Number Of Ukrainians Research Articles

Оцінка забезпеченості людським капіталом на тов тк «добра хата»

An analysis of the change in the number of Ukrainians from 1990 to the beginning of the Russian-Ukrainian war and during the war, which negatively affected the formation of human capital of domestic enterprises, is carried out. The work examines and defines the essence of the «human capital of an enterprise» concept and defines this economic category. It has been established that human capital is an employee’s abilities that allow him to bring the most effective results in the economic activity of the enterprise (organization) in which he works. The effectiveness of using human capital at «DOBRA КHATA» TC LLC was investigated, and an assessment of human capital provision at this enterprise was provided. The structure, dynamics, and movement of the human capital of the enterprise LLC TC “DOBRA KHATA” are analyzed, and the relationship with the change in the population of Ukraine during the Russian-Ukrainian war is determined. It was established that despite the situation in the country and the lost potential, the enterprise continues to function and encourages its workers to cooperate. Yes, the enterprise uses very active methods of corporate culture, which only improve yearly. Ways to improve human capital efficiency used at«DOBRA КHATA» TC LLC have been identified. These included the guaranteed professional growth of employees who underwent training and retraining, the system of training and retraining of personnel at the expense of the state and enterprises, the creation of such an atmosphere at the enterprise that would help to interest employees in increasing labor productivity indicators, and constant assessment and analysis of the outflow of human capital and what exactly contributed to this, as well as efforts to eliminate these causes and prevent them from appearing in the future. The expediency of developing and implementing measures to increase human capital to increase labor productivity and achieve high results in enterprise development is substantiated. Keywords: human capital, enterprise, development, assessment, indicators.

ІНДЕКС МЕДІАГРАМОТНОСТІ УКРАЇНЦІВ: СПОЖИВАННЯ ТА КОРИСТУВАННЯ МЕДІА

<p><strong><em>This study aims</em></strong><em> to understand the state and level of media literacy of Ukrainians as their ability to consciously perceive and critically interpret information, as well as to use a variety of mass media, based on the analysis of the «Media Literacy Index of Ukrainians: 2020–2022» study conducted by the «New Image Marketing Group» research agency with the support of the «Detector Media» NGO.</em></p><p><strong><em>Research methodology. </em></strong><em>The study uses a review of scholarly and publicistic literature on the topic, including a search of academic databases and other relevant materials. To achieve the goal, bibliographic, comparative, and statistical methods were used, as well as definitive analysis to clarify the definition of the «media literacy» term. The bibliographic method involves the study of legislative documents and their analysis. Statistical and comparative methods were used to interpret the «Media Literacy Index of Ukrainians: 2020–2022» study results.</em></p><p><strong><em>The results</em></strong><em> of the study show that the level of the overall media literacy index of Ukrainians increased in 2020–2022. The share of the audience with an above-average level of media literacy increased from 55% to 81%. There is a certain correlation between the level of media literacy and the level of education: the lower the educational status, the lower the media literacy index. Significant differences in the level of media literacy are also observed among people with different financial statuses: the higher the level of welfare, the higher the index. There have also been shifts in the understanding of the role of the media in society: the percentage of citizens who believe that the primary mission of the mass media is to inform the public about socially significant events has increased from 54% to 69% during 2022. The share of Ukrainians who believe that the media work in the interests of the state and society generally increased over the past two years, from 8% to 31% and from 8% to 15%, respectively. Among the changes in the media preferences of Ukrainians, it is worth noting a strong increase in interest in Ukrainian-made media content (63%). At the same time, from 68% to 81% of Ukrainians have completely abandoned Russian-made media content (including music). The role of Internet media has increased. Compared to 2020, in 2022, the number of consumers of social and political content in messengers increased 2.5 times (from 19% to 49%). The importance of the problem of disinformation is emphasized by 61% of the audience (compared to 57% in 2020). The share of Ukrainians who detect disinformation by looking for a link to a source in the information material has increased (39% compared to 28%). The number of Ukrainians who check information for accuracy has almost doubled, from 24% to 47%.</em></p><p><strong><em>Novelty. </em></strong><em>The «media literacy» concept was introduced into academic circulation in accordance with the Law of Ukraine «On Media». The article suggests combining the efforts of the state and civil society to implement media literacy projects. It is noted that, according to the law, the National Council of Television and Radio Broadcasting is authorized to determine the main tasks in the field of media literacy.</em></p><p><strong><em>Practical significance. </em></strong><em>The results of the analysis of the «Media Literacy Index of Ukrainians: <br /> 2020–2022» study and the introduction of the «media literacy» term into academic circulation as defined in the Law of Ukraine «On Media» will contribute to the further development of media education, deepening critical thinking, and raising awareness of the need to master the skills to use media services effectively and safely in times of war.</em></p><p><strong><em>Key words:</em></strong><em> media literacy, media, critical thinking, disinformation, media services.</em></p>

