Number Of Tuberculosis Cases Research Articles

Implementation of ward's agglomerative hierarchical clustering model to detect pulmonary tuberculosis endemic areas in Aceh Utara regency

This study aims to detect pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB) endemic areas in Aceh Utara Regency based on altitude, population density, and the number of TB cases. The Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering (AHC) algorithm was used to cluster 27 subdistricts, each measured by these three factors. The clustering results divided the subdistricts into three main clusters with distinct characteristics. Cluster 1 consists of subdistricts with low altitude, high population density, and relatively high numbers of TB cases, identifying this area as having the highest risk of TB endemicity. Cluster 2 includes areas with moderate population density and TB case numbers, while Cluster 3 consists of subdistricts at higher altitudes with fewer TB cases. The clustering results were evaluated using three key metrics: Silhouette Score, Davies-Bouldin Index, and Dunn Index, which indicated that the clustering model performed well, although some subdistricts were positioned near the cluster boundaries. This research provides valuable information for health authorities to prioritize interventions and allocate resources to areas most in need of TB management.

Comparison of Video and Booklet Media to Improve Parents' Knowledge About Childhood Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Indonesia is the country with the second largest number of TB cases in the world. Tuberculosis in children cases in Indonesia reached 110,881 and West Sumatra is in sixth place with 2,751 cases. Tuberculosis in children cases are often ignored for various reasons such as lack of parental knowledge about preventing TB in children. Health education through audio-visual media and booklets is one of the efforts made to provide health information about preventing TB in children. The purpose of this study was to see changes in parental knowledge before and after intervention with video and booklet media and to compare the effectiveness of each media. This study used the "Pretest-Posttest Two Group Design" design which was conducted in the Pegambiran Health Center Work Area. The sample consisted of 54 people consisting of 2 groups, namely 27 people in the audio-visual media group and 27 people in the booklet media group. Sampling used the Simple Random Sampling technique. Univariate analysis showed frequency distribution and bivariate analysis used the Wilcoxon rank test and the Mann Whitney test. The results of the study with the Wilcoxon test obtained knowledge before and after audio-visual intervention with a p-value of 0.000 <0.05 and booklet media showed a p-value of 0.000 <0.05. The results of the Mann Whitney test with a p-value of 0.284> 0.05. It can be concluded that there is no difference in the effectiveness of using audio-visual media compared to booklet media in increasing parental knowledge about preventing childhood tuberculosis. It is hoped that the Health Center and related agencies will use audio-visual media and booklets in providing health education about preventing TB in children.

Niosomal as Potential Vesicular Drug Nano-carriers for the Treatment of Tuberculosis (TB)

Targeted drug delivery systems are employed to administer pharmaceutical medication, facilitating the precise delivery of drugs to specific diseased areas. Various delivery methods utilize carriers such as antibodies, transdermal patches, biodegradable polymers, nanoparticles (NPs), liposomes, niosomes, and microspheres. Niosomes, on the other hand, represent a promising and innovative category of vesicular systems. Niosomes are vesicles formed by hydrating a combination of nonionic surfactants (NIOs) and cholesterol. These nonionic surfactant carriers serve as carriers for both lipophilic and amphiphilic drugs. In the drug delivery system using niosomes, the medication is enclosed within a vesicle. The niosomes in tuberculosis (TB) possess biodegradable and biocompatible properties, are nonimmunogenic, and demonstrate versatility in their structural composition. It is a serious and potentially contagious disease originating from the bacteria, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In a recent update, the WHO still estimated that the number of TB cases was 9.9 million in 2022. The use of niosomes improves the treatment of TB through the use of much more advanced technology and advanced drug nanocarriers. The main aim of this review paper is to summarize the structural compositions of niosomes with silent features and various preparation methods, as well as to complete the discussion about tuberculosis and its treatment/diagnosis. Finally, the comparison of niosomes with liposomes and their current applications in treating TB with several niosomal-drug carriers and treatment with niosomal formulations was performed.

