Number Of Shoots Research Articles

Functional characters and ontogenetic structure of populations of Ziziphora clinopodioides (Lamiaceae) at the range border (Republic of Khakasia)

The object of this study is a characteristic subshrub of Khakasia, Ziziphora clinopodioides (Lamiaceae). The study of functional traits and the structure of the Z. clinopodioides populations at the eastern limit of its distribution (Republic of Khakasia) has been carried out for the first time. The materials were collected in 2022–2023 in true and meadow steppes of the forest-steppe belt. Environmental factors influencing functional traits and the ratio of individuals of different ontogenetic states have been identified. It has been established that disturbed steppes on sandy soils with the presence of stones and low moisture represent the ecological optimum for this species. Under these conditions, the indices of most of the studied functional traits (the number of vegetative shoots per 1 composite skeletal axis, the number of generative shoots with paracladia, the number of paracladia, the number of flowers in paracladia, the number of flowers in the main inflorescence) reach the highest values. In undisturbed steppes on sandy loam soils with moderate moisture, Z. clinopodioides is in unfavorable conditions, and develops individuals with minimal values of functional traits. All the studied populations are normal, complete or incomplete. Left-sided and bimodal ontogenetic spectra are formed in disturbed steppes on sandy soils with the presence of stones and low moisture; in the undisturbed steppe on sandy loam soil with moderate moisture, the spectrum type is bimodal. The density of individuals depends on the degree of soding in the community and anthropogenic load. With an increase in the total projective cover and in the absence of anthropogenic impact, the density of individuals decreases. The causes of restructuring of functional characters and changes in the ontogenetic spectrum of populations of Z. clinopodioides under the influence of various environmental factors at the range border are discussed.

Comparative Study on the Effect of GiSelA 5 Rootstock Propagation Methods on Sweet Cherry Growth and Physiology

The basis of orchard production is rootstocks that reduce the vigor of sweet cherry trees. However, not all rootstocks for this species can be easily propagated using traditional methods of stooling or cutting. Some of these must be propagated using the in vitro method. This is expensive and, consequently, increases the price of maiden sweet cherry trees. Our experiment assessed the growth of maiden trees of selected sweet cherry varieties (‘Bellise’, ‘Earlise’, ‘Lapins’, ‘Vanda’) depending on the method of propagation of a semi-dwarf GiSelA 5 rootstock. Additionally, the intensity of physiological processes taking place in the obtained maiden trees was also examined. The experiment compared one type of GiSelA 5 rootstock, obtained using a cheaper softwood cuttings method, with another rootstock propagated using an in vitro method. During the two years of study, there were no significant differences in the percentage of maiden trees obtained in the case of the propagation methods for both types of rootstocks, ranging from 77.43% to 87.74%. The vigor of maiden tree growth in the first year of this study was stronger than in the second year. In particular, the stem diameter of maiden trees varied from 7% to 39%, depending on the variety considered. With the exception of one variety, maiden trees produced from a rootstock propagated by stem cuttings were characterized by a larger stem diameter for the three varieties, ranging from 23% to 29%, and by a greater number of side shoots, ranging from 73% to 172%, compared to those from in vitro. Additionally, when using the stem cutting method of propagation, the rootstocks had a better developed root system, except for the ‘Earlise’ variety. However, most often, no significant differences were found between the methods of propagation regarding the fresh weight of the maiden trees and leaves and their leaf blade area. The activity of physiological processes of maiden sweet cherry trees varied, and no constant regularities were found. In the second year of the experiment, maiden trees were more often characterized by lower levels of net photosynthetic intensity and internal CO2 concentration, which was associated with worse growth results. Based on the collected results, it is recommended to propagate the considered rootstock using stem cuttings, which yields maiden trees with similar and sometimes even better growth parameters than those propagated using the in vitro method.

High-frequency shoot regeneration, assessment of genetic fidelity, and histochemical analysis of forskolin production in Coleus forskohlii Briq.

