Number Of Sub-branches Research Articles

A combination of biochemical fertilizers enhances plant nutrient absorption, water deficit tolerance, and yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) plants under irrigation regimes

Water shortage is the most critical abiotic stress and adversely impacts crop growth and productivity. Biofertilizers are an environmentally friendly method for sustainable agricultural development and improving plant water deficit tolerance. The effects of biological and chemical fertilizers on yield, yield components, and nutrient absorption of chickpea plants were studied in 2018 and 2019. The main plots were assigned to the irrigation levels [80% (I80) and 50% (I50)] and the subplot was assigned to 13 fertilizer combinations including free-living N-fixing bacteria (NB), potassium solubilizing bacteria (KB), phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PB), common chickpea nutrition program (F; NPK chemical fertilizer), and their combination. The results showed that shoot phosphorus content was increased by 80% when F + NPB (NPK chemical fertilizer and N + P biofertilizers) was applied at I80 compared with the control at I50. Furthermore, I80 and the application of PKB (P + K biofertilizers) and NPKB (N + P + K biofertilizers) obtained the highest shoot K and N concentrations, respectively. The NPKF + B-treated plants (N + P + K chemical fertilizer and N + P + K biofertilizers) demonstrated superior growth attributes such as plant height and the number of sub-branches at I80. The highest grain yield was obtained from the NPKF + B treatment at I80, which was 7.1-fold higher compared with the control at I50. In general, the combined application of biochemical fertilizers mitigated the adverse effect of water deficit and improved nutrient absorption and chickpea yield. The use of biochemical fertilizers can be efficient in reducing the consumption of chemical fertilizers and achieving sustainable agricultural goals.

Effect of common horsetail extract on growth characteristics, essential oil yield and chemical compositions of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)

To investigate the effect of horsetail extract containing high silicon on morphological traits, growth, content, and compositions of essential oil of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) an experiment turned into carried out in the shape of a randomized complete block design with three replications. Foliar treatment of horsetail extract with zero, 0.5, 1, and 2% concentrations was applied on 6–8 leaf plants. The assessed traits include plant height, number of leaves per plant, number of sub-branches, leaf area index, plant fresh weight, plant dry weight, total anthocyanin, the content of total phenol and total flavonoid, antioxidant activity, essential oil content, and compounds were measured. The findings demonstrated that the increase of silicon-containing horsetail extract enhanced the improved increase in growth and phytochemical trait values. The use of horsetail extract in the 2% treatment increased plant height, the number of leaves per plant, the number of sub-branches, leaf area index, fresh weight, and dry weight of the plant by 49.79, 45.61, 91.09, 99.78, 52.78 and 109.25%, respectively, compared to the control. The highest content of total phenol (2.12 mg GAE/g DW), total flavonoid (1.73 mg RE/g DW), total anthocyanin (0.83 mg C3G/g DW), and antioxidant activity (184.3 µg/ml) was observed in the 2% extract treatment. The content of essential oil increased with increasing the concentration of horsetail extract, so the highest amount of essential oil was obtained at the concentration of 2%, which increased by 134.78% compared to the control. By using GC–MS, the essential oil was analyzed. The main components of the essential oil include methyl eugenol (12.93–25.93%), eugenol (17.63–27.51%), 1,8-cineole (15.63–20.84%), linalool (8.31–19.63%) and (Z)-caryophyllene (6.02–14.93%). Increasing the concentration of horsetail extract increased the compounds of eugenol, 1,8-cineole, and linalool in essential oil compared to the control, but decreased the compounds of methyl eugenol and (Z)-caryophyllene. Foliar spraying of horsetail extract, which contains high amounts of silicon, as a stimulant and biological fertilizer, can be a beneficial ingredient in increasing the yield and production of medicinal plants, especially in organic essential oil production.

Effects of hydrogel on drought resistance of medicinal plant roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.)