Implementation Machine Learning of K-Means Clustering Method and Linear Regression for Detecting the Risk of Tuberculosis Spread in Bangka Regency

The number of tuberculosis (TB) sufferers in Bangka Regency tends to increase and is becoming a very serious public health problem. In 2023, there will be around 331,581 residents of Bangka Regency, with around 1,489 of them suffering from TB. The high number of TB cases in Bangka Regency requires comprehensive monitoring. Surveillance can be carried out by grouping TB cases by region. One clustering method is K-Means which groups data based on similar criteria. Researchers also used the Linear Regression method to predict the effect of population density on increasing TB prevalence. This research was conducted to cluster the distribution pattern of TB by region and identify the influence of population density variables on the increase in TB. Based on the results of the K-Means method analysis by looking at the Performance Davies Bouldin-Index (Dbi) test, researchers obtained a pattern of TB distribution which was categorized into: Areas with High Prevalence (Sungailiat), Medium Prevalence (Belinyu and West Mendo) and Low Prevalence (Bakam, Merawang, Pemali, Pudding Besar, and Riau Silip). Meanwhile, the prediction results show that there is a positive influence of 81% of the population density variable on increasing the number of TB spreads and 19% is influenced by other variables. The results of this research can be used as a reference for the Bangka District Health Service to assist decision-making in preventing an increase in TB cases.

Pulmonary and Hepatic Tuberculosis in a Single Individual

Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious bacterial infection caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium. It primarily affects the lungs but can also target other parts of the body, known as extra pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB). TB spreads through the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks.[1] Asia bears a significant burden of TB cases worldwide, accounting for approximately 60% of the global TB incidence. The region's large population, varying health systems, and socioeconomic factors contribute to this high prevalence. Countries like India, China, Indonesia, and Bangladesh have particularly high TB rates.[1,2] India has the highest number of TB cases globally, making it a major concern for public health. Factors such as poverty, overcrowding, inadequate healthcare infrastructure, and limited access to diagnostics and treatment contribute to the high prevalence. The Indian government has implemented various initiatives to combat TB and improve prevention, diagnosis, and treatment services.[3] Despite the rapid decline in tuberculosis (TB) prevalence globally following the introduction of anti-TB medications in the 1940s, recent years have witnessed a resurgence in TB incidence rates. This resurgence can be attributed to various factors including governmental complacency, inadequate public health interventions, HIV coinfection, intravenous drug abuse, multidrug resistance, and an increasing number of immunocompromised individuals.[1] As a consequence, hepatic tuberculosis, which is part of disseminated tuberculosis, has been observed in 50-80% of cases, reflecting the growing prevalence of TB. Hepatic TB often presents challenges in clinical diagnosis due to its atypical symptoms and imaging findings, leading to potential misdiagnosis and delayed treatment initiation.[2-3] Through our literature review, it became apparent that the majority of existing studies are comprised of case reports, highlighting a lack of comprehensive understanding in diagnosing and treating hepatic tuberculosis.[4] An immunocompromised host refers to an individual with a weakened immune system, making them more susceptible to infections and diseases. This can result from conditions such as HIV/AIDS, chemotherapy, organ transplantation, or certain medications that suppress the immune response.[5] Immunocompromised individuals face a higher risk of contracting TB due to their weakened immune defenses. The risk of developing active TB disease is significantly increased in this population. Timely diagnosis and appropriate management are crucial to prevent serious complications and mortality.[5] In immunocompromised hosts, TB can manifest in various extra pulmonary sites outside the lungs. Common sites of EPTB involvement include the lymph nodes, bones and joints, central nervous system, genitourinary system, gastrointestinal tract, and skin. Prompt recognition and appropriate treatment are essential to prevent complications and morbidity associated with EPTB.[6] By understanding the prevalence of TB in Asia and India, the impact on immunocompromised individuals, the definition of disseminated TB, and the sites of EPTB in immunocompromised hosts, we can better address and manage this public health issue. Increased awareness, early diagnosis, and effective treatment strategies are crucial in reducing the burden of TB and improving patient outcomes.[7]

Tuberculin skin test repetition after TNF-α inhibitors in patients with chronic inflammatory arthritis: a long-term retrospective cohort in endemic area

