Number Of Thermal Power Plants Research Articles

Experimental Study of Deformation Risk and Interpolation Analysis of Temperature for Water Walls under Flexible Low-Load Conditions

With the development of renewable energy in power generation, a large number of thermal power plants operate under flexible working conditions. To study water wall deformation risk under flexible low-load conditions, a lab-scale opposed firing boiler was built to measure and analyze the temperature and thermal stress of the water wall under low-load flexible operating conditions with several nontypical burner arrangements. The results showed that flame radiation and flue gas convection heat transfer induced a high-temperature zone. Thermal stress was mainly caused by thermal expansion of the metal and expansion or extrusion deformation of other areas. Also, local thermal stress fluctuations and excessive values appeared under variable conditions. In addition, the burners’ symmetrical arrangement in the center effectively reduced thermal stress fluctuations and overall thermal stress under flexible working conditions. Finally, based on the limited temperature measurement points in this experiment, the optimal power parameter α for the inverse distance weighted (IDW) method and the shape parameter ε for the radial basis function (RBF) method were found to make a reasonable interpolation prediction of the temperature distribution of the water wall. This study highlights the recommended burner arrangements under flexible low-load conditions and the optimal parameters of the IDW and the RBF methods for estimating temperature in guiding safe operation of the water wall.

Implementation of Innovative Processes to Ensure the Development of the Social Infrastructure of China

Implementation of dynamic processes of innovative transformations in the social sphere of many countries of the world is a guarantee for an effective management of their socio-economic systems. Today, the People’s Republic of China (PRC) is trying to find its own approach to the effective development of the social infrastructure of the territories, the problem of which is actualized in the context of large-scale socio-economic reforms, and the possibility of a solution is supported by the significant growth of the innovative potential of the PRC. It is noted that maintenance at the achieved level and further socio-economic development of the state are not possible without regular implementation of innovations. China is one of the world’s technological and scientific leaders, adapting quickly and creating its own innovations. However, the development of the social sector requires separate innovative initiatives and projects. It is determined that social innovation has been promoted as China’s national development strategy since the mid-2010s. New ideas, patterns of organizational behavior, and political agendas have been transformed into social innovations. These events create a climate that promotes social innovation as a general conception. The views of scientists of the People’s Republic of China regarding the harmonious social development of Chinese society were considered, including the implementation of the priority strategy of education; improving the health care system; active implementation of employment policy; creation of a fair distribution system; fair social guarantees; coordinated development of regions. The steps for implementing China’s socio-economic breakthrough strategy are highlighted: first, increasing the share of the market economy and reducing the level of support for the state-owned enterprises; secondly, stimulation of the domestic market and consumption; third, improving social protection, which will help solve the demographic problem; fourth, invest in the development of less polluting industries, gradually reduce the number of thermal power plants, switch to alternative energy sources; fifthly, the fight against corruption and strengthening the rule of law are of fundamental importance.

Ranking of thermal power plants focusing on air pollution: A Neutrosophic assessment

This study aims to rank a number of thermal power plants (TPP) based on the emission rate of different air pollutants. It will encourage the managing director of the respective plant to make more attention to lower down the emission rate of pollutants. Since it is almost impossible to assess the emission of pollutants from a TPP on daily basis and as the rate of pollutant discharge from a particular TPP may vary under several grounds, so the emission rates of pollutants are characterised here as uncertain parameter. The discharge rate of air pollutant is assessed in three divided periods instead of taking a unique rate throughout the year to have a fair justification and is expressed by single valued triangular neutrosophic number (svtrn-number) to emphasise the hesitancy of experts independently in experimental data. The huge number of data of an svtrn-number is manipulated using graded mean integration concept. A methodology is developed to find the rank of plant by making a co-relation between its emission rate of air pollutants and the permissible norm specified by Pollution Control Board of the respective country. A TPP may have several number of power generation units with different capacity. So an importance is also given to each unit of a TPP in measurement of its overall emission rate. A user friendly algorithm is furnished to sketch the methodology and it is illustrated to find the rank of four coal fired power plants at different locations in India. The potentiality of the proposed methodology is claimed after comparing it with some of the existing literatures.

