Number Of Substations Research Articles

Identification of Insulator Contamination Status Based on Multi-spectral Image Fusion and Radial Basis Function Neural Network

Insulator contamination monitoring is an important way to avoid insulator contamination and maintain insulation performance. In order to ensure power supply and achieve contactless detection of insulator contamination status, a method is proposed in this paper to identify insulator contamination status by adopting infrared, ultraviolet, and visible multi-spectral image information fusion. An insulator with different contamination states in a number of substations is taken as the research object in this paper. The image segmentation is performed by using the seed region growth method to extract the infrared, ultraviolet and visible features of the insulator surface, and the radial basis function neural network learning algorithm is used to classify and decompose and fuse the images according to their different local area energies. The comparison of the recognition rates using infrared and ultraviolet features with those fused shows that the method has significant advantages and provides a new method for the detection of insulator contamination status.

On functioning of Siberian IDGC branch of PJSC Rosseti – JSC Chitaenergosbyt

Specifics of the functioning of the electric grid company over the period of its activity in 2016 – 2022 are considered. Based on the publicly available data, an analysis of the structural features of the company, as well as the electric energy balance for its transmission to and from the company's networks, taking into account losses arising during the electricity transportation to consumers, was carried out. The characteristics of generating capacity, as well as the number of substations on the Trans-Baikal Territory and in the Republic of Buryatia are presented, their age assessment is given. The level of electricity consumption is analyzed, as well as the structural composition of consumers receiving electric energy through the company's networks. Based on available information about emergency situations, the number of failures that occurred in the company's networks during the period under study, as well as the causes of those failures, were analyzed. It has been established that the greatest number of failures is associated with the wear of electrical grid equipment, which causes a collision of wires of overhead power lines, their breakage, as well as the breakdown of high-voltage insulators. The percentage ratio of the main causes of failures in the company's electrical networks has been determined. Based on the use of Matlab graphic editor technologies, the visualization of the analyzed dependencies was carried out, which enabled to have a demonstration of changes in the number of failures, the amount of under-supplied electrical energy, as well as economic damage from this under-supply. Graphical diagrams are presented and a detailed analysis of the causes of emergency events for the current half of 2022 is given. Reversible malfunctions (unstable failures) are noted, and their share in the total volume of emergency situations is determined. Recommendations have been developed for the company specialists to improve the reliability of power supply. The results obtained can be useful both to the management and specialists of the company in question, as well as to scientific and technical workers and engineering personnel engaged in research in the field of improving the reliability and safety of functioning of electric power systems.

State assessment of 110–220 kV intelligent substation based on multisensor fusion algorithm control and image vision

With the development of modern information technology, intelligent substation technology has been widely used, which greatly promotes the development of power grid. The information integration platform of intelligent substations realizes panoramic data collection and data sharing of substations. With the continuous development of the economy and society, it is crucial to improve the power regulation ability of intelligent substations, make scientific use of intelligent technology, and optimize the patrol level of intelligent substation patrol robots to better meet the operation needs of substations. In the actual substation construction, the flexibility of equipment utilization in intelligent substations should be fully considered. In addition, the number of substations should be controlled to improve the utilization efficiency of patrol robots. This paper mainly summarizes the monitoring technology of intelligent substations, the positioning technology of inspection robots, and the multi-sensor control technology to lay a foundation for the follow-up inspection work of intelligent substations.

Підвищення точності визначення місця виникнення короткого замикання в електричних мережах номінальною напругою 110-150 кВ