ObjectivesTo evaluate the tuberculin skin test (TST) conversion in chronic inflammatory arthropathies (CIA) patients on TNFα inhibitors (TNFi) and without previous latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) treatment.MethodsPatients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) with negative LTBI were retrospectively evaluated for TST conversion and active tuberculosis (TB) after six months of exposition to TNFi. Two groups were compared: patients who repeated TST (TST-repetition) during the follow-up and patients who did not (non-TST-repetition).ResultsA total of 355 CIA patients on TNFi were screened and 138 (38.9%) did not fulfill the inclusion criteria. Of the remaining 217 CIA patients, 81 (37.3%) repeated TST during TNFi treatment. TST conversion rate was observed in 18 (22.2%) patients without significant differences among CIA (p = 0.578). The number of TB cases was low (n = 10; 4.6%) and was similar in TST-repetition and non-TST-repetition groups [2 (2.5%) vs. 8 (5.9%), p = 0.328]. Of note, 30% of active TB occurred early (6–12 months of TNFi exposure) and the median (full range) time to incident TB was 1.3 (0.6–10.6) years, whereas the median (full range) time to TST repetition was later [3.3 (0.5–13.4) years]. The incidence of active TB was lower among RA patients than AS patients [342 (95% CI 41 − 1446) vs. 1.454 (95% CI 594-2993)/100,000 patient-years, p = 0.049].ConclusionThese results indicate that TST repetition is associated with a high conversion rate, suggesting the need for recommended treatment. The delayed repetition of TST and low number of active TB cases hampered the evaluation of this strategy effectiveness to prevent active infection. Larger studies with systematic repetition patterns are necessary. In addition, the study highlights the need for a greater surveillance for TB in AS patients.

Improving Pulmonary Tuberculosis Treatment Adherence: The role of patient knowledge in Cirebon, West Java, Indonesia

Background: With 10 million cases around the world, pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) has been classified as a highly contagious disease and mostly affecting low and middle countries. Having the second highest incident cases in West Java of Indonesia, Cirebon becomes a challenging city in order to reduce the number of TB cases in the country. Aims: This study aims to identify the patients’ knowledge and treatment phases, and how the two factors encourage patients to comply with their medication. Methods : This cross-sectional observational study was conducted among 91 new pulmonary tuberculosis patients at the Cirebon City Community Lung Health Centre, selected using random sampling. Not only respondent characteristics, but also data on the patients' knowledge levels, treatment phases, and medication adherence were collected using a questionnaire and medical records. To assess the relationship between these variables, the collected data was then analyzed using the Spearman Correlation test. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Health Research Ethics Commission, and informed consent was gathered from all participants. Results: This study reveals the most updated characteristics of the Tuberculosis patients at the Cirebon City Community Lung Health Center aged 15-64 years old with treatment duration ranged 1-6 months. The majority have insufficient knowledge about tuberculosis (45.1%), and 75.8% of patients adhered to their prescribed medication regimen, regardless of their knowledge level. The data indicates a significant positive correlation between knowledge level and medication adherence (p = 0.015), with 95% of patients with good knowledge adhering to treatment compared to only 34% with poor knowledge. Furthermore, there is a significant relationship between adherence and treatment duration (p = 0.002), as 85% of patients who adhered to treatment did so for more than two months. Conclusion: The study shows that patients with better knowledge of tuberculosis are more likely to stick to their medication, which also leads to longer treatment durations. Given the high incidence of TB in the region, these findings suggest the need for targeted educational programs to enhance patients' understanding of TB, thereby improving adherence to treatment protocols. Received: 20 May 2024, Reviewed: 09 June 2024, Revised: 26 August 2024, Accepted: 30 August 2024.

