Number Of Systems Research Articles

System of N Thin Coaxial Lenses

In geometrical optics, in a system of two thin coaxial lenses, there are several standard formulas, including “𝟏𝑭=𝟏𝒇𝟏+𝟏𝒇𝟐−𝒅𝒇𝟏𝒇𝟐”. The purpose of this paper is to generalize these formulas to the case of a system of an arbitrary number of thin lenses. In particular, this paper proves that the focal length Fn of a system of n thin coaxial lenses is given by 𝟏𝑭𝒏=Σ{(−𝟏)𝒎Π[(Σ𝟏𝒇𝒓𝒔𝒂𝒔𝒓𝒔=𝒂𝒔−𝟏+𝟏 𝟎=𝒂𝟎<𝒂𝟏<⋯<𝑎𝒎<𝒂𝒎+𝟏=𝒏;𝒅𝒏=𝟏 )𝒅𝒂𝒔]𝒎+𝟏𝒔=𝟏}𝒏−𝟏𝒎=𝟎, where, fr is the focal length of the rth lens, and dr is the distance between the rth lens and (r+1)th lens. For a fixed value of m, all combinations of values of the a’s (satisfying the condition “0 = a0 < a1 < … < am < am+1 = n”) are taken in the inner sum.

B-022 A New DNA Size-Selection Technology:Methods for Isolating, Capturing, and Recovery of Target Macromolecules by Gel Electrophoresis

Abstract Background The ability to recover DNA fragments in high quantity and purity from agarose gel is an important need for researchers in molecular biology laboratories for downstream applications such as testing and sequencing. There are multiple established methods and corresponding commercial products available at researchers’ disposal. Despite the availability of many methods, researchers often face a trade-off decision between fast and simple methods with low yield and poor DNA quality, and time-consuming and expensive methods with higher yields and better purity. Methods Gene Stix (ElectroSep) is a new system for recovery of DNA/RNA from an electrophoresis gel. Using the power of electrophoresis to separate nucleic acids based on size (a well-known technique), the Gene Stix, for the first time, allows one to recover nucleic acids directly from the gel. Gene Stix consisted of a cationic membrane which is inserted (in front of the nucleic acid of interest) into the electrophoresis gel after the nucleic acids are resolved from other contaminants in a separate step. After the Gene Stix is inserted in front of the DNA, the gel is re-run for a short period of time, binding the DNA to the Gene Stix. The Gene Stix is removed from the gel (carrying the DNA) and the DNA is recovered by elution using a special buffer. Results Electro-Sep technology allows DNA recovery around 85% and may lead up to 35% process efficiency for purification. It maximizes the process efficiency by not requiring damaging UV sensitive dyes in samples or cutting gel bands and allowing multiple Gene Stix used with one sample. Unique serial numbering system provides unambiguous sample identification. Conclusions The yield from different methods varies, however, it is typically at around 60-70%. Many of the commercially available DNA purification kits require around 25-30 minutes for purification. Moreover, the process with available methods could be laborious requiring cutting the gel bands, using UV dyes in sample, or simply requiring specialized gel electrophoresis equipment. Electro-Sep technology (and Gene Stix product using the technology), designed to recover size-selected DNA from agarose gel, provides a viable option that is rapid, easy-to-use yet resulting in high DNA recovery.

Machine tool thermal error measurement and prediction via wireless microscope

A novel method is proposed to measure the thermal errors of a three-axis machine tool by taking images of unique custom-designed fiducials attached to a worktable using a wireless microscope mounted to the spindle. Multiple fiducials are applied for the measurement of different thermal errors at various worktable locations. In addition, a least-squares thermal error model within the work volume is proposed in which the model parameters are determined from various fiducial measurements, and the use of various fiducials for the thermal error model is analyzed. The results show the method can measure thermal errors within four times the positioning resolution of the machine tool, with most of the errors being smaller in magnitude than twice the positioning resolution. Further, the results show the thermal error model depends on the location of the fiducials used to construct the model. The unique numbering system for the fiducial patterns also allows for the measurement of large planar thermal errors, which is advantageous for machine tools that undergo significant thermal drift.

The repertoire of G-protein-coupled receptor variations in the Japanese population 54KJPN.

