared from flocculated metallurgical coal in process water. Two washing methods were trialled namely counter-current washing and displacement washing. Regarding washing efficiency, counter-current washing tended to produce cakes with higher specific resistance, which caused longer filtration time. Displacement washing, however, showed increased filtration time, though to a lesser extent. In addition, washing with different washing liquid ratios for multiple wash cycles showed that the filtration time, specific cake resistance, and medium resistance increased with the number of wash cycles. The analysis of the filtrate indicated that utilising a strategy of displacement washing with a washing ratio of 1:20 yielded the most effective removal of salt. The filter cakes were analysed using the μCT imaging technique to gain insights into the pore structure of the cake at a microscopic level. There was a significant change in the cake structure, where the pore profile was more evenly distributed and smaller when the cake was washed by displacement washing.

Yield and Technological Quality of Pirarucu Trimming Surimi According to the Number of Washing Cycles, Rice Flour Content, and Cooking Temperature.

This research aimed to optimize surimi production with innovative raw materials called pirarucu trimmings and broken rice grains, which are by-products from food industries. The effects of three independent variables (number of washing cycles, content, and cooking temperature of rice flour-RF) on surimi's physical, chemical, and technological qualities were investigated through a Box-Behnken design. The number of washing cycles affected yield (77-93%), moisture (55-67%), lipids (18-35%), protein (7.15-11.88%), whiteness (46.73-64.45), chroma (8.86-13.18), hue angle (80.79-93.12°), cohesiveness (0.40-0.61), springiness (0.51-0.99), and freeze stability after 4 weeks (85.16-96.53%). RF concentration affected moisture, lipids, cohesiveness, springiness, and freeze-thaw stability after 4 weeks. RF cooking temperature affected moisture, chroma, cohesiveness, and springiness. The optimal conditions for surimi production with high yield and overall quality were three washing cycles, 6% of RF, and RF cooking temperature at 85 °C. It reveals the promising potential of both by-products to be used as an ingredient in restructured products and contribute to improving agri-industry sustainability.

Structure, Morphology, and Surface Chemistry of Surgical Masks and Their Evolution up to 10 Washing Cycles

The Covid-19 crisis has led to a massive surge in the use of surgical masks worldwide, causing risks of shortages and high pollution. Various decontamination techniques are currently being studied to reduce these risks by allowing the reuse of masks. In this study, surgical masks were washed up to 10 times, each cycle under the same conditions. The consequences of the washing cycles on the structure, fiber morphology, and surface chemistry have been studied through several characterization techniques: scanning electron microscopy, wetting angle measurements, infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectrons spectroscopy. The washing process did not induce large changes in the hydrophobicity of the surface, the contact angle remaining constant throughout the cycles. The composition observed in the IR spectrum also remained unchanged for washed masks up to 10 cycles. Some slight variations were observed during X-ray analysis: the crystallinity of the fibers as well as the size of the crystals increases with the number of wash cycles. The XPS analysis shows that after 10 cycles, the surface of the masks underwent a slight oxidation. In the SEM images, changes were observed in the arrangement of the fibers, which are more visible the more times the mask has been washed: they align themselves in bundles, form areas with holes in the mask layer, and are crushed in some areas.

Influence of Centrifugation Cycles of Natural Rubber Latex on Final Properties of Uncrosslinked Deproteinized Natural Rubber.

Natural rubber latex (NRL) is a polymer (blend) extracted from the milky sap of para rubber trees. Due to being a natural biopolymer, NRL contains various proteins that may be allergenic to humans when in skin contact. Attempts have been made to use deproteinized natural rubber (DPNR) instead of impure NRL, and the final properties of these two types of rubber tend to differ. Thus, the correlations between their chemistry and properties are of focal interest in this work. DPNR was prepared by incubating NRL with urea, followed by aqueous washing/centrifugation. The physical, mechanical, and dynamic properties of incubated NRL before and after washing/centrifugation were examined to distinguish its influences from those of incubation with urea. According to the findings, the proteins, phospholipids, and chain entanglements were responsible for natural polymer networks formed in the NR. Although the proteins were largely removed from the latex by incubation, the properties of high ammonia natural rubber (HANR) were still maintained in its DPNR form, showing that other network linkages dominated over those contributed by the proteins. In the incubated latex, the naturally occurring linkages were consistently reduced with the number of wash cycles.