Modeling of a passive scalar transport from thermal power plants to atmospheric boundary layer

At the moment, there is a tendency to increasing the number of thermal power plants (TPPs); this trend can be associated with industrial development and energy consumption growth. This paper discusses the numerical simulation of the pollution movement from activities of the TPP and the study of the pollution concentration level at various distances from the emission source in actual atmospheric conditions. The approbation of the numerical algorithm and the mathematical model was performed using 2D and 3D test problems. The obtained computational values were compared with measured values and computational values of other authors. In addition, the distribution of pollution in the 3D case was investigated on an actual physical size. The Ekibastuz TPP-1 coal-fired power plant was taken as a real example. A distinctive feature of this TPP is that pollution is emitted from two chimneys of different heights ( $$H_{H} = 330$$ and $$H_{L} = 300$$ m). The obtained values illustrated that, due to the difference between the height of the chimney ( $$H_{H} - H_{L} = 30$$ m), the pollution concentration from the higher chimney ( $$H_{H} = 330$$ m) was fell down far away from the emission source than from the lower chimney ( $$H_{L} = 300$$ m) (2160 and 1970 m, respectively). From the obtained data from computation, it can be argued that the construction of higher chimneys reduces the harmful effects of emissions on the environment. Also, the obtained results will help to predict the optimal and safe distance from cities or settlements during the construction of new thermal power plants.

Numerical modelling of a passive scalar transport from thermal power plants to air environment

The number of thermal power plants is growing due to the industry development and the growth of energy consumption. This leads to an increase in harmful emissions in the atmosphere. There is a necessity to control the emission concentration level in the areas of power plants location. The aim of this work was to study the level of pollution concentration at different distances from the source. The mathematical model and the numerical algorithm were verified by solving test problems and comparing them with the experimental data and numerical results of other authors. Furthermore, the pollution distribution in three-dimensional case was investigated in a real physical scale. CO2was considered as polluting gas. As a real example, the Ekibastuz SDPP-1 coal-fired thermal power plant was simulated. The remarkable feature of this thermal power plant is that the pollution emits from two chimneys of different heights (330 and 300 m). The results showed that due to the difference between chimney heights (30 m), the pollution concentration from the higher chimney dropped far away from source, than from the lower one (2160 and 1970 m, respectively). Obviously, building higher chimneys helps to reduce the harmful impact of emissions on the environment. Also, it can be used to control the emissions level at already existing power plants.

Analysis of implementation of Tradable Green Certificates system in a competitive electricity market: a game theory approach

This paper investigates three models to implement Tradable Green Certificates (TGC) system with aid of game theory approach. In particular, the competition between thermal and renewable power plants is formulated in three models: namely cooperative, Nash and Stackelberg game models. The price of TGC is assumed to be determined by the legislative body (government) which is fixed. Numerical examples presented in this paper include sensitivity analysis of some key parameters and comparison of the results of different models. In all three game models, the parameters that influence pricing of the TGC based on the optimal amounts are obtained. The numerical examples demonstrate that in all models: there is a reverse relation between the price of electricity and the TGC price, as well as a direct relation between the price of electricity and the share of green electricity in total electricity generation. It is found that Stackelberg model is an appropriate structure to implement the TGC system. In this model, the supply of electricity and the production of green electricity are at the highest level, while the price of electricity is at the lowest levels. In addition, payoff of the thermal power plant is at the highest levels in the Nash model. Hence this model can be an applicatory structure for implementation of the TGC system in developing countries, where the number of thermal power plants is significantly greater than the number of renewable power plants.

Utilization potential of fly ash together with silica fume in autoclaved aerated concrete production

The increase in the number of thermal power plants has led to the production of an increasing amount of fly ash that causes high environmental impact in Turkey. Many researchers around the world are looking at methods of gainful utilization and disposal of fly ash. However, the construction materials industry is the most suitable way to mass consumption of the fly ash waste. In this study, the utilization potential of fly ash and silica fume in Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) production were investigated. Optimum fly ash/cement ratio was determined, and this composition was improved by the silica fume addition. Strength-Microstructure relations of the products were investigated. Crystalline C-S-H phases of Tobermorite and Xonotlite were developed after autoclaving at 4 bar. Silica fume addition was found to be useful for the prevention of the ettringite phase in the product. Silica fume addition improved the hydrothermal conditions during the autoclaving of the mixtures.

The cogeneration steam turbine of the T-63/76-8.8 type for a series of PGU-300 combined cycle power plants

This paper describes in detail the design of the T-63/76–8.8 steam turbine manufactured by Ural Turbine Works (refurbished significantly), its electrohydraulic control and protection system made according to the current requirements on control and protection, the heat flow diagram, and arrangement of the turbine. The T-63/76–8.8 steam turbine is intended to be used in double-shaft double-circuit combined-cycle monoblocks at a number of thermal power plants currently under construction. The turbine has a great future, since it may be employed in various combinations with gas turbine units having the output of 150–170 MW that are manufactured by virtually all firms.

Economic analysis of coal price–electricity price adjustment in China based on the CGE model

In recent years, coal price has risen rapidly, which has also brought a sharp increase in the expenditures of thermal power plants in China. Meantime, the power production price and power retail price have not been adjusted accordingly and a large number of thermal power plants have incurred losses. The power industry is a key industry in the national economy. As such, a thorough analysis and evaluation of the economic influence of the electricity price should be conducted before electricity price adjustment is carried out. This paper analyses the influence of coal price adjustment on the electric power industry, and the influence of electricity price adjustment on the macroeconomy in China based on computable general equilibrium models. The conclusions are as follows: (1) a coal price increase causes a rise in the cost of the electric power industry, but the influence gradually descends with increase in coal price; and (2) an electricity price increase has an adverse influence on the total output, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and the Consumer Price Index (CPI). Electricity price increases have a contractionary effect on economic development and, consequently, electricity price policy making must consequently consider all factors to minimize their adverse influence.