Overview of TB Patient Compliance for Control during the Covid-19 Pandemic at the UGM RSA TB Clinic

Tuberculosis (TB) is a public health problem that is a global challenge and is the third leading cause of death in Indonesia and the first leading cause of death due to infectious diseases. Based on data from the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia, there has been a decrease in the number of TB cases found and treated. As one of the strategies to control risk factors for TB disease transmission, RSA UGM provides a special clinic for TB patients whose rooms meet national standards. However, several times researchers found that there were still TB patients who controlled outside the TB clinic schedule so that they mingled with non-TB patients, which resulted in increasing the risk of TB disease transmission to patients visiting the UGM Hospital. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared Covid-19 a pandemic on 9 March 2020. This has caused public fear to visit health facilities. This study aims to determine the level of compliance of TB patient visits during the Covid-19 pandemic at the UGM RSA TB Clinic. This descriptive observational study used secondary data, with a total sampling technique and analyses using univariate analysis. Of the 40 samples that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 92.5% of patients were in the productive age range (18-65 years), mostly male (70%). The proportion of patients with pulmonary TB was 62.5% and the remaining 37.5% were extra- pulmonary TB patients. There was an increase in adherence of TB patients to control at the TB clinic and on schedule from month 1 to the following months.

Economic evaluation of diagnosis and treatment for latent tuberculosis infection among contacts of pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Thailand

Currently, interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) is costly and not included as latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) screening test strategy in Thailand’s Universal Coverage Scheme (UCS) benefit package. The objective of this study was to assess the cost-utility of LTBI screening strategies among tuberculosis (TB) contacts in Thailand. A hybrid decision tree and Markov model was developed to compare the lifetime costs and health outcomes of tuberculin skin test (TST) and IGRA, in comparison to no screening, based on a societal perspective. Health outcomes were the total number of TB cases averted and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), with results presented as an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). One-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed to explore uncertainties in all parameters. The ICER of TST compared with no screening was 27,645 baht per QALY gained, while that of IGRA compared to TST was 851,030 baht per QALY gained. In a cohort of 1000 TB contacts, both TST and IGRA strategies could avert 282 and 283 TB cases, respectively. At the Thai societal willingness-to-pay threshold of 160,000 baht per QALY gained, TST was deemed cost-effective, whereas IGRA would not be cost-effective, unless the cost of IGRA was reduced to 1,434 baht per test.

Socialization and Evaluation of The Level of Compliance of Tuberculosis Patients to The Use Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs to Pharmacy Students of The Lubuk Pakam Medical Health Institute in 2023

The incidence of Tuberculosis (TB) is a health issue that must be paid attention to, especially at the Limapuluh Community Health Center. This health center is a health service center in the Fifty District which experiences a high incidence of TB, with the number of TB cases in 2022 increasing from the previous year. The level of patient compliance with treatment is one of the determining factors for the success of therapy. This study aims to provide an understanding of the factors that influence the level of compliance of TB patients with the use of Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs (OAT) at the Limapuluh Community Health Center. The method of service carried out is in the form of communication, information and education related to the use of Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs. The socialization was carried out online through a zoom meeting with the presentation of material and continued with a pretest and posttest as a measuring tool regarding the increase in participants' understanding of the material presented. This activity was carried out on January 06, 2024 at 10.00-12.00 WIB. The results of this service are the counseling material provided to students seen from the posttest results which show that the understanding and increase in knowledge of the participants is good compared to the results of the previous pretest points. In conclusion, students who take part in this activity can further explore the factors that affect patient compliance in taking OAT drugs so that similar activities can be carried out regularly to prevent errors in the use of Anti Tuberculosis drugs.

Forecasting Trends in the Number of Tuberculosis Cases in China Using the SARIMA Model

Forecasting Trends in the Number of Tuberculosis Cases in China Using the SARIMA Model

Progress Toward Tuberculosis Elimination and Tuberculosis Program Performance - National Tuberculosis Indicators Project, 2016-2022.