Forskolin, a diterpenoid found in the roots of Coleus forskohlii, has generated significant interest in the medical field due to its various therapeutic uses. This study aimed to establish an effective system for regenerating C. forskohlii plants, ensuring a year-round supply of plant material and forskolin production. We tested different concentrations of cytokinins, either alone or combined with auxin, to see their impact on shoot multiplication and growth. We found that a medium supplemented with 1.5mg L-1 of meta-topolin (mT) resulted in the highest number of shoots (~ 12.66) and leaves (~ 20) within about 5days. When mT (1mg L-1) was combined with a low amount of auxin (0.05mg L-1 NAA), we obtained an even greater number of leaves (~ 23). The shoot regeneration capacity was consistent over five subculture passages, showing minimal variation in mean shoot length and number. During acclimatization, around 91% of the plantlets grown in vermiculite + sand survived. The photosynthetic pigment concentration in the plantlets modestly increased in the first 10days and reached its highest level after 30days. Genetic fidelity assays using inter simple sequence repeats (ISSRs) confirmed the similarity between the in vitro derived plantlets and the mother plant. Micro-morphological features of in vitro and ex-vitro acclimated plantlets also matched those of the mother plant, further confirming genetic accuracy. Histochemical staining with vanillin confirmed the presence of forskolin in the in vitro roots, indicated by the violet coloration in the cells. Forskolin quantification was also validated by HPLC where in vitro derived roots were documented to undergo an almost ~ 1.8-fold in comparison to that of the mother plant. This established protocol can effectively address resource scarcity for commercial-scale forskolin production and sustainable conservation techniques.

Impacts of Climate Change-Induced Temperature Rise on Phenology, Physiology, and Yield in Three Red Grape Cultivars: Malbec, Bonarda, and Syrah

Climate change has significant implications for agriculture, especially in viticulture, where temperature plays a crucial role in grapevine (Vitis vinifera) growth. Mendoza’s climate is ideal for producing high-quality wines, but 21st-century climate change is expected to have negative impacts. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of increased temperature on the phenology, physiology, and yield of Malbec, Bonarda, and Syrah. A field trial was conducted over two seasons (2019–2020 and 2020–2021) in an experimental vineyard with an active canopy heating system (+2–4 °C). Phenological stages (budburst, flowering, fruit set, veraison, harvest), shoot growth (SG), number of shoots (NS), stomatal conductance (gs), chlorophyll content (CC), chlorophyll fluorescence (CF), and water potential (ψa) were measured. Additionally, temperature, relative humidity, light intensity, and canopy temperature were recorded. Heat treatment advanced all phenological stages by approximately two weeks, increased SG and NS, and reduced gs and ψa during the hottest months. CC and CF remained unaffected. The treatment also resulted in lower yields, reduced acidity, and increased °Brix in both seasons. Overall, rising temperatures due to climate change advance the phenological phases of Malbec, Syrah, and Bonarda, leading to lower yields, higher °Brix, and lower acidity, although physiological variables remained largely unchanged.

Development of effective micropropagation protocols for endangered Gentiana lutea and Gentiana boissieri (endemic to Türkiye)

Abstract Gentiana spp. are ornamental as well as valuable medicinal plants. This research was conducted to investigate the effects of different cytokinin and auxin treatments on shoot propagation and rooting of both G. lutea and G. boissieri, and to establish the most appropriate micropropagation protocols for these species. For this purpose, MS media containing benzyl adenine (BA) (1, 2, 3, and 4 mg/l), zeatin (0.5, 1, 2, and 3 mg/l), and kinetin (0.5, 1, 2, and 3 mg/l) were used for shoot propagation, and the optimal cytokine applications were determined by examining shoot number per explant (SN/E) and shoot length (SL). To determine rooting ability, shoots were transferred to MS media containing indole acetic acid (IAA), indole butyric acid (IBA), and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) at different concentrations (1, 2, 3, and 4 mg/l). The optimum auxin applications for root and plant development were determined by examining the rooting percentage (%, RP), root number per shoot (RN /S), root length (RL), shoot length (SL), and plant fresh weight (FW). As a result of the study, it was found that the media containing 3 mg/l and 2 mg/l BA were the most suitable shoot propagation media for G. lutea and G. boissieri, respectively. The media containing 4 mg/l IBA and 1 mg/l AgNO3 gave the highest rooting and growth parameters for G. lutea, while G. boissieri had the best rooting and growth values in media supplemented with 2 mg/l NAA. In addition, G. boissieri was found to be superior to G. lutea in both shoot propagation and rooting.