Освобождение Освенцима (Аушвиц-Биркенау) частями Красной армии 27 января 1945 г.: хроника событий по документам 60-й общевойсковой армии

The article deals with the offensive operations of the 60th Soviet Army during the Sandomir-Silesian operation. On January 27, 1945 the soldiers of this army liberated the Polish city of Auschwitz and the concentration camp "Auschwitz-Birkenau", some sites of which were located in close proximity to the city. A whole direction in historical science is devoted to the study of Hitler's crimes in the concentration camps created by the Nazis. The article develops this direction in the part of analyzing the information about how and as a result of what the largest camp in the system of concentration camps created by Nazis in Europe stopped its functioning. The main goal of the presented work is to reconstruct the chronology of combat operations of the 60th Army units in the second half of January 1945, to determine their specifics and results. The methodological basis of the study was the principle of historical objectivity with reliance on source analysis of the complex of archival materials of the 60th Soviet Army and the units included in it, the level of the army - division - regiment. The involved documents, some of which are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, allowed to restore the course of the offensive operation in the direction of Auschwitz. It is shown that the enemy resisted stubbornly, going into counterattacks, supported by artillery. However, the enemy could not hold the positions and retreated with significant losses. The intensity of the fighting is evidenced by the fact of death on the outskirts of the city of the commander of the 472nd rifle regiment, which was on the edge of the offensive operation of the division. The analysis of the documents allowed us to draw a number of conclusions that develop our knowledge about the role of the Red Army in the liberation of both the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp and Poland as a whole. One of these should include an analysis of the combat composition of the 60th Army. Documents record the fact that more than half of the army was represented by new recruits. Among those conscripted in the second half of 1944, a significant percentage were mobilized from the western, recently liberated territories of the Ukrainian SSR, and the number of Ukrainians was almost identical to the number of Russians. The 100th Infantry Division, which took part in the direct fighting for Auschwitz, maintained the rapid pace of the offensive operation, which made it possible to liberate a significant part of the prisoners without giving the Nazis a chance to kill them. The documents of the 60th Army testify that most of the liberated from the total number of the camp contingent awaiting their fate were men of conscription age, citizens of the USSR. These documents record the fact that 3 thousand former prisoners of "Auschwitz-Birkenau" out of the total number of 5 thousand liberated were subsequently conscripted into the Soviet army and participated in the final defeat of Hitler's Germany and its allies.

ТРУДОВА ПОЛІТИКА НАЦИСТСЬКОЇ АДМІНІСТРАЦІЇ “ДИСТРИКТУ ГАЛИЧИНА”

The article examines the process of creating the occupying administration on the territory of “District Galicia”, and the structure, powers, and main directions of activity of departments dealing with the issues of mobilization and labor use of local labor resources are highlighted. The role of Nazi officials in campaigns to recruit and transport people to forced labor in the Reich was clarified. The position of the local Nazi leadership periodically did not follow the general political course in the occupied territories due to the career aspirations of certain government officials. It is important to assess the peculiarities of the formation and implementation of personnel policy in the occupation authorities, as the success of the implementation of state policy as a whole depends on human resources. Due to the insufficient number of German employees, the rate of recruitment was low. This led to the need to involve the local population in administrative work, which should have solved the problem according to the Nazi authorities. However, the increase in the number of Ukrainians and Poles in labor departments has exacerbated interethnic conflicts, which directly affected the effectiveness of these authorities, the main criteria of which were indicators of implementation of recruitment and mobilization plans. In addition, the attitude of the local population towards the activities of the occupying authorities has deteriorated due to their repressive and punitive policies. A few months after the establishment of the civil administration, the rate of registration of the working population of the District in workbenches has decreased significantly. These and other factors influenced the spread of protest tendencies among Galician Ukrainians regarding the refusal to go to work in Germany. Particular attention is paid to the assessment of the activities of Fritz Saukel's office and the measures taken by him to accelerate the recruitment of local people with a view to their further deportation to Germany. To improve interdepartmental coordination, a special unit was set up within the Reich Ministry of Labor, the European Employment Service (Europaamt für den Arbeitseinsatz). Structurally, it was divided into five departments, which aimed to help improve the regulation of labor used in all occupied areas of Europe and engaged in management training.

