Number Of Typical Examples Research Articles

A Comparative Analysis of Ivanhoe and the Translation

Walter Scott (1771-1832), a great English novelist in the 19th century. His historical novel Ivanhoe tells the story of England’s struggle for the throne and romantic adventure in the end of the 12th century. This paper will take the co-translated version of Ivanhoe by Zhang Yi and Mr. Liu Zunqi as the research object, and analyze the translation methods embodied in the translation version. It will focus on how the translator deals with the original text. This paper will first introduce the main situation of the original work and the author of Ivanhoe. Secondly, from the perspective of vocabulary, narrative and rhetoric, through a large number of typical examples in the original text and translation, this paper will compare the version of Zhang Yi and Liu Zunqi with the original text, analyzing the specific processing methods and techniques of the translation. This kind of research is conducive to further deepen the readers’ understanding of the application of specific strategies and methods in the process of translation of Liu and Zhang’s translation, to further promote the public’s understanding and research of Ivanhoe.

Digital light processing based multimaterial 3D printing: challenges, solutions and perspectives

Abstract Multimaterial (MM) 3D printing shows great potential for application in metamaterials, flexible electronics, biomedical devices and robots, since it can seamlessly integrate distinctive materials into one printed structure. Among numerous MM 3D printing technologies, digital light processing (DLP) MM 3D printing is compatible with a wide range of materials from hydrogels to ceramics, and can print MM 3D structures with high resolution, high complexity and fast speed. This paper introduces the fundamental mechanisms of DLP 3D printing, and reviews the recent advances of DLP MM 3D printing technologies with emphasis on material switching methods and material contamination issues. It also summarizes a number of typical examples of DLP MM 3D printing systems developed in the past decade, and introduces their system structures, working principles, material switching methods, residual resin removal methods, printing steps, as well as the representative structures and applications. Finally, we provide perspectives on the directions of the further development of DLP MM 3D printing technology.

A mathematical model of cell movement and clustering due to chemotaxis

This paper presents a numerical method for modelling cell migration and aggregation due to chemotaxis where the cell is attracted towards the direction in which the concentration of a chemical signal is increasing. In the model presented here, each cell is represented by a system of springs connected together at node points on the cell’s membrane and on the boundary of the cell’s nucleus. The nodes located on a cell’s membrane are subject to a force which is proportional to the gradient of the concentration of the chemical signal which mimics the behaviour of the chemical receptors in the cell’s membrane. In particular, the model developed here will consider what happens when two (or more) cells collide and how their membranes connect to each other to form clusters of cells. The methods described in this paper will be illustrated with a number of typical examples simulating cells moving in response to a chemical signal and how they combine to form clusters.

Visualization and selection of Dynamic Mode Decomposition components for unsteady flow

Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD) is a data-driven and model-free decomposition technique. It is suitable for revealing spatio-temporal features of both numerically and experimentally acquired data. Conceptually, DMD performs a low-dimensional spectral decomposition of the data into the following components: the modes, called DMD modes, encode the spatial contribution of the decomposition, whereas the DMD amplitudes specify their impact. Each associated eigenvalue, referred to as DMD eigenvalue, characterizes the frequency and growth rate of the DMD mode. In this paper, we demonstrate how the components of DMD can be utilized to obtain temporal and spatial information from time-dependent flow fields. We begin with the theoretical background of DMD and its application to unsteady flow. Next, we examine the conventional process with DMD mathematically and put it in relationship to the discrete Fourier transform. Our analysis shows that the current use of DMD components has several drawbacks. To resolve these problems we adjust the components and provide new and meaningful insights into the decomposition: we show that our improved components capture the spatio-temporal patterns of the flow better. Moreover, we remove redundancies in the decomposition and clarify the interplay between components, allowing users to understand the impact of components. These new representations, which respect the spatio-temporal character of DMD, enable two clustering methods that segment the flow into physically relevant sections and can therefore be used for the selection of DMD components. With a number of typical examples, we demonstrate that the combination of these techniques allows new insights with DMD for unsteady flow.