To investigate the effects of hydrogel on growth, yield, and some secondary metabolites of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) under drought stress conditions, an experiment was conducted in a farm located in the south of Dalgan city, Sistan and Baluchestan province in the 2017-2018 crop year. This research was carried out as a split plot experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The experimental treatments included drought stress as main plot at four levels (irrigation at FC (field capacity), 85% of FC, 70% of FC, and 55% of FC), and hydrogel consumption as sub plot at three levels (A200 hydrogel consumption, silicate hydrogel consumption, and no hydrogel consumption). The quantitative traits including plant height, number of sub-branches per plant, number of flower per plant, plant fresh and dry weight, sepal fresh and dry yield, and harvest index and qualitative traits including content of anthocyanin and sepal phenolic compounds were measured. The results showed that the highest amount of quantitative traits was obtained from full irrigation treatment with the consumption of A200 hydrogel. But there was no significant difference between this treatment and the treatments of full irrigation with silicate hydrogel consumption and full irrigation without hydrogel. Also, no significant difference was observed between the above three treatments and the treatments of both types of hydrogels application in 85% and 70% of FC. The qualitative traits increased with increasing the stress intensity. The hydrogel consumption in comparison with not consuming it led to a decrease in the amount of anthocyanin and sepal phenolic compounds due to the modification of stress conditions by hydrogel.

Effect of different potting mixtures on growth and flowering characters of Chrysanthemum cv. Haldighati

This study evaluates the effect of different potting mixtures on growth and flowering of Chrysanthemum cv. Haldighati. The experiment was carried out at Agriculture Farm, School of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, RIMT University, Mandi Gobindgarh, Punjab, India. Different treatment methods include mixing sand, soil, cocopeat, ver powder, farmland fertilizer and perlite in equal proportions. Statistical analysis of the data show that the medium combination has a significant influence on the control value. The results show that the overall performance of Chrysanthemum is better in the medium with T7 (Perlite + FYM + garden soil (2:1:1)), but T5 is Vermicompost + FYM + Garden soil (2:1:1) has the highest main branches of each plant and the number of sub-branches per plant, the number of ray florets per flower, the length of ray florets and the width of ray florets. According to the obtained results, it can be concluded that compared with perlite Chrysanthemum, the potting medium treatment combination consisting of Perlite + FYM + garden soil (2:1:1) is most suitable for producing Chrysanthemums. It has been found that the light growth medium is more suitable for plant morphological development and continuous high-quality flower production.

EFFECT OF APICAL REMOVAL OF BRANCHES AND BRANCHES NUMBER ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF TWO (Capsicum annuum L.) CULTIVARS

This study was aimed to evaluate the effects of some pruning systems on the growth of two (Capsicum annuum L.) cultivars. The experiment was designed as Factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) each treatment replicated 3 times each with 8 treatments (experimental unit) representing 2 cultivars (California wonder and Biotek), two number of branches (leaving 2 and 4 branches on the main stem) and 2 treatments of apical removal; control (without apical removal) and apical removal of main branches. The highest value of plant height was recorded from California wonder cultivar when pruned on four branches without apical removal and the highest number of sub branches as well as number of fruits, yield.plant-1, yield.plot-1 and yield.ha-1 (40.77, 40.27, 0.89kg, 5.39kg and 47.95ton respectively) were observed from Biotek cultivar, pruned on two branches with apical removal of branches.

The effects of growing density and fertilization on morphological seedling characteristics of crimean juniper (Juniperus excelsa Bieb.)

In this study, the effects of growing density and fertilization on the morphological characteristics of the Crimean Juniper (Juniperus excelsa Bieb.) seedlings were investigated. For this purpose, four different growing densities [150, 250, 350 and 600 (= control) seedlings per square meter] and three different fertilizer doses [0 g N (= control), 10 g N and 20 g N per square meter] were studied. In this context, the effects of the treatments on the height (SH), root collar diameter (RCD), number of sub branches (NSB), the longest lateral root length (LRL) and shoot:root ratio (S:R) of the seedlings, which are among the important morphological characteristics, were examined. The data were evaluated in SPSS software. Results showed that the main factor affecting the root collar diameter of the seedlings was growing density. Similarly, it was found that the main factor working on the seedling height was fertilization dose. As a conclusion; it was suggested that cultivation of barerooted Crimean Juniper seedlings in the Eğirdir Forestry Nursery should be carried out with 150-350 seedlings per square meter and 10 g/m2 N application.