Dynamics of Figurative-Stylistic Evolution of Solo Arrangement of the Folk Song (From «Zharty, kokhannya, lyubov ta zhenykhannya» / «Jokes, Love and Marriage» to «A my nashu slavnu Ukrayinu rozveselymo!» / «We Will Cheer Up Our Glorious Ukraine!»)

The article highlights the dynamics of the movement of artistic thought of the Ukrainian community in 1900–1918 on its way to the first attempt to form its own independent state. The data is provided on the settlement and number of Ukrainians in the specified period is intended to show a large-scale panorama of the development of the most common genres of music making in everyday life, because the universally recognized feature of the Ukrainian mentality as cordocentric already conditioned the desire for artistic self-expression, music and singing. The author’s attention is focused on the genre of arrangement Ukrainian folk songs for voice with instrumental accompaniment, which created a powerful folklore wave associated with the trends of increased national self-determination and democratization of the aesthetic foundations of Ukrainian art. The policy of the russian tsarist culturists of that time was aimed at spreading the so-called «Little russian surrogate» – encouraged the publication of artistically inferior songs that had humorous, entertaining, love-sentimental, burlesque or frankly vulgar content. However, the purposeful patriotic activity of such artists as M. Lysenko, K. Kvitka, K. Stetsenko, O. Koshyts, B. Yanovsky, Yа. Stepovy, F. Kolessa, O. Nyzhankivskyi, D. Sichynskyi, S. Charnetskyi caused a significant evolution of the genre of solo arrangement and raising it to the high level of a vocal miniature / romance, defined by the purely Ukrainian musical term «solospiv» ≈ «solosиng». The evolutionary growth significantly affected the topic of the genre, when songs of civic pathos, full of pride for the heroic past and the desire for national self-determination and statehood, began to gain national popularity.

Spatial Patterns of Recent Ukrainian Refugees in Germany: Administrative Dispersal and Existing Ethnic Networks

Since the beginning of the Russian invasion of Ukraine on February 24, 2022, many people have fled the war and left their home country. By the end of January 2023, more than one million Ukrainian refugees had been registered in Germany alone. In contrast to refugees from other countries of origin in Germany, Ukrainian citizens can choose their place of residence if they have either found private accommodation with family members or friends or do not claim state support. However, little information exists on where within Germany Ukrainian refugees have moved and why certain regions are potentially more attractive than others. There exists a substantial literature on the location choices of migrants in general, showing that the existing level of immigrant concentration is an important determinant, while economic factors have a smaller effect – if not in the initial location choice after immigration, then at least in later location decisions. Whereas these studies mainly focus on labour migrants, research on refugees’ location choices is still scarce, because refugees are usually assigned to specific places of residence by the authorities in many European countries. In the context of forced migration, spatial patterns may therefore largely be related to administrative decisions. In this paper, we aim to answer the question of the settlement patterns of recently arrived refugees from Ukraine in Germany by using current data from the Central Register of Foreigners. These patterns are modelled on the NUTS-3 level and consider the proportion of previous Ukrainian migrants living within those regions as well as additional economic, demographic, and geographical factors. Spatial regression models show that, on the one hand, Ukrainian refugees indeed settle where the number of Ukrainians is already high. The empirical analyses also indicate a correlation between the spatial patterns of refugees in general and Ukrainian refugees, suggesting that dispersal policies may play a role in explaining settlement patterns. Furthermore, affordable housing and lower rents are important explanatory variables.

NUMBER AND ETHNIC COMPOSITION OF THE POPULATION OF THE KOLONTAI DISTRICT OF THE KHARKIV DISTRICT (ACCORDING TO THE CENSUS OF THE 1926 POPULATION CENSUS)

Based on the analysis of statistical materials of the 1926 census, a study of the population and ethnic composition of the population of the Kolontaiv district of the Kharkiv district was conducted. The number and ethnic composition of the population of each of the 10 village councils of this district have been determined. The population in 1926 of each of the 31 settlements of the district, the average population of one village council, one rural settlement and one rural household were determined. It has been proved that the key feature of the population of Kolontaiv district and all its 10 village councils remained its ethnic homogeneity - absolute dominance in the number of Ukrainians against the background of minimal territorial representation of ethnic minorities dispersed.

ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА СУЧАСНОГО СТАНУ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ ДІАСПОРИ КРАЇН БАЛТІЇ ЗА РЕЗУЛЬТАТАМИ ПОЛЬОВОГО ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ

Background. Ukrainian communities are extremely active abroad, and the Baltic countries are no exception. Comparing Ukrainian communities in these geographically close countries, it should be noted that they have many differences in their development. Every year, the number of Ukrainians in these countries increases, especially after the Revolution of Dignity and the beginning of ATO in Eastern Ukraine. It is worth noting that Ukrainian communities in these countries have similar historical prerequisites for their creation. Formed at the beginning of the 20th century, Ukrainian communities were just beginning their active activities, which were almost stopped by the Soviet regime. Public associations of national minorities did not operate during this period due to state policy. But despite this, the number of ethnic Ukrainians here was constantly increasing. The source base for further research was formed on the basis of a survey of Ukrainians living in Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia. Currently, there is no single thorough work that would investigate and compare the life of the Ukrainian community in the Baltic states in the modern period. Methods. The research used observational methods that allow the most complete interpretation of the obtained results. In the form of a highly specialized observation, the process of activity of the Ukrainian community in the Baltic countries as an object of research is considered. The included observation consisted of the author's direct presence in the Baltic countries, attending community events and their centers, as well as during private conversations and interviews with community members. Results. At the same time, a significant number of respondents in all three countries noted that they see themselves and their families in these countries even after 5 years. That is, we can understand that local Ukrainians have decided on their country for life and do not consider the Baltic countries as a temporary "refuge". Given that the survey itself took place before the full-scale invasion of Russia into the territory of Ukraine, the data obtained may differ, but they are important for further scientific work, as they will serve as a source for comparison in subsequent surveys and studies. Сonclusion. Therefore, it is the systematization and analysis of information about the activities of the Ukrainian community in Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia that are extremely relevant, and the research conducted by the author is of an extremely important nature. After all, the Ukrainian community abroad is an important driving force for Ukrainian culture and the popularization of our traditions.

ДІЯЛЬНІСТЬ СТУДЕНТІВ-УКРАЇНЦІВ У ДЕРПТСЬКОМУ УНІВЕРСИТЕТІ НА ПОЧАТКУ XX СТ. (ЗА МАТЕРІАЛАМИ ГАЗЕТИ «РАДА»)

It was found that the «Ukrainian student community» at the University of Derpt was founded in October 1905 during the revolutionary events in the country. Its official name became the «Musical and Dramatic Society of Minor Russian Students». Contributors to the Rada newspaper called it the «Society of Ukrainian Students at Dorpat University». At the time of formation, 55 Ukrainian students joined the community. It had its own management and structure – commissions (library, scientific, drama, etc.), as well as a mutual aid fund. «Ukrainian Student Community» at Derpt University periodically organized and held «Ukrainian events». During these evenings, students gave popular scientific reports on Ukrainian studies, recited poems by Ukrainian poets, performed plays, sang Ukrainian songs, and danced Ukrainian folk dances. These evenings were held during the «Shevchenko days», in memory of Mykola Lysenko, Lesya Ukrainka, Ivan Franko. Students collected funds during literary, musical and artistic evenings. They directed the collected funds to the organization of events, the purchase of Ukrainian books for the library, as well as to the monument to Taras Shevchenko. Among the problems in the activity at the beginning of the 20th century of the «Ukrainian student community» at the University of Derpt were the frequent lack of funds, the periodic lack of its own premises, the gradual decrease in the number of members of the community due to the decrease in the number of Ukrainians among the students of the University of Derpt due to the ban on graduates of the local theological seminary to enter the university. In general, the work of the «Ukrainian student community» at the University of Derpt was aimed at promoting Ukrainian culture and preserving the ethnic identity of Ukrainians. It became an integral element of «Ukrainian life» in the Baltics, which, in turn, was a component of the Ukrainian national movement against which the Russian government fought.

URBAN FIGHTERS OF THE OUN SECURITY SERVICE (1941–1951): CREATION AND ACTIVITY

On the basis of unknown and little-known materials, the peculiarities of the functioning of the urban armed forces of the SB have been revealed. It has been established that in many areas covered by the OUN network, the first began to be created in the fall of 1941 as a means of force against local wires against German and Soviet agents. The main tasks that were set before them in the first years of activity (reconnaissance, occasionally sabotage and terrorist operations) are highlighted. It was noted that with the approach of the front and in the conditions of the Soviet reality, the actions of the SB in the cities became more active, and the tasks expanded. Separately, attention is focused on one of the most important directions of the combat work of the SB in cities - the liquidation of Soviet assets. Isolated attempts to carry out mass terrorist attacks against party offi cials and detonation of administrative facilities are presented. The peculiarities of the preparation and implementation of the main armed actions (selection of executors, stages of preparation, direct execution) are revealed. Concrete examples show the effectiveness of such armed forces. At the same time, the activities of each of them became a practical demonstration of the inability of the MGB–MIA to protect their supporters. Territorial features of the functioning of the SB urban militias are shown (the size of the settlement, the number of Ukrainians, their national consciousness, the development of the local OUN network, etc.).It was found out that in 1946, the urban organizations of the OUN began to be liquidated, although the combat work of the SB itself intensified, and in important cities special combat units continued to exist for actions. Emphasis is placed on the practical importance of studying this issue in the context of the modern Russian-Ukrainian war and the enemy’s occupation of a significant territory of Ukraine in order to fi nd different forms of struggle against the occupiers and collaborators. Keywords OUN, SB, urban fighters, Western Ukraine.