Optimizing Vegetative Growth and Flowering in Fuchsia x hybrida: The Role of Media, Pinching, and Growth Regulators

The present investigation was carried out at the experimental farms of Horticultural Regional training station and Krishi Vigyan Kendra at Kandaghat (Solan) Himachal Pradesh, India under polyhouse conditions. It was laid out in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 24 combinations of growing media M1: Soil+ Sand+ FYM (1:1:1v/v), M2:Cocopeat+Soil+Sand+ Leafmould+FYM (2:1:1:1v/v), M3:Cocopeat+Perlite+Vermiculite+Vermicompost (2:1:1:1 v/v), M4:Cocopeat + Vermicompost + Leafmould (2:1:1 v/v), growth regulator [G1: Control (0 ppm), G2:Benzyl adenine (150 ppm),G3: CPPU (10 ppm)] and pinching methods [P1:Single pinch and P2:Double pinch] which were replicated thrice each having 10 pots accommodating one plant per pot. Plants were raised through terminal cutting and were planted in 6-inch size pots. Study revealed that maximum plant height (33.13 cm), plant spread (33.37 cm), length of side shoots (24.67 cm) and minimum number of days taken for visible bud formation (92.40 days), number of days taken for peak flowering (160.60 days) was recorded when the single pinched plants were grown in media consisting cocopeat + Vermicompost + Leafmould (2:1:1 v/v) and sprayed with 150 ppm of benzyl adenine. However, maximum number of side shoots (27.33), number of flowers per plant (55.67), number of flowers per plant open at a time (42.93), duration of flowering (24.67days) was recorded when double pinched plants were grown in growing media consisting of cocopeat + vermicompost + Leafmould (2:1:1 v/v) and were sprayed with 150 ppm of benzyl adenine. The maximum flower diameter (4.61 cm) was recorded when single pinched plants were grown in medium consisting cocopeat + vermicompost + leafmould (2:1:1 v/v) and sprayed with 10 ppm of CPPU. Based on the present investigation findings, double pinched plants of Fuchsia x hybrida grown in pots consisting of growing media i.e., cocopeat + vermicompost+ leafmould (2:1:1 v/v), sprayed with 150 ppm of benzyl adenine is recommended to obtain quantitative and attractive pot plants of Fuchsia x hybrida.

Individual dynamics mathematical patterns of qualified basketball players competitive performance

Background and purpose Since the goal in sport is to overcome one's limitations and take one's functional state to a qualitatively new level, forecasting is an integral part of managing any process, including the athlete's training process. Purpose: to develop an algorithm and identify patterns of individual dynamics in competitive performance of eligible basketball players. Materials and methods The main team players of the men's basketball team of H.S. Skovoroda Kharkiv National Pedagogical University. Twelve matches of the experimental team playing against national teams of other universities were analyzed. Observations were made on the players during the championships played by student teams from Kharkiv. For each player, the number of shots and hits from short, mid and long range, goal assists, shots and hits from the penalty line, and turnovers were recorded. To identify individual patterns of competitive performance dynamics, indicators such as 'total positive points in a match', which most accurately reflect a player's 'positive' contribution to the outcome of a match, were used. To identify individual regularities in competitive performance dynamics, indicators such as 'total positive points in the match', which most accurately reflect the 'positive' contribution of players to the outcome of the match, were used. Results It was determined that the process of change in competitive performance should be treated as a variable process. The most appropriate function to describe this model is the sine function. It was shown that the regression model of the individual dynamics of competitive activity of the players of the Ukrainian national basketball team has a sine dependence, which is defined by the regression equation S + = a + bsin ((2π / t) (Т-c)). Where the coefficient a is the average value of a player's match performance, b is the amplitude of the change in a player's match performance, t is the previous period of a player's match performance and c is the value period in the first analyzed match. Conclusion The application of the regression sinusoidal model proved to be effective in practical studies. This is because, using only data from technical reports, it is possible to very quickly predict periods of 'rise' and 'fall' in an individual's game performance, which is useful for adjusting training programs and identifying psychophysiological individual characteristics of players.