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest superfamily in the human genome and the major targets for the market drugs. Recent massive genomics studies revealed numerous natural variations in the general population. 54KJPN is the most extensive Japanese population genomics study, curating the whole genome sequences from about 54,000 individuals. Here, by analyzing 390 non-olfactory GPCR genes in the 54KJPN dataset, we annotated 25,443 missense single-nucleotide variations. Among them, we found 120 major variations that appear with an allele frequency greater than 0.5, including variations that occurred on posttranslational modification sites. Structural alignment of GPCRs using the generic numbering system in the GPCRdb reveals enrichment of alterations in the conserved arginine residue within the DRY motif, which contributes to downstream G-protein signaling. A comparison with the worldwide 1000 Genomes Project (1KGP) dataset found 23 variations that were present exclusively in the 54KJPN dataset. This study will be the basis for future pharmacogenomics studies for the Japanese population.

Role of powder morphology in liquid phase sintering of binder jet additively fabricated WC–Co composite

The present study explored the computational analysis of capillary forces and capillary pressure experienced by the liquid present between particles of various morphologies during liquid phase sintering of a binder jet additively fabricated WC–10 wt% Co composite. An integrated two-particle computational approach was adopted for morphologies gradually transitioning from spherical to cubical. The capillary forces depended on factors such as curvature of liquid meniscus, volume of liquid present between two neighboring particles, and changes in solid–liquid and liquid–vapor contact areas, which were influenced by the particle morphology. The results indicated that capillary forces increased as particle morphology changed from spherical to non-spherical, while increased particle separation led to a reduction in capillary force. Despite increased particle separation, the overall trend in effect of particle morphology on capillary force remained consistent. Additionally, a probability density function based on Rayleigh distribution was used to represent particle separation distances in a real system and variations in coordination number due to different particle morphologies and separation distances were considered. This model allowed estimation of overall effect of particle morphology on capillary force and capillary pressure in realistic systems. The model-based predictions confirmed the experimental observations of severely limited sintering in binder jet additively fabricated WC–10 wt% Co composite containing spherical particles compared to that containing the particles of irregular morphologies. This study provides valuable insights into the mechanics of capillary forces, capillary pressure, and their role in liquid phase sintering, with potential applications in the design and optimization of components of any material system produced using any additive manufacturing process involving liquid phase sintering.

Consumer Awareness and Contemporary Policy Regulations on Artificial Food Colourant Safety in India

The purpose of this research is to focus on the most practised Artificial Food Colourants (AFCs) creating a demand in the consumer food market and neglecting food safety by the stakeholders, as these AFCs have been proven to be harmful to human health. The problem question that has been addressed here is whether the labeling policy and the consumer awareness of AFC are in tandem with; how the Indian judiciary fared in delivering their judgements towards the prevalence of non-permitted AFCs in the Indian food market to tell them as successful for the healthier consumer food industry. The main objective is to examine the consumers’s awareness on AFC on the International Numbering System for Food Additives (INS) and their mentioning on the label of food products along with the regulatory measures for approvals of AFCs in Europe, USA and India for comparison. It is revealed that consumers’ awareness of INS is not very significant; FSSAI permits only eight AFCs for consumption, nevertheless, other non-permitted AFCs were also found to be used and the Indian government has acted responsibly on various occasions by entering the manufacturing premises to inspect the food, collect samples for testing the adulteration by submitting to the food analyst, thereby curbing such activities and grabbing such offenders to the court. The concept of food safety dimensions in consensus with AFC practices, the health and legal issues associated with AFC consumption, the Indian Government’s policies and the response of the judiciary related to food colourant safety are discussed in this paper. A doctrinal research method is followed by analysing the legal literature such as the regulatory provisions, government policies and noteworthy cases from the Indian judiciary and drawing support from empirical research evidencing the poor knowledge of consumers on AFCs being added in the food. Therefore, a serious policy awareness among consumers with respect to AFCs, being responsible and taking ownership towards one’s own health and their family members by taking steps in questioning the consumer forum and avoiding purchase of such packed food which does not adhere to the labeling standards and being consumer friendly, stringent regulations in labeling standards of food in the USA and Europe due to import nature of their products are the need of the hour.