Ukrainians in Slovakia: settlement and language

Problem formulation. The Ukrainian diaspora is an important object for geographical research. Features of ethnic composition of the country of residence, its language and religious composition, age structure of Ukrainians straight affect to the processes of assimilation and preservation of ethnic identity. The purpose of the study is to analyze and process population censuses data, which had conducted in Slovakia in 1991, 2001 and 2011. Methodology and materials. We found the materials necessary for our article in the public domain on the website of the Department of Statistics of the Slovak Republic and on the resource “Population statistics of Eastern Europe & former USSR”. To analyze the ethnic and linguistic environment in which Ukrainians live, in study used calculations of indices of ethnic and linguistic diversity, the coefficient of ethnic compactness. Results. According to population censuses, which had been conducted in Slovakia after 1980, the number of Ukrainians is declining. At the same time, the number of Ruthenians is growing, some of whom do not identify themselves as part of the Ukrainian ethnic group. Ukrainians live compactly in Presov and Kosice regions. In particular, these are the northern and eastern counties of the country, such as Presov, Snina, Humenne, Bardiiv, Svidnik, Mikhailovtse, Medzhilabortse and others. Ruthenians and Ukrainians are fourth and sixth largest ethnic groups in Slovakia. The country is relatively homogeneous in ethnic composition, as evidenced by the value of the index of ethnic diversity, which in most districts does not exceed 30%. However, in those districts where Hungarians, Ukrainians and Ruthenians live compactly, this value can be over 60%. Often in the process of ethnic and linguistic assimilation, belonging to a certain religion (denomination) is preserved. In terms of counties, the largest centers where Greek Catholics and Orthodox live coincide with the settlement of Ukrainians and Ruthenians. If Ukrainians and Ruthenians together do not make up 1% of the total population, the share of Greek Catholics and Orthodox in the population is almost 5%. The indicators of linguistic diversity according to the criteria of “native language” and “language of communication at work” are clearly correlated with the index of ethnic diversity. That is, on the one hand, it reflects the clear links between "ethnicity and language", and on the other – the language policy of the country, where Slovak predominates in all areas. Scientific novelty. The index of ethnic and linguistic diversity in terms of settlements and counties of Slovakia has been determined. According to the determinate indices and the main results of the census, a number of thematic maps were prepared with the help of GIS, which reflect the settlement of Ukrainians and Ruthenians, indices of ethnic and linguistic diversity and the share of Greek Catholics and Orthodox in the population. Practical meaninig. The obtained results and thematic maps can be useful in further research of Ukrainians living in Slovakia for historians, demographers, linguists, ethnologists, etc.

Geopolitical attitudes of the Ukrainians in the realities of large-scale military aggression in 2014-2022: historical understanding of dilemmas

The work examines the problem of geopolitical attitudes of Ukrainians in the realities of large-scale military aggression. The article notes that the number of supporters of democratic Western values is growing in Ukraine. The research is primarily based on the use of empirical research methods: observation and survey. Sociological surveys conducted by Ukrainian sociological research groups: “Rating”, “Democratic Initiatives named after I. Kucheriv” and “Kyiv International Institute of Sociology” In the results, it was noted that the geopolitical attitudes of Ukrainians in the southeastern regions have noticeably transformed. In particular, if in 2013 the idea of joining the Customs Union was supported by the majority of residents (64%), then in 2015 only 33% supported it. In general, the number of Ukrainians who support Ukraine's accession to the EU will continue to grow. The conclusions summarize that the Russian-Ukrainian war influenced a new understanding of Russian-Ukrainian relations in the post-Soviet space. The level of Ukrainian support for the idea of Ukraine's integration into the European Union is particularly high.