Statistical Metric xG in Football and Its Impact on Scoring Performance: a review article

Background and purpose Modern football increasingly demands an analytical approach, particularly in terms of enhancing scoring performance. The aim of this article is to analyze the modern statistical indicator of expected goals (xG) in football and its impact on the performance of teams and players according to the data of modern scientific literature. The use of xG allows coaches, analysts, and fans to better evaluate the effectiveness of attacking actions, predict match outcomes, and make informed decisions regarding game strategy. Material and methods Articles were selected using a search tool in the Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases. The search was carried out using the keywords "xG", "football", "performance", "football statistics", "football analytics", "shot on goal" The search was conducted as follows: first, the word "football" was entered, 43,706 sources were found, then "football statistics, analytics" was specified, 109 sources were found, among which 5 were selected that most corresponded to the topic of our research. Results It has been found that the probability of converting a shot into a goal depends on the player's position in the finishing zone, the location of the shot, the angle to the goal, the distance to the goal, the part of the body used to take the shot, the preparation for the shot, the number of touches before the shot, the number of players in the ball's path, and the goalkeeper's position. It was also determined that some zones are better suited for preparing a shot or continuing a combination play due to a low xG value. Conclusions The conducted analysis made it possible to study how the metric of expected goals (xG) affects performance. Coaches use xG data to optimize their game plans, focusing on creating high-quality scoring chances rather than simply increasing the number of shots. In addition, xG can inform defensive strategies by highlighting the types of shots most likely to lead to goals, allowing teams to adjust their defensive positioning and pressure tactics accordingly.

Comparative study of endophytic bacterial strains from non-host crops for enhancing plant growth and managing early blight in tomato

Bacillus pseudomycoides, Paenibacillus polymyxa, and B. velezensis are potent bacterial endophytes, which typically exhibit host-specific interactions. However, comparative studies of these endophytes in vitro and in planta in non-host crops are lacking. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the potential of endophytes B. pseudomycoides strain HP3d, P. polymyxa strain PGSS1, B. velezensis strain A6, and P42, isolated from various crop ecosystems in promoting plant growth and inducing systemic resistance against early blight disease in tomato. In vitro, endophytes exhibited 44.44–55.56% and 37.50–87.50% inhibition of Alternaria solani in dual culture and volatilome bioassay, respectively. In the glasshouse, individual and combined applications via seed treatment (ST), seedling dip (SD), and foliar spray (FS) significantly enhanced shoot growth (23.63–57.61%), root growth (43.27–118.23%), number of leaves (77.52–93.58%), number of shoots (33.42–45.28%) and root dry matter (42.17–43.86%), reducing early blight (PDI) by 70.95–76.12% compared to uninoculated control. Enzymatic activities, including such as polyphenol oxidase (30–40 fold), peroxidase (65.00–75.00 fold), superoxide dismutase (34.20–37.20 fold) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (44.44–45.56 fold) were elevated post-inoculation in endophytes treated tomato plants challenged with A. solani compared to control treated only with A. solani and declined after the fifth day. The total chlorophyll content declined from the 0th to the 10th day, but endophyte treated plants exhibited lesser reductions (2.03–2.09) than uninoculated control. Field trials confirmed the glasshouse findings, showing reduced early blight and improved growth parameters in tomato where the ST + SD + FS combination emerged as the most effective treatment for all endophytes showing 1.06–1.88 fold increase in fruit yield per plant and 28.92–32.52% decrease in PDI compared to untreated control. Thus, the study highlights the broad-spectrum potential of these strains in promoting plant growth and controlling early blight in tomato, demonstrating non-host specificity. These endophytes offer eco-friendly alternatives to chemical pesticides, supporting sustainable agriculture. Their success in field trials suggests the potential for commercialization and large-scale use across diverse crops and pave the way for further interdisciplinary research to optimize their application in integrated pest management strategies.