Texture and viscoelastic characteristics of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) surimi affected by combination of washing regimes and hydrogen peroxide.

This study aimed to apply H2 O2 at different concentrations in combination with mince:water (M:W) ratios and different washing cycles (WCs) to produce surimi gel from silver carp without compromising its quality characteristics. Color, texture, microstructure, and rheological properties of surimi gels were investigated. Water holding capacity, texture profile, and gel strength showed a greater dependency on number of WCs than the M:W ratios and percentage of H2 O2 (p < .05), that is, higher WCs, firmer surimi gel. Accordingly, T2 (one WC, 2% H2 O2 , 1:3), T10 (two WC, 1% H2 O2 , 1:2), and T16 (three WC, 1% H2 O2 , 1:2) treatments resulted the most cohesive and resilient surimi compared with the rest (p < .05), confirmed by scanning electron microscopy images. However, all treated fish mince samples with H2 O2 , resulted in a surimi gel with lower texture quality compared with the control surimi prepared by conventional washing process without H2 O2 (p < .05). A temperature sweep test was conducted based on the linear viscoelastic region stress and frequency values and the aforementioned surimi gels exhibited an obvious valley shape pattern at temperature range of 48-62°C. In the creep-recovery test, the Burgers model satisfactorily described the internal structure of the surimi gel samples as the lowest deformation belonged to the control samples followed by T2. However, after 300 s strain, neither of surimi gels were fully recovered their original shape. Altogether, further studies are needed to clarify the effects of H2 O2 in reduction of WCs, without significantly affecting the textural and rheological properties of resultant surimi gel.

Fuzzy Logic Based Controller Design for a Typical Industrial Application Problem

In this paper, the fuzzy logic-based controller design for a typical industrial application problem is presented in brief with the hardwired model of the designed unit. This paper includes the plan and execution of mechanized clothing in a firm. The clothing has a washtub having a limit of around 60 kgs. The plan consolidates exceptional equipment to peruse the information from sensors in the tub like-the cleanser ought to be added relying upon the soil and the heaviness of the garments detected from the tub; relying upon the heaviness of the material to be washed, the water must come in through the gulf consequently; the number of wash-cycles will likewise rely upon the earth and the weight; The earth level should be checked toward the finish of each cycle and if the soil is under an ideal worth the cycle should be ended naturally. A PC is to be utilized to play out the different figurings and to control and screen all the phases of the venture. The product is composed to computerize the activity utilizing the idea of fluffy rationale.

Influence of Sampling Site and other Environmental Factors on the Bacterial Community Composition of Domestic Washing Machines.

Modern, mainly sustainability-driven trends, such as low-temperature washing or bleach-free liquid detergents, facilitate microbial survival of the laundry processes. Favourable growth conditions like humidity, warmth and sufficient nutrients also contribute to microbial colonization of washing machines. Such colonization might lead to negatively perceived staining, corrosion of washing machine parts and surfaces, as well as machine and laundry malodour. In this study, we characterized the bacterial community of 13 domestic washing machines at four different sampling sites (detergent drawer, door seal, sump and fibres collected from the washing solution) using 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing and statistically analysed associations with environmental and user-dependent factors. Across 50 investigated samples, the bacterial community turned out to be significantly site-dependent with the highest alpha diversity found inside the detergent drawer, followed by sump, textile fibres isolated from the washing solution, and door seal. Surprisingly, out of all other investigated factors only the monthly number of wash cycles at temperatures ≥ 60 °C showed a significant influence on the community structure. A higher number of hot wash cycles per month increased microbial diversity, especially inside the detergent drawer. Potential reasons and the hygienic relevance of this finding need to be assessed in future studies.

An Effect of Washing on Durability of Hydrophobic Finishes of Membrane Laminates

Abstract The aim of the study is to show how the washing process, while considering the type of washing agent and number of wash cycles, determines the durability of hydrophobic finishes of laminated fabrics. The samples of material were subject to multiple wash cycles in clear water and with the use of two types of washing agents, namely, an ordinary washing powder and a detergent recommended by manufacturers of functional clothing. The washed materials were subject to spray test and its waterproofing and degree of surface wetting were evaluated. The tests have shown that waterproofing of membrane laminates with DWR (durable water repellent) coating become deteriorated during washing treatment and the use of special detergent does not guaranty the maintenance of better coating properties than an ordinary washing agent.