Формування ціннісних орієнтацій в суспільстві в умовах війни: реалії України

The article actualizes the concept of values and value orientations of a society and analyses the influence of war on the shift of the value paradigm. The author has determined that during the last seventy years (after the end of World War II) the values of peace, tolerance, multiculturalism and non-violent interaction were propagated and promoted in Western societies, including the Ukrainian society after an independent Ukraine was established. The values of aggression, expansion and violence in all its manifestations were presented in an extremely negative light and were condemned. With the start of the Russian-Ukrainian war, value orientations of the Ukrainian society had to change as the country faced the threat of physical destruction. The purpose of the article was to determine on the example of Ukraine the peculiarities of shaping and functioning of values and value orientations in a society in conditions of an armed conflict. The article describes the two most popular approaches to classification and structuring of values, namely, the Schwartz’s theory of basic human values and the Milton Rokeach’s Model of terminal and instrumental values. In the course of the study, the author concluded that basic values, once formed in an individual or a group, do not disappear, however the changes of external circumstances and factors may cause the change of value hierarchy, thus causing a change of behavioural patterns and beliefs of an individual or a group, but these changes are not permanent. The article analyses the data of the Ukraine in World Values Survey 2020 Analytical Report, which shows an increase (compared to the figures of 2011) in the number of Ukrainians who are ready to accept authoritarian presidential rule or even army rule, however, at the same time the average score indicating the importance of living in a country that is governed democratically has increased. This may be explained by the fact that in situations when survival became a priority for mankind, such values as group solidarity, traditionalism, rejection of otherness and submission to strong leaders are being actualized. However, when the threat passes, the value system restructures and returns to the previously formed value hierarchy, which manifests itself in behavioural patterns and beliefs

Ukrainians in Belarus: distribution and ethnolinguistic processes


 
 
 
 The article analyzes the distribution and ethnolinguistic processes in the environment of the Ukrainian diaspora in Belarus. Because of the fact that the part of Ukrainian ethnic territory (currently Brest region) is located in Belarus, not all Ukrainians living in the country can be correctly named a diaspora. To avoiding terminology-related complications, in the article we use the general term Ukrainian diaspora. The study is based on the results of censuses conducted in Belarus after 1991. The article analyzes the ethnic environment of residence of the Ukrainian diaspora based on the ethnocultural and ethnolinguistic criteria of the censuses. In particular, using mathematical and statistical methods of analysis of the ethnic composition of the country’s population, we estimated such indicators as the index of ethnic diversity, ethnic mosaic, socio-ethnic density, etc. These indicators were estimated for districts and the largest cities of Belarus, taking into account the largest ethnic groups living in the country. The result of these estimations was the creation of a number of thematic maps that complement the article. The study highlights the areas of compact residence of Ukrainians, identifies districts and cities where the number of Ukrainians changed the most and the least during the inter-census periods of 1999–2009 and 2009–2019. The dynamics of the number and settlement of Ukrainians in the Ukrainian ethnic territories is analyzed. In this context, it was found that in addition to the Brest region, there is a dense concentration of Ukrainians in the capital, major cities of the country, a number of district centers in the southwestern part of the country. It was determined that the share of Ukrainians living in cities is growing. The growth rate of the number of Ukrainians for the period between 2009 and 2019 in the largest cities of the country ranges from + 7% (Mogilev) to 77.45% (Novopolotsk). It was found that the country is monoethnic in its ethnic composition based on the analysis of a number of indicators related to the ethnic composition of the population of Belarus. A more diverse ethnic composition of the population and therefore higher rates were recorded in large cities and areas densely populated with individual ethnic groups (Russians, Poles and Ukrainians). The Ukrainian diaspora in the country is undergoing processes of Russification, the share of Ukrainians who indicate Ukrainian as their mother tongue is declining. The share of Ukrainians whose native language is Belarusian is also declining. That is, it can be argued that Russification affects not only Ukrainians in Belarus, but also the Belarusians themselves. The research also revealed that villagers are more resistant to language assimilation,and Ukrainians in cities most often indicate Russian as their native language.
 