Effect of Application of Chitosan Soil Drenching on Growth and Vigour of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Grafts Cv. Alphonso

An experiment on effect of application of chitosan on growth and vigour of mango grafts cv. Alphonso was conducted at Department of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture, Dapoli, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli during the year 2023-24. Seven treatments and 4 replications in Randomized Block Design viz., Tl Control – Soil + FYM (3:1), T2 (Chitosan 0.5 %), T3 (Chitosan 1.0 %), T4 (Chitosan 1.5 %), T5 (Chitosan 2.0 %), T6 (Chitosan 2.5 %), T7 (Chitosan 3.0 %) with the aim to investigate effect of chitosan drenching on growth, vigour and survival of mango grafts cv. Alphonso. The highest survival percentage (99.13 %), height of the grafts (38.10 cm), number of shoots per graft (2.06 nos.), number of leaves per graft (32.13 nos.) leaf area (694.31 cm 2) were recorded in treatment T5 i.e. Chitosan 2.0 %. The maximum stem girth (10.24 mm) found in treatment T7 i.e Chitosan 3.0 %.

Effect of Nano Urea on Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Grafts Cv. Alphonso

This study aimed to determine the effect of application of foliar spray and drenching of nano urea on growth and survival of mango grafts cv. Alphonso. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with three replications and twelve treatments to assess various concentrations of nano urea at College of Horticulture, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, India. Treatments applied as a foliar spray and drenching of nano urea at different rates in which treatment of foliar application of nano urea at 1500 ppm showed best performance in survival percentage (95.11 %), graft height (44.99 cm), number of shoots (1.90), number of leaves (31.13), relative growth rate (0.0059 cm/cm/day), dry weight of root (13.44 g) and tap root length (27.10 cm). However, drenching treatment of nano urea at 1500 ppm showed good results in graft girth (10.60 mm) and treatment of foliar spray of nano urea at 500 ppm were found best for total leaf area (654.52 cm2). Among all the nano urea treatments, foliar spray of nano urea at 1500 ppm was the best owing to highest survival and better growth of mango grafts cv. Alphonso.

Ecotypic variation and environmental influence on saffron (Crocus sativus L.) vegetative growth: a multivariate performance analysis

Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is a crop of significant medicinal and economic importance, exhibiting phenotypic plasticity that leads to variable vegetative growth. This three-year multifactorial study evaluated the vegetative potential of various saffron ecotypes under contrasting environments. The results revealed significant effects on shoot sprouting, leaf count, and overall growth, with the ´Tamlakoute´ ecotype (E2) performing best, particularly in the coastal field (CF2). The leaf count increased markedly from 24.9 ± 8.8 in the first year to 188.8 ± 43.9 by the third year, influenced by ecotypes and cultivation fields. In contrast, plant length variations revealed less dependence on ecotypes throughout the different growing seasons. Pearson's correlation analysis showed a weak relationship (r = 0.108, p < 0.004) between the number of shoots per original corm and per progeny corm. This implies a varied trade-off in resource allocation between vegetative growth and corm formation. The principal component analysis highlighted patterns of variations governed by environmental drivers, particularly favoring the E2 ecotype. Performance scoring and ranking, which assigned scores based on vegetative performance across all ecotypes by environment combinations, identified CF2E2 as the highest-ranking performer, followed by CF2E1 and CF2E4, with comprehensive scores of 2.4, 1.3, and 1.1, respectively. These findings highlight the potential of selecting superior ecotypes and coastal environments to promote sustainable saffron cultivation.

Effect of Altitude and Dose of Nitrogen Fertilizer on the Growth of Ruskus Plants (Ruscus hypophyllum L.)