Efecto de la transglutaminasa microbiana sobre las propiedades mecánicas de geles de carne de jaiba cocida

La carne de jaiba cocida sometida a un ciclo de tres lavados puede gelificar, produciendo geles débiles. La adición de transglutaminasa (TGasa) microbiana puede mejorar las propiedades mecánicas de estos geles. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar si la aplicación de un solo ciclo de lavado, combinado con la adición de la enzima TGasa microbiana, mejora las propiedades mecánicas de los geles de jaiba. La jaiba azul (Callinectes sapidus) se obtuvo de la Laguna Madre, Tamaulipas, México y se coció a 120 ºC por 20 min para separar manualmente la carne del exoesqueleto. La carne cocida se homogenizó en una cortadora de carne y se mezcló con 0 (control), 0.5 % y 1 % de TGasa microbiana. Posteriormente, se introdujo en tubos de acero inoxidable y se incubó a 40 ºC por 30 min antes de cocerla a 90 ºC por 15 min. También se obtuvieron geles mediante la cocción directa a 90 ºC por 15 min, sin incubación previa. Se evaluaron los cambios en el análisis del perfil de textura (APT) de los geles obtenidos. El empleo de un solo ciclo de lavado de la carne de jaiba fue suficiente para mejorar las propiedades mecánicas de los geles de jaiba y la adición de TGasa microbiana incrementó esas propiedades, especialmente cuando los geles se incubaron a 40 ºC antes de cocerlos a 90 ºC. Los resultados obtenidos indicaron que es factible obtener productos reestructurados a partir de carne de jaiba previamente cocida, si se emplea un solo ciclo de lavado y se adiciona la enzima TGasa microbiana.Archivo XML (SciELO)

Physical properties of cobia (Rachycentron canadum) surimi: effect of washing cycle at different salt concentrations.

This study aimed to determine the effects of 2-5 wash cycles and the addition of tetrasodium pyrophosphate (TSPP) (0%, 0.05 Surimi% and 0.1% w/w)-with or without the addition of 0.4% calcium chloride (CaCl2)-on the physical properties such as texture, colour, expressible moisture and microstructure of Cobia (Rachycentron canadum) surimi gel. The highest breaking force (484.85g) was obtained with the addition 0.1% TSPP alone on the fifth wash. However, a combination of 0.1 and 0.4% CaCl2 in surimi gels at wash cycle 5 resulted in the highest degree of whiteness (86.8%), as well as total expressible moisture (2.785%) and deformation (17.11mm). The highest surimi gel strength (6,923g.mm) was obtained after three wash cycles with the addition of 0.1% TSPP +0.4% CaCl2. The physical properties of Cobia fish surimi gels were affected by the number of wash cycles and treatments with TSPP and CaCl2.

Plasma-induced adhesion improvement of cotton/polypropylene-laminated fabrics

In this study, improvement in the adhesion strength of plasma-pretreated and laminated cotton/polypropylene (PP) fabrics using acrylic-based adhesive was investigated. Low-temperature, low-pressure oxygen plasma was utilized for surface modification of cotton/PP-laminated fabrics. Water absorption time was measured on plasma-treated cotton fabrics at different plasma power and treatment time conditions. The plasma conditions providing the fastest liquid absorption on the surface were selected and applied during plasma pretreatments. Surface wettability increased with increasing plasma power and plasma exposure time. Plasma-induced surface morphology changes were observed via Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analysis showed that oxygen content on the surface increased with plasma treatment, which contributed to the surface polarity and hydrophilicity. Peel bond strength results of untreated and plasma-treated samples were analyzed to determine the effect of plasma pretreatment process. Adhesion strength values of laminated samples, before washing and after 40 wash cycles, were determined by peel bond strength tests. Before washing, adhesion strength of plasma pre-treated, laminated samples was 28–60% higher than that of untreated laminated fabrics. After 40 wash cycles, adhesion strength of plasma pre-treated and laminated samples was about 40–69% higher than the untreated laminated fabrics. Peel bond strength values decreased with the increased number of wash cycles. Plasma pretreatment enhanced both the adhesion strength and washing resistance of laminated samples.

