Number Of Sprinklers Research Articles

Исследование поведения стеновых сэндвич-панелей, орошаемых дренчерной завесой, при одностороннем тепловом воздействии

In the last ten years, drencher curtains are widely used at the large production facilities to increase fire resistance of the building structures. The length of the drencher curtains used as a compensating measure instead of fire walls can reaches 250 m. A three-dimensional modeling of the operation of a drencher curtain together with a type 1 fire barrier in the form of a sandwich panel was performed. FireCat software package was used for modeling. One of its components is the PyroSim software package designed for fire modeling. A field model was chosen as a mathematical model of fire development. A number of simulations was carried out at a given sprinkler flow rate of 1 l/s, but at different distances between the sprinklers (different number of sprinklers operating in one stream was used) — from 0.5 to 5 m. As a result, it is established that when sprinklers are placed at a distance of no more than 2.5 meters from each other, the model meets the fire resistance requirements for type 1 fire walls. The experiments were carried out in the irrigation intensity range of 0.1–0.5 l/s·m. It is established that in order to achieve fire resistance limit REI 150, the irrigation intensity must be at least 0.37 l/s·m. The studies carried out made it possible to obtain qualitative data on the efficiency of drencher curtains plaсed in one line as a measure to increase the time limits of fire resistance of fire barriers from 45 to 150 minutes.

Perancangan Sistem Fire Alarm Kebakaran Pada Gedung Laboratorium XXX

Abstract
 
 Fire is a phenomenon that occurs when a material reaches a critical temperature and reacts chemically with oxygen (for example) producing heat, flame, light, smoke, water vapor, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, or other products and effects. Fires can occur anywhere, be it in office buildings, residences or public facilities. As for other than in public areas, fires often occur, both in rooms and laboratories, the triggers are almost the same due to negligence and not being careful in using flammable tools. For this reason, the need for a fire detector with a detector system using an alarm so that once a fire occurs, all those in the building can find out through the detector with an alarm sound as a fire marker. In order to reduce casualties, the need for a sprinkler system to extinguish the fire, and can assist the officers or authorities in the building as soon as possible. From the above problems, this research will determine how many detectors and sprinklers are needed, as well as how much water volume, pump power, and ground water tank are needed. This type of research is quantitative research by direct observation of the object under study, then researchers measure the room one by one using a building meter. From the calculation results by taking a sample on the 1st floor, the number of detectors needed is 10 smoke detectors and 3 heat detectors, the number of sprinklers is 47, the volume of water needed is 846 m3, the pump power and ground water tank needed are hydraulic power. pump (HHP) 3,28621 kW, pump shaft power (BHP) 4.38 kW, pump electric power (P) 6 kW, diesel pump (PpD) 4 HP, jocky pump (PJk) 0.6 kW, capacity GWT ( QGWT) 44 m3.

Modeling of the scheme of location of active raining equipment of the closed irrigation system

The purpose of the study is to develop a procedure for determining the parameters of the layout of active sprinkler equipment in closed irrigation systems. This paper presents the importance of transforming agricultural production into a highly developed sector of the economy which is impossible without reducing its dependence on adverse climatic conditions. The introduction of modern computer-integrated technologies, including precision farming, due to the need for economic use of visible and energy resources, is considered. Closed irrigation systems with the use of reclamation equipment such as universal sprinklers have become widespread. The existing fleet of efficient sprinklers will consist of 64% of frigate sprinklers. The article considers a complex of sprinklers, which will consist of eight irrigation fields, the total number of sprinklers in the system is eight. The article discusses in detail the principle of operation of the presented closed irrigation system, namely the system of water supply pipelines to sprinklers, and equipment that controls the operation of this system, such as booster pumps, hydrants, transformers, valves, communication lines. The article considers the process of calculating the total number of options for connecting sprinklers. In the considered system 4 sprinkler installations which are connected and disconnected in pairs can be in work at the same time. Consider problems that arise in the system due to pressure jumps in the hydraulic system. Schematically, the options for placing active sprinkler equipment are presented. The possibility of specifying the structure of the connection scheme of active sprinkler equipment using a matrix is considered. The procedure of definition of parameters of the scheme of placement of the active sprinkler equipment is offered. Timely switching of modes of operation of the pumping equipment of ZSS, is possible in the presence of correctly working control system, the confirmed efficiency. The work must be based on the results of computer simulations.

WATER HOLDING CAPACITY AND HEAT TRANSFER ASPECTS OF A MIXTURE OF SUGAR CANE BAGASSE AND WHEAT BRAN IN A PARTIALLY FILLED ROTATING DRUM

Abstract Maximum water holding capacity of a mixture of sugarcane bagasse and wheat bran was determined in static conditions and in a drum rotated at 1 rpm. The variables filling degree, water flow rate, volume of added water and number of sprinklers were tested to control the moisture content of the solid and the number of rotations to achieve homogeneous moisture content. None of the selected variables was significant, giving the apparatus high flexibility to control moisture content. For the heat transfer experiments, the tested variables were introduction of air through an inner tube amidst the particles, water sprinkling over the bed and drum rotation. The selected variables represented limited mechanisms of heat removal, although efficient when coupled with the drum rotation. The results are of value to control the temperature and the moisture content in solid-state cultivation bioreactors.