25 years of publishing "Knygotyra"

The first volume of "Knygotyra" ("Book Science") was published in 1961 under the title "Bibliotekininkystės ir bibliografijos klausimai" ("Aspects of Librarianship and Bibliography"). From 1970 onwards (beginning with volume 8), it adopted the new title "Knygotyra," along with a new double numbering system—1(8). Starting from volume 8(15), the publication was divided into two separate thematic editions: the first focused on historical subjects, and the latter on modern problems of bibliology, librarianship, bibliography, and informatics. During its 25 years of publication history, "Knygotyra" has published 256 research articles, 35 archival documents, and 25 book reviews. Most contributors to the edition come from the scientific and teaching staff of Vilnius State University and the main libraries of Lithuania. Additionally, contributors include individuals from Latvia, Estonia, Belarus, East Germany (GDR), Moscow, and Leningrad (the contributors are listed in Tables No. 1 and 2, with the subject index in Table No. 3). The greatest attention in the publication has been given to the history of the Lithuanian book. Future editions should focus more on the problems of book functioning in society, analysis of the external appearance of books, statistics, etc. In Lithuania, "Knygotyra" was a pioneer in publishing articles on informatics and information activities. Not only librarians and book science researchers, but also historians and literary critics, have shown repeated interest in the archival documents published in "Knygotyra." The publication of archival documents should be expanded, as should book reviewing. "Knygotyra" is available in any Lithuanian library. Additionally, the Department of Exchange at the Vilnius University Library distributes it to 87 libraries across the Soviet Union and foreign countries. It is regularly sent to 34 libraries in socialist countries and 12 other foreign countries (including 10 libraries in the USA).

Juridical Review Of Negligence Driving That Results In The Death Of Other People In Connection With Law Number 22 Of 2009 Concerning Traffic And Road Transport (Study of Decision Number 119 K/PID.SUS/2019)

<em>Indonesia is a country based totally on regulation. In social existence, law has very best, practical and high quality desires and purposes. According to Soedjono, human beings constantly violate one another. So the cause of regulation is to guard those hobbies. Traffic troubles are a countrywide scale problem that develops at the side of the development of society. This is the motive for the system of Law Number 22 of 2009 concerning Road Traffic and Transportation, where the Act. The issues raised in this have a look at are Factors - What factors cause driving force negligence in site visitors that reasons other humans to die? And what is the judge's consideration of the decision range 119 K/PID.SUS/2019? In this observe, the authors used a Normative Juridical Approach, particularly an evaluation that describes the contents and might be mentioned in the form of an elaboration by means of giving which means in line with the relevant legislation so that it arrives at a end primarily based on this research. The effects of his studies are the main reasons of injuries, namely the human factor which may be very area, then environmental factors and car elements. Meanwhile, the judge's consideration in choice No. 119 K/PID.SUS/2019 is that the decide will determine on a jail sentence with a probationary length.</em>

3.3-4.3 GHz efficient continuous class-F gallium nitride power amplifier based on simplified real frequency technique and harmonic tuning.

In order to implement the fifth generation (5G) communication system for a large number of users, the governments of many countries nominated the low 5G frequency band between 3.3 and 4.3 GHz. This paper proposes a wideband RFPA by designing the input matching network (MN) and output MN of the device using the simplified real frequency technique (SRFT) and the harmonic tuning network. The load-pull and source-pull is applied at multiple points for 100 MHz intervals over the bandwidth to obtain the optimum impedances at the output and input of the 10W Gallium Nitride (GaN) Cree CGH40010F device. To verify the design, the RFPA is simulated, and the performance is measured between 3.3 and 4.3 GHz. According to experimental findings, the measured drain efficiency (DE) throughout the whole bandwidth ranged from 57.5 to 67.5% at the output power of 40 dBm. Moreover, at the 1 dB compression point between 39.2 and 42.2 dBm output power, the drain efficiency (DE) achieves a high value of 81.2% with an output power of 42.2 dBm at a frequency of 3.3 GHz. The RFPA can obtain a maximum gain of 12.4 dB at 3.5 GHz. The linearity of the RFPA with a two-tone signal is measured and the value is less than -22 dBc all over the band.

A novel surgical technique to resolve mucosal fenestration of a root apex: Apical tunnel surgery: A case report.