The influence of sodium-polyacrilic macromolecular chain length to the powder detergents secondary washing performances

In order to investigate the influence of sodium-polyacrylate polymer as a co-builder in addition to the carbonate/zeolite builders in detergent builder system, secondary washing performances of powder laundry detergent containing equal percentage of sodium polyacrylate with the different weight average molar mass, Mw, have been examined. The value of the degree of whiteness, elongation at break, and total residue content are the most important secondary washing performances that significantly depend on sodium polyacrylates efficiency used as crystal inhibitors, stabilizers for suspended soil, and agents for soil redisposition prevention on fabric surface. The values of the whiteness and elongation at break for cotton fabrics increase with the increase of average weight molecular mass, Mw, up to the value of 70000 g/mol, while in the case of further increase of weight average molar mass up to the 250000 g/mol value of these characteristics begin to decline. The values of the total residue content after combustion indicate an increase in its content with the increase of weight average molar mass of 3000 to 70000 g/mol, while the highest value has been reached in the sample of detergent containing sodiumpolyacrilic with the weight average molar mass of 250000 g/mol. All detergent samples show no significant dependence of the secondary washing characteristics on the number of washing cycles.

Polypropylene-based long-life insecticide-treated mosquito netting

Abstract The World Health Organization (WHO) is promoting the use of insecticide treated nets (ITNs) in order to roll back malaria. Long-life netting (LLIN) is preferred and this study investigated the possibility of incorporating the insecticide in the fiber polymer. Multifilament polypropylene (PP) yarn, containing up to 0.76% of pyrethroid insecticide, was successfully produced on a conventional production-scale fiber-spinning machine. The insecticides were incorporated via masterbatches that contained up to 18.8% active with low-density polyethylene (LDPE) as the carrier. Nets knitted from the yarns were tested using bioassays with mosquitoes. Initial efficacy complied with WHO specifications but the performance deteriorated with the number of wash cycles. Crystalline insecticides, featuring a melting point above the wash temperature of 60°C (e.g., β-cyfluthrin), provided better wash resistance than amorphous insecticides (e.g., cyfluthrin).

Interaction of textile parameters, wash-ageing and fabric softener with mechanical properties of knitted fabrics and correlation with textile-hand. I. Interaction of textile parameters with laundry process

This is a study of the influence of repeated laundering and the use of fabric softener in the context of mechanical properties of fabrics with respect to textile parameters. In the large competitive market of fabric softener, the fabric softener producers claim benefits for fabric hand as well as the mechanical properties of textiles. The main aim of this study is to investigate the influence of ageing and the use of fabric softener on the mechanical properties of textiles during their cradle to grave life with respect to fibre type, fibre fineness, knitting construction and number of wash cycles. The low stress mechanical properties were evaluated by means of the Kawabata Evaluation system for fabric (KES-F) and Universal Surface Tester (UST). The tensile, shear, bending, compression and surface properties and changes in these parameters due to wash-ageing and the use of fabric softener during laundry were evaluated. These mechanical properties or combinations of them are the deciding factors for comfort aspects of apparel during wear. Hence, these mechanical properties need to be correlated with the sensory attributes. In Part I, we examine the change in mechanical parameters due to wash-ageing and the use of softener, while Part II deals with Fuzzy-Logic modelling to correlate these mechanical parameters with sensory attributes.

Morphological and quantitative frictional measurements of cotton fibres using friction force microscopy

Morphological and quantitative frictional measurements have been carried out on cotton fibres in dry air and in a liquid environment using friction force microscopy (FFM). Height and friction images acquired by FFM revealed that the cotton surface was damaged over 20 detergent-only wash cycle, but the inclusion of conditioner in the detergent formulation was found to cause a reduction in the amount of damage. The distribution of the fabric conditioner at the surface was examined by static secondary ion mass spectrometry (SSIMS). The friction–load relationship was found to obey Amontons' law in both dry air and water. The coefficient of friction increased with the number of wash cycles, and was reduced by treatment with fabric conditioner. Similar trends were observed in the variation in surface properties with wash treatment for measurements made in both air and liquid. To model the attachment of microencapsulate onto fibre surface, a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) encapsulate has been attached to the AFM cantilever to measure the frictional force. The same trend in the coefficient of friction was observed to that of measured by normal AFM cantilever.