Ice energy: prospects for the use of artificial firn-ice masses to generate electricity

The problem of the fossil fuel depletion can be solved by means of searching, developing and using of alterna‑ tive energy sources. One of them is the use of thermogradient power plants, which are operating by the tem‑ perature difference of the ocean water near the surface and at great depths. But using of these plants is usu‑ ally limited by technical issues, and energy expenditures on the rise a large volume of water from the ocean depths. These problems can be solved using the natural cold accumulated in the artificial firn-ice massifs on the surface of the Earth. The application of a long jet sprinkler system makes possible for a day to create the firn-ice massifs with a height of over 10 meters. Relatively small number of sprinklers may be sufficient to freeze for the cold period a quantity of the firn-ice masses weighing millions of tons. Daily freezing pro‑ ductivity is approximately 75 tons of ice in recalculation per 1 degree of the air negative temperature. This method provides accumulation of huge reserves of natural cold, which can be stored for a long period of time with the use of thermal insulation. When freezing the firn-ice masses at the air temperature of −15 °С, 1 ton of firn requires energy of 0.5 kW·h, which is 190 times less than it is necessary for melting 1 ton of ice. The use of artificial firn-ice masses will accelerate the development and introduction of thermogradient power plants, and not only in the marine areas.

Analyzing the impact of in-rack sprinklers in a warehouse fire: A demonstration of the role optimization has in mitigating damage

This study presents a tool that illustrates the potential and role that optimization can have in fire protection design and performance. Specifically, the tool uses validated engineering correlations to simulate a warehouse fire, and evaluates whether it is controlled by modeling the placement and number of sprinklers – both in-rack and ceiling. Using initial model inputs that include storage configuration, commodity type, water supply, and sprinkler type, we allow a fire to ignite and simulate its growth behavior and corresponding effects on a nearby target array. For any initial set of input parameters, our tool demonstrates the minimum number and location of available in-rack sprinklers to control the flame spread. With reasonable run times, our work yields new insights into the design of sprinkler systems and, more broadly, the usefulness of optimization in fire protection design.

Ant Colony Optimization for the Design of Small-Scale Irrigation Systems

The optimal design of sprinkler irrigation systems is a complicated nonlinear programming problem that is related to the performance of the system and meanwhile an economic problem to farmers in developing countries. Ant colony optimization (ACO), a meta-heuristic algorithm with the strategies inspired by foraging ants, was considered. Exactly an Ant Cycle System was proposed to solve this problem. The performance of ACO was compared to that of Genetic Algorithm (GA), and the optimal results were further validated by field tests on four small-scale irrigation systems. In the optimization model, the objective function was minimizing the specific energy consumption subject to the constraints of pipe diameters, number of sprinklers and working pressure of the end sprinkler along the pipeline and pump-pipeline cooperation conditions. In the design of ACO, head loss between adjacent sprinklers was introduced in the heuristic function to represent the distance between two cities in a Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP). And the fitness composed of the specific energy consumption dealt with penalty function was taken instead of the total length of a route in the pheromone updating. The results indicate that the specific energy consumption has been decreased in average by 12.45 % through ACO, 10.27 % through GA and 11.27 % from field tests compared to that in the initial configurations with irrigation uniformities higher than 75 % in the field tests. ACO implementation outperforms genetic algorithm in efficiency and reliability especially in larger systems. The ACO may provide a promising approach for the optimization of irrigation systems.

설치비와 피해액의 정형화를 통한 화재 시뮬레이션 및 수리계획법에 기반을 한 스프링클러의 배치 최적화

The sprinkler system is regarded as the most effective fire extinguishing system. In this study, we proposed a sprinkler layout optimization framework based on fire simulation and mathematical programming. As a case study, the target space in the form of ordinary residence was set up with the size of , and we constructed the fire scenario that polyurethane couch was ignited through carelessness. And we simulated and analyzed fire speed, temperature change and heat release rate according to the type and number of sprinklers installed. Through the formulation of installation and damage costs depending on sprinklers, the sprinkler layout showing optimal performance was resulted from mathematical programming.

Flammability of antifreeze agents for automatic sprinkler systems

This article evaluates several antifreeze agents for automatic sprinkler systems by focusing on the expected contribution of the combustion energy of such agents to a fire. Such an energy contribution could potentially result in an excessive number of sprinklers being activated and thereby overtax the capacity of the water supply. To investigate this, an analysis and experimental program were initiated involving several different antifreeze agents. The results of this study show that only two of the antifreeze solutions did not increase the intensity of the fire source compared to water only, namely calcium chloride and potassium acetate. The other antifreeze agent solutions that were tested resulted in a significant increase in fire heat release rate. In some cases, the energy released during the period of application was 1.5--2 times higher than that found when only water was used. These results correlated well with the analysis calculations.