Endodontic surgery, which includes apex resection, retro-fill and some regeneration procedures, is a traditional way to deal with apex fenestration. The endodontic surgery could bring large flap, curtate root length, non-healing mucosa and soft tissue deficiency in the apex area. Other treatment options might be considered according to different etiological factors. Mucogingival surgery provides some ideas in accumulation of soft and hard tissues, especially some unique methods such as "tunnel technique" bringing us a view of minimal invasive surgery approach. A novel surgery named "apical tunnel surgery" was reported here to resolve a root apex exposure with the tunnel-like technique. A young female complained about root exposure of upper right anterior tooth without history of trauma or orthodontic treatment. The intraoral examination revealed a buccal root apex exposure about 3mm in diameter of #12 (FDI teeth numbering system). The tooth was slightly dark with Class 1 mobility. The periodontal situation was good and the occlusion check revealed no traumatic bite on #12. The cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) showed a bone fenestration from the buccally lower 1/2 root surface to the apex and bone absorption around the apex. It also revealed a bone contour deficiency in #12 area. Root canal treatment, root surface debridement, and soft tissue combined with hard tissue accumulation were carried out in one tunnel-like surgery. Examination of 12-month follow-up showed a healed and thickened mucosa in the buccally apical region and CBCT showed the continuous lamina dura occupied the buccal aspect of #12 root apex. This new apical tunnel surgery provided soft and hard tissue accumulation in one minimal invasive way in the apex exposure case caused by bone fenestration and thin mucosa.

Spin-It Faster: Quadrics Solve All Topology Optimization Problems That Depend Only On Mass Moments

The behavior of a rigid body primarily depends on its mass moments, which consist of the mass, center of mass, and moments of inertia. It is possible to manipulate these quantities without altering the geometric appearance of an object by introducing cavities in its interior. Algorithms that find cavities of suitable shapes and sizes have enabled the computational design of spinning tops, yo-yos, wheels, buoys, and statically balanced objects. Previous work is based, for example, on topology optimization on voxel grids, which introduces a large number of optimization variables and box constraints, or offset surface computation, which cannot guarantee that solutions to a feasible problem will always be found. In this work, we provide a mathematical analysis of constrained topology optimization problems that depend only on mass moments. This class of problems covers, among others, all applications mentioned above. Our main result is to show that no matter the outer shape of the rigid body to be optimized or the optimization objective and constraints considered, the optimal solution always features a quadric-shaped interface between material and cavities. This proves that optimal interfaces are always ellipsoids, hyperboloids, paraboloids, or one of a few degenerate cases, such as planes. This insight lets us replace a difficult topology optimization problem with a provably equivalent non-linear equation system in a small number (<10) of variables, which represent the coefficients of the quadric. This system can be solved in a few seconds for most examples, provides insights into the geometric structure of many specific applications, and lets us describe their solution properties. Finally, our method integrates seamlessly into modern fabrication workflows because our solutions are analytical surfaces that are native to the CAD domain.

Dental Notation System Used in Dental Teaching in Different Dental Collages

The aim of this study was to find the most commonly used Tooth Numbering System to teach and learn in dental collages in various universities (Benghazi University, Omar Mukhtar University and Libyan International Medical University) by both academic staff and fourth year dental students, to identify the most commonly taught TNS in different dental colleges, to understand the reason why dental staff prefer to use a specific TNS, and the consequences of using more than one TNS. This cross-sectional study was conducted within the dental collages of various Medical Universities. The questionnaire containing 11 questions was randomly distributed to 120 individuals (60 deans of academic staff and 50 fourth year dental students). The palmer notation system was the most commonly used to teach and learn by academic staff and dental students in teaching and practiced in dental collages, while the universal notation system was the least used to teach and learn by academic staff and dental students. As well as the most TNS preferred to use by academic staff and dental students in operative, oral surgery departments and orthodontic department in academic teaching was the palmer notation system while the least TNS use was universal notation system. The Palmer TNS proved to be the most taught TNS in dental colleges in different University. It is advised that the Palmer TNS be implemented as a unified system in my country, due to the advantages of this particular TNS and the benefits of using one single TNS.

The Hellenic Archaeological Cadastre: A Land Administration System Specifically Designed for the Documentation and Management of Cultural Heritage

How is land management related to cultural policy and how do these two different scientific fields contribute to cultural heritage protection? How may archaeological sites, immovable monuments, and state property be recorded in a specific Land Administration System? What are the records of the system in numbers? These questions will be answered in this publication, and the example of the Hellenic Archaeological Cadastre (HAC) will be analyzed in detail. The HAC project is one of the most important projects that has been designed, implemented, and launched within the last decade by the Hellenic Ministry of Culture. The transition of the whole public sector in the digital era and the urgent need for reliable and updated geospatial documentation of public parcels of land and constructions, archaeological sites, and immovable monuments were the two main factors that led to the compilation and implementation of the specific LAS. This study presents the available tools, administrative procedures, records, qualitative and quantitative data, and prominent examples of public parcels of land accessible online in the open access web GIS platform. A SWOT analysis is also performed for its evaluation.