Elimination of tuberculosis (TB) is defined as reducing TB disease incidence in the United States to less than 1 case per million persons per year. In 2022, TB incidence in the United States was 2.5 TB cases per 100,000 persons. CDC's TB program developed a set of national TB indicators to evaluate progress toward TB elimination through monitoring performance of state and city TB program activities. Examining TB indicator data enables state- and city-level TB programs to identify areas for program evaluation and improvement activities. These data also help CDC identify states and cities that might benefit from technical assistance. The 5-year period for which the most recent data were available for each of five indicators: 1) overall TB incidence (2018-2022), 2) TB incidence among non-U.S.-born persons (2018-2022), 3) percentage of persons with drug susceptibility results reported (2018-2022), 4) percentage of contacts to sputum acid-fast bacillus (AFB) smear-positive TB patients with newly diagnosed latent TB infection (LTBI) who completed treatment (2017-2021), and 5) percentage of patients with completion of TB therapy within 12 months (2016-2020). The National TB Indicators Project (NTIP) is a web-based performance monitoring tool that uses national TB surveillance data reported through the National TB Surveillance System and the Aggregate Reports for TB Program Evaluation. NTIP was developed to facilitate the use of existing data to help TB program staff members prioritize activities, monitor progress, and focus program improvement efforts. The following five indicators were selected for this report because of their importance in Federal TB funding allocation and in accelerating the decline in TB cases: 1) overall TB incidence in the United States, 2) TB incidence among non-U.S.-born persons, 3) percentage of persons with drug susceptibility results reported, 4) percentage of contacts to sputum AFB smear-positive TB cases who completed treatment for LTBI, and 5) percentage of patients with completion of TB therapy within 12 months. For this report, 52 TB programs (50 states, the District of Columbia, and New York City) were categorized into terciles based on the 5-year average number of TB cases reported to National TB Surveillance System. This grouping allows comparison of TB programs that have similar numbers of TB cases and allocates a similar number of TB programs to each category. The following formula was used to calculate the relative change by TB program for each indicator: [(% from year 5 - % from year 1 ÷ % from year 1) × 100]. During the 5-year period for which the most recent data were available, most TB programs had improvements in reducing overall TB incidence (71.2%) and increasing the percentage of contacts receiving a diagnosis of LTBI who completed LTBI treatment (55.8%); the majority of programs (51.0%) also had improvements in reducing incidence among non-U.S.-born persons. The average percentage of persons with drug susceptibility results reported in most jurisdictions (28 of 52, [53.9%]) met or exceeded the 5-year national average of 97% (2018-2022). The percentage of contacts to sputum acid-fast bacillus (AFB) smear-positive TB patients with newly diagnosed latent TB infection (LTBI) who completed treatment increased in 29 of 52 (55.8%) jurisdictions from 2017 to 2021, signifying that, for most jurisdictions, steps have been taken to enhance performance in this area. The average percentage of patients with completion of TB therapy within 12 months was at or above the national average of 89.7% in approximately two-thirds (32 of 52 [61.5%]) of jurisdictions. This report is the first to describe a 5-year relative change for TB program performance. These results suggest that TB programs are making improvements in activities that help identify persons with TB and LTBI and ensure patients complete treatment in a timely manner. Use of NTIP data from individual TB programs enables a more detailed examination of trends in program performance and identification of areas for program improvement. Assessing indicator trends by TB program provides an opportunity to gain a better understanding of program performance in comparison to other programs. It can also facilitate communication between programs regarding successes and challenges in program improvement. This information is valuable for TB programs to allocate resources effectively and provide additional context on TB control for public health policymakers.

Analysis of Nutritional Status and The Incidence of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in The Puskesmas Martapura 1

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by bacteria and transmitted through the air. Indonesia, especially South Kalimantan, records a high number of TB cases. Martapura 1 Community Health Center, which is known for its significant number of pulmonary TB cases, requires special strategies in handling and prevention. This descriptive research uses a cross-sectional design. The research was carried out from February to June 2024, at Martapura 1 Health Center, Banjar Regency, South Kalimantan. The sample size was 50 people, with the sampling method being Accidental Sampling. Data collection techniques include BTA examination and BMI (Body Mass Index) assessment. Analysis of the relationship between nutritional status and the incidence of pulmonary TB in the working area of Martapura 1 Community Health Center, Banjar Regency, South Kalimantan based on statistical tests with chi-square obtained a p-value of 0.006 (p-value <0.05). Therefore, it can be concluded that there is a relationship between nutritional status and the incidence of pulmonary TB in the working area of Martapura 1 Health Center, Banjar Regency, South Kalimantan in 2024. The incidence of pulmonary TB can affect a person's nutritional status.