Effect of water washing on the functional and rheological properties of proteins from threadfin bream (Nemipterus japonicus) meat

SummaryThe effect of the number of water washing cycles on the proximate composition, physicochemical and functional properties of proteins from threadfin bream meat was studied. Contents of proteins, fat, ash and non‐protein nitrogen showed a significant (P &lt; 0.05) decrease with the number of washing cycles. The removal of low molecular weight components and increase in the concentration of high molecular weight components was confirmed by gel filtration profile and sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The water absorption, fat absorption and emulsion capacity parameters showed a positive correlation with the number of washing cycles. The gel‐forming ability showed a marked improvement with the number of washing cycles. The dynamic viscoelastic behaviour of unwashed and washed meat showed a structure build‐up reaction and was more pronounced in once washed meat. The flow behaviour of total protein solution from unwashed and washed meat showed a pseudoplastic behaviour.

Andrology: Effectiveness of various sperm processing methods in removing seminal plasma from insemination media

The effectiveness of the wash and swim-up (1 and 2 wash cycle), two layer Percoll gradient, SpermPrep and underlay sperm preparation methods in removing seminal plasma from insemination suspensions was investigated. The number of wash cycles needed to rid sperm suspensions of seminal plasma (n = 15) was also determined. All sperm preparation methods were compared to the control wash and swim-up method, performed using Earle's buffered salt solution (EBSS), without serum supplementation so as not to mask seminal plasma concentrations. Control processing comprised 1 ml semen subjected to two wash cycles in EBSS followed by a swim-up period of 60 min under 5% CO2 in air. The Percoll method comprised 1 ml semen layered on a discontinuous 36 and 81% Percoll gradient (n = 14). In the SpermPrep method, 1 ml semen was run through a SpermPrep II column (n = 10), and underlay samples (n = 12) were processed by two wash cycles, after which sperm pellets were resuspended in the remaining medium, layered under 1.2 ml EBSS and allowed to swim up under 5% CO2 in air for 1 h. Seminal plasma and supernatant fractions obtained after each processing phase were stored at -20 degrees C and protein concentrations were determined by spectrophotometry. The wash and swim-up method was the most effective in removing seminal plasma from sperm suspensions, followed by the two-layer Percoll gradient, underlay and finally the SpermPrep II processing methods.

Uptake of Clays by Cotton1

Cotton swatches were treated with dispersions of sodium and calcium montmorit lonite and kaolinite. The amount of clay taken up by the fabric or retained after washing with water was studied as a function of clay concentration, number of wash cycles, and stirring speed. Fabrics treated with sodium montmorillonite dispersions of different concentrations seemed to reach a saturation uptake of 0.32% clay at very low clay concentrations. An apparent saturation limit of 0.75% clay was obtained for calcium montmorittonite only at higher concentrations, and no saturation was observed for kaolinite. Cotton swatches treated with sodium montmorillonite dispersions and given suc cessive wash cycles attained the constant clay content of 0.13% ± 0.01% after the third wash cycle. This level of tenaciously retained clay was independent of concentration. rate of stirring, and temperature. It was not increased by introducing carhoxytic acid groups into the cellulose in the H+, Na+, Ca++ or Fe+++ form. The ash of fabric treated with sodium montmorillonite was a shrunken replica of the fabric, preserving microscopic details faithfully. These facts and comparison of the specific surface areas of cotton and sodium montmorillonite indicate that cotton was completely covered with a clay layer having an average depth of 3-4 laniellae of 9.5 A each. Owing to the fact that primary particles in sodium montmorillonite dis persions are packets averaging 3-4 lamellae, the depth of coverage was greater than single lamellae. The ash of fabric treated with kaolinite retained the bare outline of the weave because kaolinite did hot cover the fibrils with a coherent layer. Successive wash cycles gradually reduced the kaolinite level of the fabric, following first-order kinetics. Cal cium montmorillonite was intermediate between sodium montmorillonite and kaolinite : the ashes preserved the microscopic details of the fabric structure, but a constant clay level was only attained by fabric treated with dilute dispersions and after many wash cycles. The difference between sodium montmorillonite and kaolinite results from the fact that montmorillonite breaks up into very thin flakes in water and has a much higher specific surface area than kaolinite. Moreover, the thinner montmorillonite flakes mold themselves to the cellulose fibrils and establish a much more intimate contact than the less Hexible kaolinite.