Enhancing precision and efficiency in English bond brick masonry: novel unified templates approach

PurposeThis study aims to enhance the precision and efficiency of English Bond brick masonry by developing three unified templates: Tc, T1, and T2. These templates are designed to address the complexities in the placement of bricks, particularly queen closers and brickbats, in English Bond patterns.Design/methodology/approachThe research introduces a unique numbering system integrated within each template to facilitate accurate brick placement. Template Tc is designed explicitly for corner masonry, while T1 and T2 are developed for linear masonry along the X and Y directions, respectively. The approach standardizes the bricklaying process, ensuring proper alignment and bricks overlap.FindingsApplying these templates significantly improves the efficiency and pace of English bond brick masonry. They simplify the construction process, reduce errors, and enhance the overall quality of masonry work. The study demonstrates that using these templates results in consistent and high-quality brickwork, surpassing traditional speed, efficiency, and accuracy methods.Originality/valueThis study contributes a novel, systematic approach to bricklaying in English Bond masonry. The introduction of unified templates aids in skill acquisition for professionals and learners, ensuring flawless execution of masonry projects. This innovative approach holds great value in modern construction practices, promoting standardization and excellence in masonry work.

The Use of Different Dental Notation Systems among Dental Practitioners in Benghazi

Dental notation systems (DNSs) play a crucial role in dentistry, facilitating accurate communication and efficient record-keeping. In this study, we explore the use of different dental notation systems among dental professionals in Benghazi. Background: As the Dental notation systems utilize symbols and abbreviations to represent specific teeth, these systems enable effective communication between dental professionals, laboratory technicians, and dental assistants. Aim: To assess the knowledge, awareness and practice of DNSs by the dentists in Benghazi dental clinics and to know the most common types of DNSs used in Benghazi dental clinics Materials & method: A cross-sectional survey. a self-completed structured questionnaire containing yes or no questions was randomly distributed to Benghazi dentists during the summer 2023. The survey comprised of the gender, and experience. The remaining part focused on the questions related to most commonly used and understandable Tooth numbering system. Results 69 responses on the randomly distributed questionnaire to dentists were received. 91.3 % 0f participants were females and only 8.7% were males. The results revealed that the participants used Palmer system very common 63.8% and 72.5% for primary dentition and permanent dentition respectively Conclusion: The most common type is Palmer system for both primary and permanent teeth but there is shift toward electronic communication which favors the FDI system. Clarity, consistency, and ease of use remain critical considerations for effective dental notation. Keywords: Notation, Tooth numbering system (TNS), FDI, Palmer, Universal system

Indexing Classic Mayan, Part 1

The Classic Mayan language was written for approximately 2,000 years, from 300 bce until around 1700 ce in the Colonial period, but there is a lack of information on how to index names in any ancient Mesoamerican language. This series of articles aims to remedy that situation. In order to set Classic Mayan in context, an overview of contemporaneous hieroglyphic scripts is provided, followed by an exploration of the development and use of Classic Mayan from the Late Preclassic onward. An examination of its orthography focuses on those aspects that can affect indexing, including the Maya numbering system and calendrics. A future article will consider naming conventions, marriage and kinship patterns, and examples of Late Classic period inscriptions. Finally, useful reference material for the indexer working on Maya-related manuscripts will be provided.

Application of the FRAME-IS to a multifaceted implementation strategy

BackgroundResearch demonstrates the importance of documenting adaptations to implementation strategies that support integration of evidence-based interventions into practice. While studies have utilized the FRAME-IS [Framework for Reporting Adaptations and Modifications for Implementation Strategies] to collect structured adaptation data, they are limited by a focus on discrete implementation strategies (e.g., training), which do not reflect the complexity of multifaceted strategies like practice facilitation. In this paper, we apply the FRAME-IS to our trial evaluating the effectiveness of PF on implementation fidelity of an evidence-based technology-facilitated team care model for improved hypertension control within a federally qualified health center (FQHC).MethodsThree data sources are used to document adaptations: (1) implementation committee meeting minutes, (2) narrative reports completed by practice facilitators, and (3) structured notes captured on root cause analysis and Plan-Do-Study-Act worksheets. Text was extracted from the data sources according to the FRAME-IS modules and inputted into a master matrix for content analysis by two authors; a third author conducted member checking and code validation.ResultsWe modified the FRAME-IS to include part 2 of module 2 (what is modified) to add greater detail of the modified strategy, and a numbering system to track adaptations across the modules. This resulted in identification of 27 adaptations, of which 88.9% focused on supporting practices in identifying eligible patients and referring them to the intervention. About half (52.9%) of the adaptations were made to modify the context of the PF strategy to include a group-based format, add community health workers to the strategy, and to shift the implementation target to nurses. The adaptations were often widespread (83.9%), affecting all practices within the FQHC. While most adaptations were reactive (84.6%), they resulted from a systematic process of reviewing data captured by multiple sources. All adaptations included the FQHC in the decision-making process.ConclusionWith modifications, we demonstrate the ability to document our adaptation data across the FRAME-IS modules, attesting to its applicability and value for a range of implementation strategies. Based on our experiences, we recommend refinement of tracking systems to support more nimble and practical documentation of iterative, ongoing, and multifaceted adaptations.Trial registrationClinicaltrials.gov NCT03713515, Registration date: October 19, 2018.