The impact of Turkish on the English language – An overview of borrowing in the manifold lexical domains influenced by Turkish over the centuries

The present article sets out to shed light on the Turkish influence on the English vocabulary over the centuries. The results provided by this study rely on a close analysis of a comprehensive lexicographical sample of Turkish borrowings listed in the Oxford English Dictionary Online. This study will provide an overview of the diversity of subject areas and spheres of life influenced by Turkish down the ages, which has as yet been considered little in existing investigations. On the basis of their meanings, the various Turkish-derived items have been grouped into several different semantic domains, ranging from the natural sciences, gastronomy, people and everyday life to faith and religion. A number of typical examples of borrowings will be given, in order to illustrate the impact of Turkish on the English lexicon from a historical point of view.

A smooth evolutionary structural optimization procedure applied to plane stress problem

Topological optimization problems based on stress criteria are solved using two techniques in this paper. The first technique is the conventional Evolutionary Structural Optimization (ESO), which is known as hard kill, because the material is discretely removed; that is, the elements under low stress that are being inefficiently utilized have their constitutive matrix has suddenly reduced. The second technique, proposed in a previous paper, is a variant of the ESO procedure and is called Smooth ESO (SESO), which is based on the philosophy that if an element is not really necessary for the structure, its contribution to the structural stiffness will gradually diminish until it no longer influences the structure; its removal is thus performed smoothly. This procedure is known as “soft-kill”; that is, not all of the elements removed from the structure using the ESO criterion are discarded. Thus, the elements returned to the structure must provide a good conditioning system that will be resolved in the next iteration, and they are considered important to the optimization process. To evaluate elasticity problems numerically, finite element analysis is applied, but instead of using conventional quadrilateral finite elements, a plane–stress triangular finite element was implemented with high-order modes for solving complex geometric problems. A number of typical examples demonstrate that the proposed approach is effective for solving problems of bi-dimensional elasticity.

Paradigms and Challenges for Bioapplication of Rare Earth Upconversion Luminescent Nanoparticles: Small Size and Tunable Emission/Excitation Spectra

Rare earth (RE) materials, which are excited in the ultraviolet and emit in the visible light spectrum, are widely used as phosphors for lamps and displays. In the 1960's, researchers reported an abnormal emission phenomenon where photons emitted from a RE element carried more energy than those absorbed, owing to the sequential energy transfer between two RE ions--Yb(3+)-sensitized Er(3+) or Tm(3+)--in the solid state. After further study, researchers named this abnormal emission phenomenon upconversion (UC) emission. More recent approaches take advantage of solution-based synthesis, which allows creation of homogenous RE nanoparticles (NPs) with controlled size and structure that are capable of UC emission. Such nanoparticles are useful for many applications, especially in biology. For these applications, researchers seek small NPs with high upconversion emission intensity. These UCNPs have the potential to have multicolor and tunable emissions via various activators. A vast potential for future development remains by developing molecular antennas and energy transfer within RE ions. We expect UCNPs with optimized spectra behavior to meet the increasing demand of potential applications in bioimaging, biological detection, and light conversion. This Account focuses on efforts to control the size and modulate the spectra of UCNPs. We first review efforts in size control. One method is careful control of the synthesis conditions to manipulate particle nucleation and growth, but more recently researchers have learned that the doping conditions can affect the size of UCNPs. In addition, constructing homogeneous core/shell structures can control nanoparticle size by adjusting the shell thickness. After reviewing size control, we consider how diverse applications impose different requirements on excitation and/or emission photons and review recent developments on tuning of UC spectral profiles, especially the extension of excitation/emission wavelengths and the adjustment and purification of emission colors. We describe strategies that employ various dopants and others that build rationally designed nanostructures and nanocomposites to meet these goals. As the understanding of the energy transfer in the UC process has improved, core/shell structures have been proved useful for simultaneous tuning of excitation and emission wavelengths. Finally, we present a number of typical examples to highlight the upconverted emission in various applications, including imaging, detection, and sensing. We believe that with deeper understanding of emission phenomena and the ability to tune spectral profiles, UCNPs could play an important role in light conversion studies and applications.