Methods for reducing emissions of dioxins and furans in flue gases at plants burning solid domestic waste

Methods are discussed for reducing emissions of toxic chlorinated dibenzo-dioxins and dibenzo-furans in flue gases at plants which burn solid domestic waste. Results are presented from a study of the efficiency of scrubbing of dioxins by an absorption method at the Cherepovets factory. It is shown that solving the dioxin problem will facilitate an increase in the number of thermal power plants using solid domestic waste being built in other countries.

Wintertime aerosol characteristics over the Indo‐Gangetic Plain (IGP): Impacts of local boundary layer processes and long‐range transport

The Indo‐Gangetic Plain (IGP) encompasses a vast area, (accounting for ∼21% of the land area of India), which is densely populated (accommodating ∼40% of the Indian population). Highly growing economy and population over this region results in a wide range of anthropogenic activities. A large number of thermal power plants (most of them coal fed) are clustered along this region. Despite its importance, detailed investigation of aerosols over this region is sparse. During an intense field campaign of winter 2004, extensive aerosol and atmospheric boundary layer measurements were made from three locations: Kharagpur (KGP), Allahabad (ALB), and Kanpur (KNP), within the IGP. These data are used (1) to understand the regional features of aerosols and BC over the IGP and their interdependencies, (2) to compare it with features at locations lying at far away from the IGP where the conditions are totally different, (3) to delineate the effects of mesoscale processes associated with changes in the local atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), (4) to investigate the effects of long‐range transport or moving weather phenomena in modulating the aerosol properties as well as the ABL characteristics, and (5) to examine the changes as the season changes over to spring and summer. Our investigations have revealed very high concentrations of aerosols along the IGP, the average mass concentrations (MT) of total aerosols being in the range 260 to 300 μg m−3 and BC mass concentrations (MB) in the range 20 to 30 μg m−3 (both ∼5 to 8 times higher than the values observed at off‐IGP stations) during December 2004. Despite, BC constituted about 10% to the total aerosol mass concentration, a value quite comparable to those observed elsewhere over India for this season. The dynamics of the local atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) as well as changes in local emissions strongly influence the diurnal variations of MT and MB, both being inversely correlated with the mixed layer height (Zi) and the ventilation coefficient (Vc). The share of BC to total aerosols is highest (∼12%) during early night and lowest (∼4%) in the early morning hours. While an increase in the Vc results in a reduction in the concentration almost simultaneously, an increase in Zimax has its most impact on the concentration after ∼1 day. Accumulation mode aerosols contributed ∼90% to the aerosol concentration at ALB, ∼77 % at KGP and 74% at KNP. The BC mass mixing ratio was ∼10% over all three locations and is comparable to the value reported for Trivandrum, a tropical coastal location in southern India. This indicates presence of submicron aerosols species other than BC (such as sulfate) over KGP and KNP. A cross‐correlation analysis showed that the changes in MB at KGP is significantly correlated with those at KNP, located ∼850 km upwind, and ALB after a delay of ∼7 days, while no such delay was seen between ALB and KNP. Back trajectory analyses show an enhancement in MB associated with trajectories arriving from west, the farther from to the west they arrive, the more is the increase. This, along with the ABL characteristics, indicate two possibilities: (1) advection of aerosols from the west Asia and northwest India and (2) movement of a weather phenomena (such as cold air mass) conducive for build up of aerosols from the west to east. As the winter gives way to summer, the change in the wind direction and increased convective mixing lead to a rapid decrease in MB.

Geoenvironmental impact analysis of G.B. Pant Sagar reservoir (Rihand Reservoir), U.P. and M.P.

A comparison of aerial photointerpreted data around G.B. Pant Sagar (Rihand Reservoir) for pre-dam (1944) and post-dam (1967) periods and satellite imagery of 1988 shows that slope stability of the hills surrounding the reservoir has not been affected adversely as a result of impounding of the reservoir as no landslides are observed in the area in post-dam period. However, significant changes in the landuse of the area surrounding the reservoir are noticed in the post-dam aerial photographs and satellite imagery. Large areas show decrease in vegetation density as a result of deforestation while the areas bordering the reservoir show increase in vegetation density. The area under cultivation has decreased on the western side due to development of a number of coal fields in post-dam period. Improper management of coal ash disposal from a number of thermal power plants located around the reservoir is causing siltation of the reservoir.