The article is devoted to the study of improving the efficiency of the electric network with a voltage of 110-150 kV through the use of a developed device FKZ, which uses a radio channel to transmit information. At the present stage of development of electric power industry the question of reliability of work of high-voltage electric networks plays an important role. During the operation of such electrical networks, emergencies inevitably occur, the most dangerous of which are short circuits. Determining the location of damage to the electrical network is the most complex, time-consuming and time-consuming technological operation with significant costs. Therefore, the task of improving the design of devices to determine the location of damage, the use of which will significantly reduce the level of operating costs for electrical networks, is relevant. One of the ways to solve the problem of improving the accuracy of determining the location of a short circuit in the electrical network is the use of special technical means - short circuit clamps. The scheme of the normal regime of the 150 kV electric network of PJSC Kirovogradoblenergo was used for the research. The analysis of the configuration of this network showed that it has a number of substations that receive power from transmission lines, which are deaf branches. Therefore, the installation of short-circuit latches on such lines is necessary. The authors of the article propose the introduction of a radio channel to transmit information about the state of the network and the place of damage to the next personnel of the substation. The most appropriate ways to organize a radio channel are: the use of GSM networks; use of unlicensed frequency transmitters. Approximate calculations have been carried out, which confirm the possibility of creating a radio channel for transmitting information from the short-circuit lock for a distance of up to 20 km, using transceivers of non-licensed frequencies.

Influence of different wavelet bases and threshold estimation on noise reduction of substation fault signals under different SNR

With the rapid development of power industry, the number of substations is also increasing, and the voltage level is also higher and higher, and the types of equipment are diverse. The detection of equipment fault signal in substation is an important part to ensure the normal operation of electric power. Only timely detection of fault signal and corresponding processing can ensure the overall operation of substation. But the fault signal often contains a lot of white noise, which will interfere with our judgment of the fault point. How to extract the effective signal from the noisy signal becomes particularly important, but under different signal-to-noise ratio, the selection of different wavelet basis and threshold estimation also have a great impact on the noise reduction effect. In this paper, we choose different wavelet bases and threshold estimation under several different signal-to-noise ratios to study their influence on the effect of signal denoising.

An intelligent robot for indoor substation inspection

PurposeTo ensure the safety of electric power supply, it is necessary to inspect substation equipment. With the dramatic increase in the number of substations, especially indoor substations, intelligent robot inspection has become an important development direction. This paper aims to describe the design of a trackless robot with a robotic arm, which is capable of navigating autonomously and inspecting the equipment in a narrow and complex indoor substation.Design/methodology/approachA robust four-wheel platform powered by electric motors is used to carry the robot. By fusing multiple-sensor data and visual markers, the robot achieves autonomous movement based on simultaneous localization and mapping. In addition, to accurately obtain the reading of meters located at height or in a narrow space, the robot is equipped with a newly designed visual servo robotic arm.FindingsIn practical application, the robot satisfies the requirements of substation inspection, improves work efficiency, saves costs and achieves good results. The robot is also approved by the relevant departments of the State Grid Corporation of China.Practical implicationsAfter stable operation in a substation for a period of one year, the robot shows high efficiency and stability, meeting the requirements of indoor substation inspection. Meanwhile, the robot greatly promoted the realization of indoor and outdoor integrated substation automatic inspection, and is expected to be further applied in other industrial inspection sites, including mine, tunnel and nuclear power plant.Originality/valueDue to the complex indoor environment, most of the existing inspection robots are only used outdoors, and there are no good trackless inspection robots for use indoors. The proposed robot is a trackless intelligent inspection robot for use in indoor substations. The robot features a number of important modules, including an autonomous localization and navigation module and a visual servo manipulator module, which can be used in narrow spaces or at height.

Economical layout optimization of wave energy parks clustered in electrical subsystems

To obtain a maximum power output and minimized capital and operational costs, the layout of wave energy parks needs to be optimally designed. An economical model for large-scale wave energy systems is built and merged into an evolutionary optimization routine for arrays of point-absorbing energy converters. The model includes all the parameters that affect the total system revenue such as electrical cable lengths, distance from grid connection point, number of substations and hydrodynamic interaction among the devices, with the goal to find the optimal layout which minimizes the levelized cost of electricity. Converters inside the park are grouped in clusters via a k-means clustering algorithm, which allows to minimize the intra-array cable length under the input of real wave climates. The results show that the hydrodynamical interaction has a large impact on the optimal design of wave energy parks, and that the length of the intra-array cable does not play a significant role in the economical layout optimization routine for the studied wave energy park system.