Ruscus hypophyllum is an ornamental plant leaves that serve as cut foliage and herbal medicine. It is growth very slow, only two rods per month, so that is necessary to optimization cultivation, one of them with treatment of altitude (environment) and fertilization This research aimed to determine the effect of nitrogen fertilizer dose altitude for growth of ruskus. The study was compiled using a factorial design nested prepared using RAK and repeated 3 times. The first factor is altitude of 500 m asl (T1), 800 m asl (T2) and 1500 m asl (T3). The second factor is nitrogen fertilization: 0 g/plant (N0), 2 g/plant (N1), 4 g/plant (N2) and 6 g/plant (N3). Based of the research, there was a very real interaction between altitude and dose of nitrogen fertilization on some parameters of observations include: shoot length, number of buds, young leaf chlorophyll, number of roots and root length. The best treatment was a combination of T3N1 (altitude 1500 m asl and nitrogen fertilizer 2 g / plant), separately treatment of altitude very significant effect on the parameters of the number of leaves and shoots appear, and the best treatment is T3 (altitude 1500 m asl). There is a very real correlation between treatment of observations include: the number of long shoots with leaves (0.75), long shoots with the number of shoots (0.64), long shoots with a number of roots (0.79), long shoots with long roots (0, 84), number of leaves with the number of shoots (0.76), young leaf chlorophyll with long roots (0.75) and the number of roots with root length (0.65). The results of path analysis, there are two parameters that have a direct influence on the observation that young leaf chlorophyll (0.094) and the old leaf chlorophyll (0.335).

Development of scallion (Allium fistulosum L.) in substrate and homeopathic solutions of water hyacinth

Scallion (Allium fistulosum) is a widely appreciated condiment in the Brazilian population, with significant economic and nutritional importance. Organic cultivation alternatives for this crop have been sought. From this perspective, this study aimed to evaluate the development of scallion in a substrate produced from the floating aquatic plant known as Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), combined with soil or without it, with the application of homeopathic solutions. A completely randomized experimental design was used, with five replicates and six treatments, namely: Pure Water Hyacinth Substrate (SAP); Water Hyacinth Substrate with Homeopathic solution (SA+HA); Soil and Water Hyacinth Substrate (S+SA); Soil and Water Hyacinth Substrate with Homeopathic solution (S+SA+HA); Pure Soil (SP), and Soil with Homeopathic solution (S+HA). The following parameters were evaluated 60 days after planting: plant height in centimeters (AP), shoot diameter in millimeters (DP), and the number of shoots (NP). Analysis of variance revealed that plant height (AP) did not exhibit significant differences between substrates with or without the homeopathic solution. In contrast, substrates containing Water Hyacinth exhibited greater shoot diameter and number of shoots. This study showed that the Water Hyacinth substrate and homeopathic solution had promising results in the production of scallion seedlings when combined with soil.

Refinement of the in vitro propagation process of Petunia (Petunia hybrida) plant

Petunia (Petunia hybrida) is currently one of the most favored ornamental potted flowers. Tissue culture-based propagation has proven to be effective in terms of multiplication rates and consistent seedling quality, meeting the demand for Purple Petunia varieties. In this study, Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) with various culture media [Murashige and Skoog (MS), ½ MS, and Knudson C] and growth regulators [6-benzyladenine (BA), Indole 3-butyric acid (IBA), and Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA)] were utilized to determine the appropriate concentrations and durations for sample sterilization, shoot multiplication, and root induction processes of Purple Petunia. Evaluation criteria for in vitro Purple Petunia included parameters, such as survival rate, contamination rate, dead samples, number of shoots, shoot height, number of roots, and root length. The results indicated that stem sample sterilization at a 5% NaOCl concentration for 10 min yielded the highest survival rate (70.7%) at 14 days post-culture initiation. Purple Petunia stem samples, when cultured in MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L BA combined with 0.1 mg/L IBA, demonstrated the most efficient shoot multiplication with a multiplication rate of 26.9, a shoot weight of 3.6 g, a leaf/shoot ratio of 4.6, and a shoot height of 3.0 cm. The MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/L NAA was found to be optimal for root induction, resulting in the highest number of roots at 32.1 roots/plant and a root length of 7.0 cm. Briefly, this research provided fundamental insights into the in vitro propagation process of disease-free Purple Petunia multiplication.