A new sampling method in the Zagros forests using GIS (case study: Ilam forests of Iran)

One of the basic parameters in forest management planning is detailed knowledge of growing stock, information collected by forest inventory. Sampling methods must be accurate, inexpensive, and be easy to implement in the field. This study presents a new sampling method called branching transect for use in the Iranian Zagros forests and similar forests. Features of the new method include greater accuracy, easy implementation in nature, simplicity of statistical calculations, and low cost. In this method, transect is used, which includes some sub-transects (side branches). The length of the main transect, side branches, number of trees measured in each side branch, and the number of sub-branches in this method are changeable based on homogeneity, heterogeneity, and density of a forest. In this study, based on the density and heterogeneity of the forest area studied, 20-m transects with four and eight side branches were used. Sampling plots (Transects) in four inventory networks (100 m × 100 m, 100 m × 150 m, 150 m × 150 m and 100 m × 200 m) were implemented in the GIS environment. The results of this sampling method were compared to the results of total inventory (100% count) in terms of accuracy, precision (t-test), and inventory error percentage. Branching transect results were statistially similar to total inventory counts in all cases. The results show that this method of estimating density and canopy per hectare can be used in Zagros forests and similar forests.

Audit firm, retain or rotation? (client and audit firm perspectives)

AbstractThe purpose of this study is providing a framework for understanding the role of audit firm rotation in client expected value. And to explain the principles of client choice by auditor via specified models. We formalize this idea through stakeholder theory. Results show that the owners’ expected outcome is increase in the level of reporting quality, all else held equal. Also client selection is a decrease in function with regard to the factors affecting it. Like the number of sub-branches, probability of good selection, probability of good perceived in a branch point, stages ahead and taking account of investigative intuition. We propose that retain-rotation audit firm vs. good or bad selection client relationship developed based on bid and ask process. Drawing on our analytical framework, we provide directions for further opportunities for research of client and audit firm.

Sequential Path Analysis of Effective Characters on the Essential Oil Yield of Dracocephalum moldavica L.

To investigate interrelationship of some morpho-physiological traits and oil yield of Dracocephalum moldavica L. an experiment was conducted in the form of split factorial based on randomized complete block design with four replications in a greenhouse and field conditions. Results indicated a significant and high correlation of flowering shoots yield and oil percentage with oil yield under given conditions. The most direct effect in these conditions was related flowering shoots yield and oil percentage which was also evident in stepwise regression. Traits including plant height, number of sub-branches, proline and soluble carbohydrates also directly or indirectly affected on flowering shoots yield and oil percentage. In factor analysis, two factors of morphological traits and yield in greenhouse conditions and three factors of morphological, yield, and oil yield in farm conditions confirmed 92.85 and 93.06 % of total variance, respectively. Generally, reinforcing the first factor which justified the most variances among the data especially total chlorophyll, number of flowers and sub-branches, and leaf area can accelerate the flowering shoots yield, oil percentage and finally improve oil yield. Despite reduction in the oil percentage due to an increase in the amount of proline and soluble carbohydrates, these two traits through improving morphological traits in low humidity conditions can be useful in accelerating flowering shoots yield and finally oil yield. Thus, regarding flowering shoots yield (it also includes oil percentage), it is suggested to improve D. moldavica oil yield.

Response of soybean yield to manganese foliar application under short-term drought stress

This research was done in order to investigate the Response of soybean yield to manganese foliar application under short-term drought stress at flowering stage in climatic condition of Kermanshah, Iran 2010. The experimental design was a split split plot based on Randomized Complete Block design with three replicates. Treatments includes: two irrigation regimes, two foliar treatments, and eight soybean cultivars. At the V4 growth stage, the plants were sprayed twice with 0.5% manganese liquid or distilled water. At the end of growing season, biological yield, grain yield, yield components and harvest index were measured. The results of analysis variance were shown that irrigation regimes, manganese foliar treatments and cultivars had significant effects on number of pod and seed per plant, grain yield and biological yield at 1% level (P<0.01). Irrigation at all of growth stages and manganese foliar application produced the highest number of node per plant, number of sub branch, number of pod and seed per plant, grain yield and biological yield in soybean cultivars. Whereas, maximum 100-seed weight and harvest index were obtained with irrigation withholding at flowering stage. The effect of Mn foliar application in water deficit condition on pod and seed number, grain yield, and biological yield were higher than when manganese was used in Ic treatment.