Quantum thermodynamics in a static de Sitter space-time and initial state of the universe

Using Relativistic Quantum Geometry we study back-reaction effects of space-time inside the causal horizon of a static de Sitter metric, in order to make a quantum thermodynamical description of space-time. We found a finite number of discrete energy levels for a scalar field from a polynomial condition of the confluent hypergeometric functions expanded around r=0. As in the previous work, we obtain that the uncertainty principle is valid for each energy level on sub-horizon scales of space-time. We found that temperature and entropy are dependent on the number of sub-states on each energy’s level and the Bekenstein–Hawking temperature of each energy level is recovered when the number of sub-states of a given level tends to infinity. We propose that the primordial state of the universe could be described by a de Sitter metric with Planck energy E_p=m_p,c^2, and a B–H temperature: T_{BH}=left( frac{hbar ,c}{2pi ,l_p,K_B}right) .

Toward Modeling Alarm Handling in SCADA System: A Colored Petri Nets Approach

Alarm handling in supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system is a critical issue in securing critical infrastructures (CIs). Each error or delay in clearing an alarm may jeopardize the reliability and security of the CI at the national level. This paper analyzes and models the SCADA alarm communication management by using the unified modeling language and colored timed Petri nets. The proposed alarm-handling model does not refer to a specific CI application, and it is based on a general approach which alarm transactions are integrated with dispatcher's commands and substation's operator maintenance. To demonstrate the potential of the proposed alarm-handling model, a real case study in power system is simulated and some scenarios with different number of substations and error rates are analyzed.

A. Perencanaan Optimal Jumlah Petugas Pada Gerbang Tol Kuningan 2 Dengan Metode Antrian

ABSTRACTION
 
 PT Jasa Marga (Persero), Tbk is a company engaged in the development and movement of toll roads having a Current, Safe and Comfortable Quality Policy increasingly demanded to improve the quality of its services. The number of substations that have been repaired at the Kuningan Toll Gate 2 against 4 substations cannot receive currents that increase during rush hour. The queue exceeds the service standards set by the government for a maximum of 5 vehicles for each substation.
 In this study used the FIFO Queue Model and Distribution testing using the Promodel 7.0 Version of Student Software to find out the distribution of arrival rate and service level data. To test the average value is used the One-way ANOVA test which was previously carried out also the test of adequacy, uniformity and normality of the data. Data collection is taken when a long queue is carried out at the Toll Gate. After passing the test, the next data ? is equal to 2,004 vehicles / hour and ? is = 417 vehicles / hour with Service Time = 8.63 seconds / vehicle, if it is done with Queuing Theory.
 Results Processing data with queuing theory obtained N (optimal) = 6 and n (Number of vehicles in the system) = 5 vehicles, q (Number of vehicles in queue) = 4 vehicles, d (Time of vehicle in system) = 43.37 seconds, w (Time of vehicle in queue) = 34.74 seconds. The results of data preparation are further processed to obtain optimal Employee Scheduling using tables so that there will be 3 employees in shift 1, 9 in Shift 2 and 2 in shift 3. on weekdays and 3 people on shift 1, 3 on Shift 2 and 2 on shift 3 on holidays.
 Keywords: Queue Method, Toll Gate, Planning, Optimization 