A generalised homogeneous solution for global stabilisation of a class of non-smooth upper-triangular systems

This paper investigates the problem of using small controls to globally stabilise a class of upper-triangular systems, including non-smooth systems. A generalised definition of homogeneity with new weights is employed to relax the existing restrictions imposed on the nonlinearities and enable the design of non-smooth stabilisers. By developing a more delicate design approach, small state feedback controllers are recursively constructed in a bottom-to-top fashion to globally stabilise the upper-triangular systems. In addition, a number of typical examples are discussed in order to illustrate that the proposed result not only encompasses several existing works under the same topic, but also solves the global stabilisation problem of more general upper-triangular systems using simpler controller structures.

Micro-perforated elements in complex vibro-acoustic environment: Modelling and applications

Micro-perforated structures/panels (MPP) are widely used in various architectural, industrial and environmental applications for providing efficient sound absorptions. More recently, they found their use in compact mechanical systems, in which the property of the MPP is shown to be strongly influenced by the surrounding vibro-acoustic environment, which is drastically different from the one dimensional Kundt tube configuration, usually used in existing works. Unfortunately, very little has been done in this regard, due to the fact that modeling such a vibro-coustic system with MPPs as integrative elements is a very challenging task, not even to mention the optimization. Recently, a vibro-acoustic formulation based on the Patch Transfer Function (PTF) approach was proposed to model micro-perforated structures in a complex vibro-acoustic environment. As a sub-structuring approach, PTF allows assembling different vibro-acoustic subsystems, including micro-perforations and the flexibility of a MPP, through coupled surfaces. The proposed formulation provides explicit representation of the coupling among subsystems, with enhanced capability of handling system complexities and facilitating system optimization. In this talk, the overall approach will be reviewed and applied to a number of typical examples. The versatility and efficiency of the method as well as the underlying physics are demonstrated.

Fusions et acquisitions en Inde : un aperçu des aspects réglementaires et fiscaux

Depuis le milieu des années 1990, les opérations de fusion-acquisition se sont développées très rapidement en Inde du fait de l’ouverture internationale de l’économie et des réformes structurelles. En 2011, l’Inde a été le deuxième pays émergent après la Chine en ce qui concerne le nombre de ces opérations. Cet article examine l’environnement juridique et fiscal pour faire ressortir les contraintes auxquelles sont soumises les sociétés indiennes ou étrangères réalisant ce type d’opérations. Dans une seconde partie, il analyse un certain nombre d’opérations sous cet angle pour mettre en évidence la nécessité d’une bonne prise en compte de ces contraintes.Classification JEL : G34, K22, O53.

Vectorisation à visée thérapeutique ou diagnostique : une synthèse de l’état de l’art dans le domaine du cancer

The concept of drug targeting has resulted in a considerable variety of tools within nanotechnology, whose potentials in the special field of cancer are very interesting. There is a strong link between the structure and the surface of the vector on the one hand, and the biological target thus accessible on the other hand, as illustrated a number of typical examples. Parallel developments were made in the fields of therapy and diagnosis, stage by stage. The challenges now live in the combination of approaches widely reported under the terminology of “theranostics”.

Ionization techniques in capillary electrophoresis‐mass spectrometry: Principles, design, and application

A major step forward in the development and application of capillary electrophoresis (CE) was its coupling to ESI-MS, first reported in 1987. More than two decades later, ESI has remained the principal ionization technique in CE-MS, but a number of other ionization techniques have also been implemented. In this review the state-of-the-art in the employment of soft ionization techniques for CE-MS is presented. First the fundamentals and general challenges of hyphenating conventional CE and microchip electrophoresis with MS are outlined. After elaborating on the characteristics and role of ESI, emphasis is put on alternative ionization techniques including sonic spray ionization (SSI), thermospray ionization (TSI), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI), matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) and continuous-flow fast atom bombardment (CF-FAB). The principle of each ionization technique is outlined and the experimental set-ups of the CE-MS couplings are described. The strengths and limitations of each ionization technique with respect to CE-MS are discussed and the applicability of the various systems is illustrated by a number of typical examples.

