Number Of Subfunctions Research Articles

English Slogans on Clothing: Linguistic Distinctiveness and Pragmatic Functions

A semantic analysis of inscriptions on T-shirts (slogans) as elements of everyday discourse is provided in the article. Attention is paid to slogans that convey meanings significant in youth communication. The scientific novelty of the presented work lies in the fact that for the first time the features of slogans placed on clothes are revealed, their content, pragmatic functions and lexical-semantic features, as well as the correlation of slogans with the linguistic personality of the owner of a T-shirt with an inscription are considered. The author revealed that the basic pragmatic functions of slogans are self-presentation, appeal and shocking. Each of these functions has a number of sub-functions. Self-presentation is the leading pragmatic function. It has been proved that slogans are important components of the modern socio-cultural environment, integral elements of the communication process, verbal markers of the peculiarities of a linguistic personality. The key features of the linguistic personality of a young man who implements communication through a slogan on clothes are openness to social contacts, demonstration of personal qualities, attitude towards others and towards society as a whole, social activity, dedication, unconventional worldview, innovative thinking.

The Purpose and the Functions of the Institute of Dissenting Opinion of Judge in the Constitutional Proceeding

At the end of October 2021, the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation celebrated its 30-year anniversary. Dissenting opinions of constitutional judges was playing an important role in the establishment and development of constitutional justice in Russia, democratic foundations and principles and the protection of human rights. Judges actively used their right to express dissenting opinions. Thus, during the whole period of the Constitutional Court›s work 27 of 32 judges used the right to express dissenting opinions. 418 dissenting opinions were published. However, quantitative indicators do not fully reflect the purpose and role of this institution for the development of Russian law and science. Functions and goals of the legal institute allows to determine its mission in the legal regulation and help to evaluate the effectiveness of its work. In other words, we can understand the purpose for which this institute is built into the relevant legislative regulation. In this article, author identifies the sole purpose of the institute of dissenting opinion in constitutional proceeding: the development of law and the rule of law. By further decomposing the purpose, three groups of functions of this institution are identifi ed: intrasubjective, organizational and external, which are divided into a number of subfunctions. The practice of the Constitutional Court of previous years demonstrates that in the case of granting to a judge the right to express dissenting opinion with its further publication, not only all three groups of functions of this institution are fulfi lled, but also the achievement of the institution's purpose is inevitable. In the current legal regulation, after the 2020 reform, two groups of functions are blocked and are not fulfi lled due to the fact that dissenting opinions are no longer published. This leads to the conclusion that the judge's right to express a dissenting opinion is not properly implemented, and the institution itself is not working effectively.

A multicut outer-approximation approach for competitive facility location under random utilities

This work concerns the maximum capture facility location problem with random utilities, i.e., the problem of seeking to locate new facilities in a competitive market such that the captured demand of users is maximized, assuming that each individual chooses among all available facilities according to a random utility maximization model. The main challenge lies in the nonlinearity of the objective function. Motivated by the convexity and separable structure of such an objective function, we propose an enhanced implementation of the outer approximation scheme. Our algorithm works in a cutting plane fashion and allows to separate the objective function into a number of sub-functions and create linear cuts for each sub-function at each outer-approximation iteration. We compare our approach with the state-of-the-art method and, for the first time in an extensive way, with other existing nonlinear solvers using three data sets from recent literature. Our experiments show the robustness of our approach, especially on large instances, in terms of both computing time and number instances solved to optimality.

Design Record Graph and Axiomatic Design for Creative Design Education

The authors have been offering a graduate level design course at the University of Tokyo. The students form groups of about 5 members to identify their own design goals and construct creative solutions to meet the product functional requirements (FRs). The course teaches Design Record Graph (DRG), a network diagram that starts with the product FR that divides into a number of sub-functions. The division continues until all functional elements are identified, and when every element functional requirement maps to a single element design parameter (DP), the design meets the independence axiom. The projects often start with heavily coupled designs that gradually turn into clean solutions towards their finalized design. The graph expression is easier for design students to get started with functional decomposition without having to work with design matrices.

Matrix-Based Conceptual Solution Generation Approach of Multifunction Product

In order to integrate two single-function products to a multifunction product, a matrix-based conceptual solution generation approach is proposed in this paper. In the approach, the overall function of a single-function product is decomposed into a number of subfunctions. The sub-functions are described by the functional basis and are used to construct the function model of the single-function product. By analyzing the function models of two single-function products, a functional similarity matrix is constructed based on the quantified similarity indexes of two sub-functions. For indicating the relationship between the sub-functions and the components, a function-component matrix of each single-function product is constructed, and then a component-component matrix of two single-function products can be acquired by multiplying the function-component matrix and the functional similarity matrix. There are three kinds of components' relationships in the component-component matrix, namely, no-correlation, simple-correlation, and complex-correlation. The components of two single-function products can be, respectively, removed, modified, and reserved according to the different correlation relationships, and a design solution of a new multi-function product can be obtained by combining the reserved and modified components. As a case study, a conceptual solution of a new shaver is acquired under the help of the provided approach.

The Origin of Subfunctions and Modular Gene Regulation

Evolutionary explanations for the origin of modularity in genetic and developmental pathways generally assume that modularity confers a selective advantage. However, our results suggest that even in the absence of any direct selective advantage, genotypic modularity may increase through the formation of new subfunctions under near-neutral processes. Two subfunctions may be formed from a single ancestral subfunction by the process of fission. Subfunction fission occurs when multiple functions under unified genetic control become subdivided into more restricted functions under independent genetic control. Provided that population size is sufficiently small, random genetic drift and mutation can conspire to produce changes in the number of subfunctions in the genome of a species without necessarily altering the phenotype. Extensive genotypic modularity may then accrue in a near-neutral fashion in permissive population-genetic environments, potentially opening novel pathways to morphological evolution. Many aspects of gene complexity in multicellular eukaryotes may have arisen passively as population size reductions accompanied increases in organism size, with the adaptive exploitation of such complexity occurring secondarily.

On Combining Artificial Neural Nets

This paper reviews research on combining artificial neural nets, and provides an overview of, and an introduction to, the papers contained in this special issue, and its companion (Connection Science, 9, 1). Two main approaches, ensemble-based, and modular, are identified and considered. An ensemble, or committee, is made up of a set of nets, each of which is a general function approximator. The members of the ensemble are combined in order to obtain better generalization performance than would be achieved by any of the individual nets. The main issues considered here under the heading of ensemble-based approaches are a how to combine the outputs of the ensemble members, b how to create candidate ensemble members and c which methods lead to the most effective ensembles? Under the heading of modular approaches, we begin by considering a divide-and-conquer approach by which a function is automatically decomposed into a number of subfunctions which are treated by specialist modules. Other modular approaches are also identified and considered, for while the divide-and-conquer approach is designed to improve performance, the term modularity can be given a wider interpretation. The broadly defined topic of modularity includes the explicit decomposition of a task based on the designer's understanding, and the exploitation of specialist modules in order to accomplish tasks which could not be performed by a monolithic net.