HUBUNGAN JENIS PENGOBATAN ANTI TUBERKULOSIS TERHADAP KEPATUHAN MINUM OBAT ANTI TUBERKULOSIS

Pulmonary TB germs can infect various parts of the body and prefer parts of the body with high oxygen levels. The lungs are the main predilection site for pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) germs. Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Pulmonary Tuberculosis (Pulmonary TB) is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. The number of TB cases every year always increases with new cases and the success rate of treatment is still insufficient. Based on data from the World Health Organization (2018), there are 6.4 million people in the world infected with TB germs. In Indonesia, the number of TB cases is estimated to be 842,000 new TB cases per year (319 per 100,000 population) with 107,000 deaths per year (40 per 100,000 population). One factor that can be related to non-compliance with TB drug consumption is the type of TB treatment. The aim of the study was to identify the relationship between the type of anti-tuberculosis treatment and adherence to taking anti-tuberculosis medication. This research is a quantitative research study with a cross sectional approach. This research was carried out at the Deli Tua Community Health Center. The population of this study were pulmonary TB patients who were registered and receiving treatment at the Deli Tua Community Health Center, with a total of 68 respondents. The research results showed that there was no relationship between the type of treatment and compliance with taking anti-tuberculosis medication with a p value of 0.921. TB sufferers need to increase awareness of compliance with taking anti-tuberculosis medication.

Analisis Penyakit Tuberkulosis (TBC) pada Provinsi Jawa Timur Tahun 2021 Menggunakan Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR)

<p dir="ltr"><span>Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease with the highest mortality rate in the world. In East Java, TB cases will experience a significant increase in 2021. This study uses the Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) method to analyze the variables that affect TB cases in East Java that year. The variables used are the number of TB cases, the number of smokers, the number poor population, and population density. The GWR results show that the number of poor people has a significant effect on all districts/cities in East Java. Meanwhile, population density has a significant effect in most areas (except Pacitan, Bondowoso, Situbondo). This research provides input for the government to reduce the number of TB cases in East Java. Efforts need to be made to increase employment and reduce regional disparities so that the burden of this disease can be controlled more effectively.</span></p><p dir="ltr"><span>Keywords: </span><span>TBC, GWR, Kernel Bisquare</span></p><div><span><br /></span></div>

IJCM_256A: Trend in Tuberculosis Notification in Solapur district: Analysis from 2015 to 2022

Background: India contributes approximately 25% of the missing cases of tuberculosis (TB) globally. Even though ~50% of patients with TB are diagnosed and treated within India’s private sector, few are notified to the public healthcare system. India’s TB notification policy mandates that all patients with TB are notified through Nikshay (TB notification portal). We undertook this study to assess how mandatory notification has influenced the number of TB cases reported in the Nikshay portal from the private sector from Solapur district between 2015 and 2022. Objective: To evaluate the contribution of mandatory notification in enhancing TB notification in Solapur district between 2015 and 2022. Methodology: This study employed a quantitative observational approach, using record-based data extracted from the laboratory register and the Nikshay portal. The analysis period spanned from 2015 to 2022, allowing for an in- depth evaluation of TB notification trends before and after the implementation of the mandatory notification policy in 2018. Data was compiled and analysed using MS-Excel. Frequencies, means, and proportions used to effectively describe tuberculosis (TB) case notifications in both the private and public sectors were used. Results: Between 2015 and 2022, Solapur district experienced a variable but overall increasing trend in TB notification rates. In 2015, the TB notification rate was 58.15 per 100,000 population, which increased to 90.69 by 2022. The annual presumptive TB examination rates showed significant growth over the years. In 2015, the rate was 628 per 100,000 population, which escalated to 1965 by 2022. Conclusion: This rise is indicative of enhanced TB case detection, especially after the implementation of the mandatory notification policy and increase in presumptive TB examination rates is attributed to the rising use of advanced diagnostic methods such as CBNAAT and TrueNAT.

DESCRIPTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE INCIDENCE OF TUBERCULOSIS IN MEDAN CITY AT THE NORTH SUMATRA PROVINCIAL HEALTH OFFICE

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that most often attacks the lungs and is caused by a type of bacteria, namely Mycobacterium tuberculosis. WHO explains that in 2022, an estimated 10.6 million people will suffer from tuberculosis worldwide, including 5.8 million men, 3.5 million women and 1.3 million children. In 2022, as many as 1.3 million people in the world will die from TB, including 167,000 people with HIV. Based on data from the North Sumatra Provincial Health Service, the number of tuberculosis cases in North Sumatra was found to be 34,714 cases. In men, there were 22,455 cases or 64.69% and in women, there were 12,259 cases or 35.31%. Tuberculosis cases in Medan City were found to be 10,050 cases. According to gender, the number of Tuberculosis cases in the city of Medan in men was 6,400 cases amounting to 63.68%, higher than Tuberculosis cases in women, namely 3,650 cases amounting to 36.32%. This research aims to determine the incidence of Tuberculosis in the city of Medan descriptively. This research is a quantitative study with a cross-sectional research design using secondary data on National TB Control which has been data collected by the North Sumatra Provincial Health Service in 2023.

Tuberculosis - United States, 2023.

After 27 years of declining U.S. tuberculosis (TB) case counts, the number of TB cases declined considerably in 2020, coinciding with the COVID-19 pandemic. For this analysis, TB case counts were obtained from the National TB Surveillance System. U.S. Census Bureau population estimates were used to calculate rates overall, by jurisdiction, birth origin, race and ethnicity, and age group. Since 2020, TB case counts and rates have increased each year. During 2023, a total of 9,615 TB cases were provisionally reported by the 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia (DC), representing an increase of 1,295 cases (16%) as compared with 2022. The rate in 2023 (2.9 per 100,000 persons) also increased compared with that in 2022 (2.5). Forty states and DC reported increases in 2023 in both case counts and rates. National case counts increased among all age groups and among both U.S.-born and non-U.S.-born persons. Although TB incidence in the United States is among the lowest in the world and most U.S. residents are at minimal risk, TB continues to cause substantial global morbidity and mortality. This postpandemic increase in U.S. cases highlights the importance of continuing to engage communities with higher TB rates and their medical providers in TB elimination efforts and strengthening the capacity in public health programs to carry out critical disease control and prevention strategies.

Analysis of Risk Factors on the Performance of Tuberculosis Control Program Officers in the Working Area of the Lubuk Kambing Health Center, Jambi, Indonesia

Indonesia is ranked 2nd in the country with the highest burden of tuberculosis (TB). In Jambi, the detection rate for pulmonary TB cases is still low (19%), and at the Lubuk Kambing Health Center, it only reaches 53%. This study aims to analyze the factors associated with the low rate of TB case detection in the Lubuk Kambing Health Center working area. Cross-sectional research design with 65 respondents. Data analysis uses logistic regression. There is a relationship between level of knowledge, motivation, workload, training, length of service, availability of TCM (molecular rapid test) facilities, active screening of pulmonary TB suspects, honorarium, family support, and evaluation of TB prevention and control officers and TB cadres with low detection capabilities d TB in the Lubuk Kambing Health Center working area. Availability of facilities is the dominant factor related to the low number of TB cases in the Lubuk Kambing Health Center working area. Efforts to increase knowledge, motivation, training, length of service, active screening, honorarium, and family support, as well as providing TCM facilities and regular evaluations, need to be carried out to increase the TB case detection rate.

Tuberculosis Prevalence Trends from a Predictive Modelling Study - 10 High-Burden Countries, 1980-2035.

Given the challenges presented by drug-resistant strains of tuberculosis (TB) and the rising mobility of the population, achieving the objective of eradicating TB appears uncertain. The examination of TB incidence trends in 10 high-burden countries (HBCs) indicated a steady rise in cases, with India and China jointly accounting for nearly 70% of the burden. Projections for the future show diverse trajectories in these countries, with potential difficulties in reaching the TB elimination target, especially in Nigeria, Congo, and South Africa. The number of TB cases is on the rise. It is crucial to learn from successful strategies to improve TB prevention and control worldwide through collaborative efforts.