Character Association and Path Analysis of Black Cumin (Nigella sativa L.) Genotypes under Different Irrigation Regimes

Character association and path analysis were performed for black seed cultivars using a split-plots design based on RCBD with three replications. Three cultivars (‘Varzaneh’, ‘Semirom’ and ‘Mobarakeh’) were studied under three levels of irrigation (normal irrigation, irrigation with drought stress before and after flowering). Under normal and abnormal irrigations the relation of seed yield and three characters biological yield, number of capsule per plant and thousand seed weight were high, positive significantly (p≤0.01); the relation between yield and number of sub branch was positive significantly (p≤0.05). In terms of abnormal irrigation there was a positive significant correlation between essence percent and yield (p≤0.05). Under normal irrigation the most direct effect of traits on yield was obtained from biological yield (0.778) followed the number of capsules per plant (0.245). The most indirect effect of traits on yield was obtained from biological yield through thousand seed weight (0.576) followed stem diameter through biological yield (0.468). Under water deficiency conditions the most direct effect of traits on yield was obtained from biological yield (0.811) followed the number of capsules per plant (0.231). The most indirect effect of traits on yield was obtained from biological yield through thousand seed weight (0.562).

Screening pigeon pea accessions for resistance to root knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) under field conditions

Field experiments were conducted for two consecutive years (2006 and 2007) to access the reaction of 10 accessions of pigeon pea for resistance to natural infestation of Meloidogyne incognita. Fifteen weeks after planting, 10 randomly selected plants per treatment were examined for root-galls. Data on plant height, stem girth, days to flowering, days to 50% flowering, number of main branches, number of sub-branches, height to main branch, pod length, seed/pod and yield were also collected. Root galling varied significantly among the pigeon pea accessions. Root galling correlated negatively with number of pods and leaves; however, there was positive correlation between root gall and stem girth when all the 10 accessions were considered. Of the 10 pigeon pea accessions, none out of the 10 accessions evaluated was resistant to M. incognita and none was also immune to M. incognita under field conditions. Two of the accessions were tolerant to M. incognita under field conditions (Cc 10B and Cc 12), with grain yield ranging between 1356 and 1300 kg/ha in 2006 and 1300 and 1200 kg/ha in 2007, a gall index rating of <2 and a reproduction factor of >1, while the rest eight accessions were susceptible to M. incognita under field conditions with grain yield ranging between 1035 and 896 kg/ha in 2006 and 1025 and 865 kg/ha in 2007, with a gall index rating of >2 and a reproduction factor of >1. Based on reproduction factor, all the susceptible pigeon pea accessions supported greater nematode reproduction while the tolerant pigeon pea accessions were poor host of M. incognita.

Investigation of correlation analysis and relationships between grain yield and other quantitative traits in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Understanding the relationships between chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) yield and yield components is critical to utilizing these relationships effectively and thus developing desirable varieties. This research was done in order to investigate the correlation analysis and relationships between grain yield and other quantitative traits with three chickpea cultivars (Filip-84-48-c, Ilc-482 and Arman) and three sowing date (March 6, 21 and April 4). A 3 x 3 factorial experiment in randomized complete block design (RCBD) format with three replications was conducted in the research field of the Azad University of Kermanshah, during 2006. The results showed that both sowing date and cultivar had significant effects on grain yield and yield components of chickpea. Early planting chickpea produced the highest plant height, distance of first pod from the earth surface, number of sub branch, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, 100-seed weight, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index. The sowing done on March 6 had the highest while April 4 had the lowest grain yield. There were significant differences between cultivars of grain yield. The highest grain yield belonged to Arman with 1067.1 kg/ha. Results showed that number of seeds per plant (r = 0.846**), number of pods per plant (r = 0.827**), plant height (r = 0/813**) and biological yield (r = 0.798**) had the highest positive correlation with grain yield. The results of path coefficient analysis revealed that number of seeds per plant had high and positive direct effects (0.76) on seed yield, but number of pods per plant was an important constituent (0.41).