 
 

STRATEGIC DIRECTIONS OF MARKETING TECHNOLOGIES DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONDITIONS OF GLOBAL DIGITALIZATION OF ECONOMY

The turbulent and innovative nature of development is demonstrated today by the digital economy, the basis for which is the formation of powerful technological changes in the creation of digital space for storage, processing and transmission of information. The pandemic caused by COVID-19 accelerated the global transition to the use of modern Internet technologies. Thus, according to the expert assessment of the United Nations Telecommunication Union (ITU), in 2021 the number of Internet users increased from 4.1 to 4.9 billion compared to 2019. In the first year of the pandemic alone, the number of people using the Internet increased by 10%, the largest annual increase in a decade. The same trends are characteristic of the Ukrainian market: in 2020 there were 2 million more Internet users in Ukraine, at the beginning of 2021 there were about 30 million. The number of Ukrainians who use social networks has increased significantly – 26 million people against 19 million in 2020. Users of the World Wide Web account for 60% of the total population, since 2020 their number has increased by 20%. The article summarizes the existing views on the definition of digital marketing, gives its author’s definition as an effective combination of tools and methods of traditional marketing with modern information, digital, interactive technologies to promote goods and services, as well as building its business reputation in modern communication and information space. The tendencies in the field of digital marketing which have been formed, including under the influence of COVID-19, are defined, namely: tendencies of the advertising market; social network market trends; SEO market development trends; trends in automation and artificial intelligence. The landscape of digital marketing is defined. The main difficulties faced by digital marketing in 2021 are identified. The directions of further development of marketing in the context of global digitalization of the economy are outlined.

NATIONAL SELF-PRESERVATION OF UKRAINIANS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE MODERN FESTIVAL MOVEMENT IN POLAND

The article is dedicated to the consideration of the Ukrainian festival movement in Poland in the third decade of Ukraine 's independence in the context of national self-preservation. The paper substantiates the social and political reasons for the relevance of preserving the national self-identification of Ukrainians in Poland. Attention is paid to the legal basis of this aspect of Ukrainian-Polish relations and to the current statistics on the number of Ukrainians in Poland. The author proposes a conditional division of the Ukrainian festival movement in Poland according to its direction into «festivals of national preservation» and «festivals of cultural exchange» depending on the goals, participants and program of events. The characteristics of the most important public organizations that provide the cultural needs of the Ukrainian national minority are presented: the Association of Ukrainians in Poland, the Union of Ukrainians of Podlasie, the Lemko Association, etc. Attention is drawn to the role of the mass media as an important factor in popularizing information about festivals and consolidating the Ukrainian people scattered throughout Poland. The newspaper «Nashe Slovo» («Our word») is considered to be the most influential information resource and at the same time a source of research on the issue. The article analyzes the problems of sources of funding for the Ukrainian festival movement, focuses on significant financial assistance from the Polish government, administrations of gmins, powiats and Voivodeships, as well as private foundations. The author describes the development and features of the most famous Ukrainian-Polish festivals in Poland till 2021. The features of these events and some changes in their activities caused by recent events are shown: Russia's military aggression against Ukraine in 2014, the coming to power in Poland party «Law and Justice» and the COVID-19 pandemic. The latest editions of Ukrainian festivals in Poland are presented, the most famous bands and artists that took part in them are listed. Among the current problems of these cultural events are the aging of the organizers and the departure of socially active youth to large cities or abroad. Based on quantitative and qualitative indicators, the author making tha accent on the growing influence of the Ukrainian festival movement in Poland in 2014 − 2021 compared to the previous decade.

Доларизація національної економіки та трудова міграція: аспекти взаємозв’язку (кейс України)

The dollarization of the national economy of Ukraine as a natural phenomenon in close connection with the processes of labor migration is studied. Types and directions of dollarization of the domestic economy are analyzed. An assessment of the dynamics of average annual dollarization in Ukraine in 2014-2020, the dynamics of the exchange rate, the dynamics of private remittances to Ukraine are discussed. It is substantiated that the number of Ukrainians who left Ukraine is 2.5-3 times higher than the number of foreign citizens who entered the country. The main causes of migration problems in Ukraine and their impact on the dollarization of the domestic economy are identified. It is substantiated that foreign currency imported into the territory of Ukraine through international migrants is either not exchanged for the national currency, or is converted from the currencies of the leading countries of employers into dollars/euros. This is mainly due to the population's distrust of political and economic reforms within the country, and, accordingly, to the hryvnia. An inverse relationship has been established between the balance of purchase and sale of foreign currency and the level of dollarization of the economy in Ukraine, as well as the balance of purchase and sale of foreign currency and the share of foreign currency deposits. Both the factors that cause the strengthening of dollarization and the factors that constrain it are considered. It is determined that the key problem of dollarization of the economy is that Ukraine loses the most important target - monetary policy and its targets, as the NBU loses the ability to influence the money supply in the economy, and thus ensure stability of the national currency.