Análisis técnico-económico para selección de aspersores

El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar los antecedentes técnicos y económicos que deben ser considerados para la selección de aspersores. Para llevar a cabo el proceso se realizó el análisis de diversos factores tales como, velocidad de aplicación, tiempo de riego, velocidad del viento, patrón de distribución y presión de trabajo. Además los costos de adquisición, energía y operación del sistema. Tambien fueram considerados de los resultados se puede concluir que el patrón de distribución es el factor más importante en los costos fijos, debido a que está asociado al número de aspersores. En el caso de los costos variables el caudal y la presión de trabajo son los factores más importantes a considerar. El viento influye en el número de aspersores y por ende el caudal total a utilizar. El tiempo de riego disponible influye en el caudal y en las horas de operación lo que tiene efecto sobre los costos totales.

Set Sprinkler Irrigation and Its Cost

In this study, annual water application costs per unit area (ha) have been analyzed at the level of irrigation subunit in set sprinkler irrigation systems designed with pipes of different materials. In the cost, investment (pumping, pipes, sprinklers, ditches), energy, labor, maintenance, and water costs have been considered. Four systems were studied: one with buried pipes, in a permanent solid-set system, using: (a) polyvinyl chloride with buried pipes (PVCb), and three with pipes on the surface in surface solid-set systems, using (b) polyvinyl chloride pipes, (c) polyethylene pipes, and (d) aluminum pipes. The correct selection of the irrigation subunit size and shape can lead to a significant decrease in cost. The most economic irrigation subunits, among the four systems studied, were those formed by four laterals and a number of sprinklers per lateral of 10, 9, and 6 at 12 m×12 m , 12 m×18 m , and 18 m×18 m spacing, respectively. The most influential factor on the annual water application cost was sp...

Analysis of water application cost with permanent set sprinkler irrigation systems

In order to identify the subunit design incurring the lowest costs, it is necessary to consider various factors, thereby assuring the correct hydraulic performance of the subunit. Water application costs with a sprinkler irrigation system comprise: investment cost (pumps plant, pipes, sprinklers, ditches), energy, manpower, maintenance and water costs. This work analyses the influence of different design and performance factors, such as subunit arrangement, spacing, working pressure, average application rate, and application efficiency on water application costs in a permanent set sprinkler irrigation subunit. The results show that the most important factor is the spacing between sprinklers. The next most important factor is the shape of the subunit (number of laterals and number of sprinklers per lateral). Working pressure is important too, since a decrease in pressure will result in a decrease in energy costs, although pipe diameter will need to increase. The higher the average application rate of the system, the higher the water application cost. The influence of irrigation efficiency is higher as water price increases. The water application cost can be reduced by 40% when application efficiency increases from 60% to 90%.

Problems of the retrofit installation of sprinkler systems in old high‐rise buildings: a case study

A field survey on 36 old high‐rise buildings in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR, formerly Hong Kong) was conducted to study the problems of the retrofit installation of sprinkler systems in those buildings. The floor plan, occupancy type, number of occupants, fire load distribution, hazard class, number of sprinklers to protection area ratio and the number of sprinkler heads were studied along with the characteristics of the buildings identified. A detailed investigation was carried out in an old high‐rise non‐residential building with sprinkler system installed. It was observed that the retrofit sprinkler systems might not perform satisfactorily in case of fire. Further, water discharged might not reach the ground level because the sprinkler sprays pattern was not considered. Technical and financial difficulties of installing sprinkler systems in old high‐rise buildings were studied. In addition, it was ascertained that problems related to structural loading for the system, variation in the occupancy level, allocating spaces for the sprinkler system components such as water tank, pumps and pipes compound the complexity of installing sprinkler systems in old high‐rise buildings. Finally, the cost for retrofit sprinkler installation has been estimated.

The number of sprinklers opening and fire growth

What is the statistical distribution of the number of sprinklers that operate during a fire and what are some of the factors affecting that distribution?

New Head-Loss Tables for Sprinkler Laterals

The current approximate procedure of computing head losses in sprinkler laterals, for the purpose of selecting proper diameters, is reviewed. Head-loss expressions that account for both pipe flow as well as quick and branching-flow couplers are developed. These expressions facilitate the computation of pressure heads at end sprinklers on a lateral. The required parameters are diameter of the lateral, number of sprinklers, operating conditions for the selected sprinkler, sprinkler spacings and tubing lengths. The expressions developed can be used in order to prepare tables that may be easily and conveniently employed in the selection of proper lateral diameters. The preparation and use of tables for 3-in. horizontal aluminum laterals are demonstrated.