Vertical coalitions in hierarchical three-level control systems of fan-like structure

By the example of a river-water quality control system, we consider different types of coalitions in hierarchical systems of fan-like structure for three-level control. We use the method of incentives as a control method. Algorithms for constructing equilibriums and a number of typical examples are presented. Conclusions on the benefits and shortcomings of different types of vertical coalitions are made.

Prediction, determination and validation of phase diagrams via the global study of energy landscapes

AbstractTraditionally, the determination of phase diagrams has followed the inductive paradigm, where experimental observations provide the phase boundaries in more or less detail and phenomenological and semi-phenomenological models are employed to interpolate between the experimental data points, and by extrapolation to predict the shape of the phase boundaries in experimentally inaccessible regions. Over the past fifteen years, a new methodology has been developing, the aim of which is the prediction, determination and validation of phase diagrams in chemical systems without any recourse to experimental information. The founding stone of this deductive approach is the global study of the energy landscape of the chemical system. In this review, we present an introduction to the concept of energy landscapes in the context of phase diagram calculations, an overview over the large variety of methods employed to study energy landscapes and compute free energies on the ab initio level, and a number of typical examples of first-principle predictions, determinations and validations of phase diagrams.

Trends of composite casting technology and joining technology for castings in Japan

State of technologies in Japan related to composite casting was reviewed based on the three year survey of Composite Casting Process Sub-Committee in Committee on Foundry Technology (24th) of JSPS. Other than making metal matrix composite, cast-in insertion, bonding and joining of cast materials and other technologies combining different materials by casting process were included. Basic theories and the key technologies are explained, and a number of typical examples of products, on production or on experimental bases, were reported. Overseas literatures were also surveyed.

A probabilistic framework for the design of instance-based supervised ranking algorithms in an ordinal setting

In this article, we present a probabilistic framework which serves as the base from which instance-based algorithms for solving the supervised ranking problem may be derived. This framework constitutes a simple and novel approach to the supervised ranking problem, and we give a number of typical examples of how this derivation can be achieved.

Jung and Kabbalah: imaginal and noetic aspects

Jung made use of kabbalistic images and motifs in various parts of his opus, including in his alchemical studies, in Aion, and extensively in Mysterium Coniunctionis. He also recorded an important dream after his heart attack which made use of kabbalistic symbolism in Memories, Dreams, Reflections. In this paper I explore Jung's ideas in relation to Kabbalah, first, by differentiating between Jung's imaginal approach to kabbalistic symbolism and the noetic intention of the Kabbalah itself in its use of imaginal material. Second, I present a number of typical examples of how Jung understands (and sometimes misunderstands) kabbalistic material that he cites. Third, I briefly survey the development of the Kabbalah as an imaginal noetic system, and present a core self-understanding of kabbalists--as engaged in inner 'self-work' which intends to 'sweeten the harsh judgments of existence in their very roots'. Finally, I differentiate Jung's understanding of the psychical living symbol from the kabbalistic understanding of the mystical symbol. In this fourth section of the paper, I conclude by presenting a basic Hasidic/kabbalistic teaching on the nature and function of verbal contemplative prayer--as an illustration of the difference between the two understandings of symbolism. The four sections of the paper are framed by a 'Prelude' and a 'Coda'.