Ukrainian Identity and National Security in the Challenges of Today

The article emphasizes the fact that one of the main challenges Ukraine faced after gaining its independence and which hasn’t lost its relevance till today is the question of finding its national identity. Ukrainian identity is the defining basis for the formation of democratic foundations of the society and the Ukrainian nation-state. In the context of the global challenges of 2020, the issue of establishing Ukrainian identity is even more relevant, primarily in the context of national security.Formation of the national identity is a factor in the national security of Ukraine. Ensuring national security has become especially important in the context of global changes and challenges that have arisen in the globalization era. New challenges in the field of national security are primarily related to the crisis in the world economy, the epidemic of coronavirus, increased risk of emergencies of natural and man-made nature. Emphasis is placed on the fact that the new National Security Strategy of Ukraine (2020) deals with counteracting destructive propaganda and the need to develop Ukrainian culture as a basis for consolidating the Ukrainian nation and strengthening its identity.The article analyzes the biggest challenges of 2020: COVID-19, the crisis in the Ukrainian education system, and the demographic crisis. The spread of coronavirus infection has become a large-scale, real global, and at the same time a national threat to Ukraine’s security. It is noted that in modern conditions, Ukrainian education doesn’t meet the modern demands of the individual and society, either the needs of the economy or global trends. The current education system in Ukraine doesn’t take into account today’s challenges, the most significant of which are the coronavirus epidemic and Russia’s armed aggression against Ukraine. Demographic trends in modern Ukraine can lead to a considerable reduction in the number of Ukrainians and the population of the country by foreign cultural immigrants, who, in turn, will create a challenge to statehood and identity.

Formation of the Ukrainian Police in Kyiv (1941–1943)

The phenomenon of Soviet people collaborationism has become widespread during the Second World War. According to some calculations, the number of Ukrainians in the German police forces fluctuates within 100–150 thousand people. The total number of Soviet volunteers in the Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS calculated around 1.0–1.2 million people. There were no such precedents in history. Even after the collapse of the Soviet Union, modern Ukrainian historical society does not avoid negative connotations around “collaborationism”, neglecting fundamental “historical objectivism”. The local police was mainly studied through the prism of participation in the Holocaust. Collaborationism studies at the regional level is a very promising area of scientific research at present. The existing historiography about the organization of the Kyiv police does not respond to the scientific needs, so the author drew attention to the factual side of the problem. In that case, the author of the article demonstrated the process of formation of the Kyiv police forces. The author tried to investigate the problems and specificity of the formation of departments of the Ukrainian auxiliary police in Kyiv in the context of the creation of the Nazi Germany administration, and corroborate the research thesis with sources and historiography material. Submission of factual material pertaining to the organization of the Kyiv police forces will give a better understanding of the general tendencies of creation of similar police units in Reichskommissariat of Ukraine. The author made a deliberate mention of basic biographical information, as the commandants of the Kyiv police forces are unknown (except for the city police commanders). Outlining such information will help other researchers to find parts of biographies of famous members of the Ukrainian nationalist movement and emigration.Manuscript received 11.03.2020

Особливості реалізації етнонаціональної політики в Чеській Республіці

The article outlines the main tendencies towards development of modern ethno-national policy in the Czech Republic, which was being formed gradually under the influence of both internal and external factors. The urgency of the research is important due to the constant increase in the number of Ukrainians in the Czech Republic, who first appear as migrants, and then in the second generation may become the members of a national minority. Based on the data of the official census and the current state of ensuring the rights of national minorities, there were made the conclusions about favorable factors for the development of ethnic and cultural identity of different peoples, and the main activities of organizations representing them, etc. Significant attention is paid to the legal protection of the rights of national minorities in the country and the peculiarities of the legal status of these minorities in the Czech Republic. There was made an attempt to provide insight into the scientific and journalistic literature on ethnic policy in the Czech Republic. The article also examines in detail the activities of the Government Council for National Minorities, as a coordinating and initiating institutional body between the state and national communities in the country. Its quantitative and qualitative composition, as well as the main powers are considered. It was found out under which circumstances each ethnic community received the status of a national minority in the Czech Republic . Today, the representatives of fourteen nationalities have this status: Bulgarian, Croatian, Hungarian, German, Polish, Roma, Ruthenian, Russian, Greek, Slovak, Ukrainian, Serbian, Belarusian, and Vietnamese. There was also made a comparative analysis of state expenditures to support the activities of public organizations of national minorities in terms of age and minorities. The activities and significance of the Council for Roma Minorities are also described. The article outlines the conditions for the establishment of National Minority Committees in municipalities. As a result, there was established the essence of the ethno-national policy of the Czech state, which creates conditions for the residence of a significant number of national minorities and the titular nation, that in turn leads to an increase in the number of the first and a decrease in the number of the latters.