Application of Wireless Return Topology Planning Based on K-Means

Abstract With the development of communication technology and the general trend of interconnection and intercommunication, people’s demand for high-quality information and communication is increasing day by day. Therefore, the intensive deployment of base stations has become the development trend of the construction of a new generation of communication network. In this paper, in order to solve the urban and rural electric scenarios such as traditional transport unreachable problem, on the basis of the operator site cost at the same time, keep the quality of signal transmission, give full play to the advantages of the traditional planning concept and artificial intelligence algorithm, integrated “pieces”, “step by step optimization”, “local optimal”, “the results of reverse”, such as ideas, set up a wireless back mathematical analysis model of network topology programming problem. The purpose of this paper is to reduce the cost and reduce the return path loss. Aiming at the lower cost problem, a local optimal model is constructed. First division, through the K - Means algorithm is divided into K, for each region is also based on K - Means algorithm is further split into its n tribal groups, limited each tribal group one and only one host station, recently to tribal group of perimeter centroid position of butterfly stand stand as a host, the rest of the site as a child, according to the type of tribal group of judge whether the number of sub station meet the qualification, if not satisfied, change the K value and the adjustable radius, respectively, until meet the qualification, the best solution is calculated. For the lower return path loss problem, if only the loss problem is considered, the loss result is obtained by changing the distance between the first jump and the second jump based on the model. Through the comparison of the results, the best scheme is obtained when only loss is considered.

A Detailed Model of the Irish High Voltage Power Network for Simulating GICs

AbstractConstructing a power network model for geomagnetically induced current (GIC) calculations requires information on the DC resistances of elements within a network. This information is often not known, and power network models are simplified as a result, with assumptions used for network element resistances. Ireland's relatively small, isolated network presents an opportunity to model a complete power network in detail, using as much real‐world information as possible. A complete model of the Irish 400, 275, 220, and 110 kV network was made for GIC calculations, with detailed information on the number, type, and DC resistances of transformers. The measured grounding resistances at a number of substations were also included in the model, which represents a considerable improvement on previous models of the Irish power network for GIC calculations. Sensitivity tests were performed to show how calculated GIC amplitudes are affected by different aspects of the model. These tests investigated: (1) How the orientation of a uniform electric field affects GICs. (2) The effect of including/omitting lower voltage elements of the power network. (3) How the substation grounding resistances assumptions affected GIC values. It was found that changing the grounding resistance value had a considerable effect on calculated GICs at some substations and no discernible effect at others. Finally, five recent geomagnetic storm events were simulated in the network. It was found that heavy rainfall prior to the 26–28 August 2015 geomagnetic storm event may have had a measurable impact on measured GIC amplitudes at a 400/220 kV transformer ground.

TurnKey Solutions for Grid Modernization

Most current utility infrastructure is rapidly aging and becoming increasingly more susceptible to extreme weather events, increased reliability needs, and cybersecurity threats. As we move from this aging un-automated grid to an effective and modern digitized grid, utilities are proactively focusing on how to implement and manage the adoption of rapidly changing technology over a vast number of substations.

A PMU Placement Scheme Considering Realistic Costs and Modern Trends in Relaying

Synchrophasor deployment costs have evolved over time. The cost of upgrading a substation, which is much larger than the cost of an individual device, has emerged as the primary constituent of the total expenditure. Given these circumstances, the optimal phasor measurement unit placement formulation needs to consider not only the number of devices that must be placed at the substations, but also the number of substations that must be upgraded to support those devices. This paper presents an integer linear programming methodology for such a placement scheme while considering realistic costs and practical constraints. The IEEE 30 bus system is used to illustrate the proposed concept, while the IEEE 118, IEEE 300, and Polish 2383 bus systems are used to show the performance of the method under different test environments.

MV/LV Distribution Networks Modelling Based on Malaysian Power Network Context

In strategic planning of distribution network, the distribution planner need to evaluate the functionality of the networks on different case studies and various network conditions in order to establish an economic and reliable network. The fractal-based network model generation and Particle Swarm Optimization methods are used in this paper in order to model a distribution network considering the specified features of Malaysian electricity supply application handbook. The proposed method is able to optimize the settlement of consumers and substations based on the distribution planner desires. In the proposed approach 10000 network models have been generated for both urban and rural areas in order to find the adequate numbers of required substations. The results of the case study illustrated that the desired number of substations with acceptable range of violations are obtained from the proposed approach. The distribution network models are designed with settlement of LV consumers and optimum feeder routing from LV consumers connected to distribution transformers. Moreover, the optimum distribution transformers placement and size with optimum MV feeder routing connected to MV substation are modelled. It is concluded from the statistical analysis that proposed method could be utilized to generate the similar realistic network models for strategic assessment of distribution network planning.