On the Validity of Granger Causality for Ecological Count Time Series

Knowledge of causal relationships is fundamental for understanding the dynamic mechanisms of ecological systems. To detect such relationships from multivariate time series, Granger causality, an idea first developed in econometrics, has been formulated in terms of vector autoregressive (VAR) models. Granger causality for count time series, often seen in ecology, has rarely been explored, and this may be due to the difficulty in estimating autoregressive models on multivariate count time series. The present research investigates the appropriateness of VAR-based Granger causality for ecological count time series by conducting a simulation study using several systems of different numbers of variables and time series lengths. VAR-based Granger causality for count time series (DVAR) seems to be estimated efficiently even for two counts in long time series. For all the studied time series lengths, DVAR for more than eight counts matches the Granger causality effects obtained by VAR on the continuous-valued time series well. The positive results, also in two ecological time series, suggest the use of VAR-based Granger causality for assessing causal relationships in real-world count time series even with few distinct integer values or many zeros.

Assessment of glial fibrillary acidic protein and anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein autoantibody concentrations and necrotising meningoencephalitis risk genotype in dogs with pug dog myelopathy.

Pugs commonly present with thoracolumbar myelopathy, also known as pug dog myelopathy (PDM), which is clinically characterised by progressive signs involving the pelvic limbs, no apparent signs of pain and, often, incontinence. In addition to meningeal fibrosis and focal spinal cord destruction, histopathology has confirmed lymphohistiocytic infiltrates in the central nervous system (CNS) in a considerable number of pugs with PDM. Lymphohistiocytic CNS inflammation also characterises necrotising meningoencephalitis (NME) in pugs. This study aimed to investigate the potential contribution of an immunological aetiology to the development of PDM. The concentrations of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in serum and CSF and of anti-GFAP autoantibodies in CSF were measured with an ELISA. In addition, a commercial test was used for genetic characterisation of the dog leukocyte antigen class II haplotype, which is associated with NME susceptibility. This study included 87 dogs: 52 PDM pugs, 14 control pugs, four NME pugs and 17 dogs of breeds other than pugs that were investigated for neurological disease (neuro controls). Anti-GFAP autoantibodies were present in 15 of 19 (79%) of the PDM pugs tested versus six of 16 (38%) of the neuro controls tested (p = 0.018). All 18 PDM pugs evaluated had detectable CSF GFAP. Serum GFAP was detected in two of three (67%) of the NME pugs and in two of 11 (18%) of the control pugs but not in any of the 40 tested PDM pugs. Male pugs heterozygous for the NME risk haplotype had an earlier onset of clinical signs (70 months) compared to male pugs without the risk haplotype (78 months) (p = 0.036). The study was limited bythe lack of healthy dogs of breeds other than pugs and the small numbers of control pugs and pugs with NME. The high proportion of PDM pugs with anti-GFAP autoantibodies and high CSF GFAP concentrations provide support for a potential immunological contribution to the development of PDM.

The ‘12 Problem’ Revisited

Ask nearly any high school, college or graduate level health professional student how many cranial nerves there are, and the classic response is well known and not correct. Most of us know the long-held problem, the inaccurate textbooks, and are tired of saying ‘well, yes, but not really; memorize them anyway’. Its disingenuous, and we’re weary of the differences between textbook and reality. Here we provide a brief overview of how we historically arrived, a description of what it should be and a solution. This proposal results in 14 cranial nerves, doesn’t upset the numbering system and is easily adoptable and in agreement with Terminología Anatómica. none. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.