Application of genetic algorithms in automated assignments of high-resolution spectra

This paper describes an automated assignment and fitting procedure for high-resolution rotationally resolved spectra. The method is based on the application of genetic algorithms (GA) and both frequency and intensity information of these spectra is used. The basic ideas behind the GA technique is introduced and the particular fitness function critical for the success of the GA evaluation is discussed. The meta-optimization of the internal GA parameters for an optimal exploration of the error landscape of the spectrum fitting is investigated. A number of typical examples are given in which the use of automated spectrum assignments with the GA method is of crucial importance in the analysis. Examples are given for fits of very dense spectra due to overlap of a number of rovibronic spectra in conformers and isotopomers and strongly congested spectra in dimer systems. It is also shown that since the GA performs an overall fit of the complete spectrum very good information on the orientation of the transition dipole moments is gathered. Contents PAGE 1. Introduction 354 2. The genetic algorithm 357 2.1. Introduction 357 2.2. The fitness function 358 2.2.1. Definition 358 2.2.2. Numerical evaluation of the fitness function 359 3. Optimization of the GA fits 360 3.1. Effect of the width (Δ w) of the weight function w(r) on the convergence of the GA 360 3.2. Meta-optimization of the internal GA parameters 361 3.3. Uncertainties in and correlations between the parameters from a GA fit 362 4. Methods 363 4.1. Experimental 363 4.2. The calculated spectra 364 4.2.1. The asymmetric rotor Hamiltonian 364 4.2.2. Internal rotation Hamiltonian 365 4.2.3. Intensities 366 4.3. The structure determination 367 4.4. The software used 368 5. Examples of the success of GA automatic assignments 368 5.1. GA fits of very dense rovibronic spectra 368 5.1.1. [7-D]phenol-N2 368 5.1.2. Benzonitrile-Ar 369 5.1.3. 4-methylphenol and its water complex 371 5.2. Simultaneous GA fits of a number of overlapping rovibronic spectra 373 5.2.1. 7-azaindole (Pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine) 374 5.2.2. Resorcinol (1,3-dihydroxybenzene) 375 5.2.3. Conformers and isotopomers of tryptamine 377 5.3. Strongly congested spectra in dimer systems 379 5.3.1. Benzoic acid dimer revisited 380 5.3.2. Benzonitrile dimer 385 5.3.3. Phenol dimer 387 5.4. Orientation of the transition dipole moment 389 5.5. GA fit of rotational contours 391 5.5.1. The FTIR spectrum of benzotriazole 391 5.5.2. The low-resolution LIF spectrum of azaindole-water 393 6. Summary 394 Acknowledgements 395 Appendix A 395 Appendix B 396 References 400 Supporting online material 403

The interaction of doubly periodic cracks

In this paper, an extremely accurate and efficient method for computing the interaction of a set of or multiple sets of general doubly periodic cracks has been presented on the basis of superposition principle, pseudo-traction method, and isolating analysis technique. A great number of typical examples are given in this paper. The stress intensity factors (SIF), the minimum strain energy density factors (SED) of crack tip and the critical stress (CRS) of crack growth are calculated with the accuracy of six significant digits for the rectangularly distributed periodic cracks and five significant digits for the general doubly periodic cracks. The relation of the interaction effect of the double periodic cracks with the periods and the ratio of crack length to crack spacing is analyzed. Also in this paper, the key technique problems for this method are discussed.

Stress based optimization of torsional shafts using an evolutionary procedure

This paper presents a shear stress based evolutionary algorithm for the cross-section design of shafts subject to torsion. In this method, finite element analysis is employed to find the shear stress distribution throughout the cross-sectional area of the shaft. To seek a full stress or iso-strength design, two basic procedures are developed in this paper; either progressively removing the least efficient material from the design domain or gradually shifting material from the least efficient (under-utilized) location to the most efficient (over-utilized) location while keeping the cross-sectional area constant. The former leads to the remaining material being more effectively utilized and the latter results in the material being more intelligently redistributed. The method proves to be simple in its physical concept and mathematical operations, and easy for computer implementation. A number of typical examples demonstrate that the proposed approach is effective in solving design problems for both simply-connected and multiply-connected cross-sections, involving reshaping of both interior and exterior boundaries.