A Radial Path Building Algorithm for Optimal Feeder Planning of Primary Distribution Networks Considering Reliability Assessment

Optimal feeder routing is an important part of general optimal distribution network planning. This article proposes a new algorithm for optimal feeder routing using an easy step-by-step, radial path building algorithm, ensuring minimization of the total system planning cost. Furthermore, reliability assessment is carried out to obtain the most reliable feeder routing to acquire less interrupted network structure with different feeder configurations. The proposed approach is also tested for optimal feeder routing with variations in the number of substations, which provides information on the trade-off between optimality and reliability of the system configuration. Moreover, the concept of principle of optimality is effectively used to make the proposed approach computationally more efficient and useful. The extensive test results reflect the potential ability of the proposed approach for optimizing the network structure in power distribution networks.

Superconducting Power Cable Application in DC Electric Railway Systems

A superconducting power cable is a prospective application of high-temperature superconductors. Although power cables using Bi2223 or YBCO wires have been developed in the world so far mainly for utility grid application, we focus attention on railway application of a superconducting power cable. We have studied how to introduce superconducting power cables effectively and economically to a dc electric railway. Numerical analysis models based on the MATLAB-Simulink are constructed for a dc electric feeder system of singe- and double-track railways. Tractive force and train resistance characteristics are modeled. Energy saving by the superconducting power cable is investigated with the influences of the number of substations, the train operation interval, etc., taken into account. The results show that the superconducting power cables can improve regeneration rate and system energy saving, and reduce the substation capacity very effectively. It will be also an advantage that if the transportation capacity of a railway line needs to be increased, the introduction of superconducting cables could achieve it without changing the existing substations along the line.

Concurrent Support of Important Buses using Placing Minimal Number of Phasor Measurement Components

A mode of procedure for arrangement of Phasor Measurement Components (PMC), make sure that the support of injured buses which are achieved based on transient and voltage stability analysis process on the whole system is projected. Arrangement of PMCs can be done based on various criterions. Topological observability is one of the significant prospect that has been directed in the past thereby empower the Wide Area Support to be run totally independent from SCADA stage. The arrangement is prejudiced by the following criteria- less number of substations, less number of PMC components, observability of the topology based on the PMCs, in view of the PMC type. Concurrent support of phase angles and voltage stability indices crossways different nodes point toward the closeness to instability. The matter is to identify the injured buses where the PMCs should be positioned when the transient stability and voltage calculation is taken into report. Integer Linear Programming with equality and inequality constraints is used to detect the most excellent arrangement set with injured buses recognized from transient stability analysis. The projected mode of procedure has been examined on Indian Southern Grid 24 modified bus system in detail and the results have been included.

Electrical Measurement Automated Calibration System Applied Research

In recent years, with the rapid development of electric power, the construction of a large number of substation, electrical measuring instrument and device is also increasing, accordingly, testing and calibration work is growing. The traditional calibration method has been unable to meet the actual needs of work. Combining with the practical work, and put forward a new automatic calibrating method, this paper introduces the electrical measuring instrument verification device of automatic calibration system of the working principle and system structure, and illustrates the system application.

Distribution system planning considering reliable feeder routing

The work presents an investigation on the role of reliability consideration in distribution system configuration and planning cost of radial distribution system. A direct search technique is applied for optimum planning which ensures only minimisation of planning cost. Furthermore, the concept of principle of optimality theorem makes the direct method more computationally efficient, reducing total numbers of radial paths. Reliability indices are computed to evaluate the reliability of systems with different feeder configurations. The proposed approach is also tested for optimal feeder routing with variation in number of substations, which provides the information on trade-off between optimality and reliability of the system configuration. Thus, the proposed approach is found to be highly effective in optimal feeder routing considering complex feeder configuration with multiple substations.