Karakteristik Pertumbuhan Mucuna (Mucuna bracteata L.) dengan Metode Sungkup dan Tidak Disungkup di Kabupaten Serdang Bedagai

Covering of Mucuna bracteate L. cuttings plays an important role in the survival rate of Mucuna Bracteata plants, as it helps maintain optimal humidity and temperature levels. The adjustment process after the cover is opened is very important before moving the cuttings to open land. This study aims to measure the impact of covering on the survival rate of cuttings. This study used a Randomized Block Design (RAK). The treatments used were Covered (P1) and Uncovered (P2), by applying Topsoil 3kg (K0), Topsoil 1.5kg + Sand 1.5kg (K1), Topsoil 1.5kg + Black Soil 1.5kg (K2), Topsoil 1.5kg + Cow Manure 1.5kg (K3). This research was conducted from August 10 to September 9, 2024. This research was conducted in the Yard of a House in Ngaraja 1 Village, Dolok Merawan District, Serdang Bedagai Regency. Based on the Least Significant Difference (LSD) Test, Covering and Topsoil (P1K0) consistently showed the best results in terms of number of shoots, tendril length, number of leaves and Root Length. This indicates that covering and topsoil provide optimal conditions for the early growth of Mucuna plants. Topsoil and sand (P1K1) showed the highest root volume. This suggests that the addition of sand to the topsoil may have increased aeration and water drainage, thus encouraging root development. Keywords: covering, vegetative growth, Mucuna bracteata L.

Pengaruh Kombinasi Amelioran Vinasse dan Pupuk Kalium Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Pigmen Warna Daun Aglaonema sp.

Vinasse is an ameliorant that can improve the chemical and physical properties of soil, but its use needs to be combined with inorganic fertilizer. One fertilizer can be used is potassium fertilizer which can increase the growth and colour pigment of Aglaonema sp. This research aims to obtain the best combination of Ameliorant Vinasse and Potassium fertilizer on the growth and leaf colour piment of Agalonema sp. This research on screen house at Campakasari Village, Campaka District, Purwakarta Regency, West Java from February 2024 to April 2024. The method used was a single-factor Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 8 treatments and 4 replications, resulting 32 experimental units consisting of: A (Control KCl 300kg/ha), B (Control Vinasse 10ml/l), C (Vinasse 10ml/l + KCl 200kg/ha), D (Vinasse 10ml/l + KCl 300kg/ha), E (Vinasse 10ml/l + KCl 400kg/ha), F (Vinasse 20ml/l + KCl 200kg/ha), G (Vinasse 20ml/l + KCl 300kg/ha), H (Vinasse 20ml/l + KCl 400kg/ha). The experimental result will be tested with an F-test, and if significant, will be further tested with Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at the 5% level. The method for leaf colour pigments uses questionnaire data scoring and analysed using multiple linear regression. The result showed that treatments significant affected on the growth and leaf colour pigment of Aglaonema sp. Treatment F (Vinasse 20 ml/l + KCl 200 kg/ha) give the highest yield for plant height(38,8 cm), number of leaves (9,50 leaves), number of shoots (2,25 shoots) and provides a strong correlation regression the visual appearance of leaf colour pigment and supporting factors of Aglaonema sp. on cosumer interest. Keywords: aglaonema sp., ameliorant vinasse, potassium fertilizer

Effect of Silver Nitrate and Silver Thiosulphate on In Vitro Shoot Regeneration of Australian Pink Finger Lime (Citrus australasica cv. Mia Rose)

Citrus australasica, commonly known as the finger lime, is a distinctive fruit indigenous to the coastal rainforest of Australia. It is renowned for its unique appearance, tangy flavor, and multiple medicinal properties. Additionally, its unique caviar-like pulp has garnered significant attention in the culinary industry. Conventional propagation of C. australasica is challenged by incompatibility issues during grafting and budding, its monoembryonic nature, and the lengthy time required to flower and bear fruits. Micropropagation on the other hand is an efficient alternative to conventional propagation for various commercial crops including citruses. However, the issue of leaf abscission was previously observed in C. australasica cultures, which has resulted in reduced shoot viability. The current study aimed to determine the effects of silver nitrate (AgNO3) and silver thiosulphate (STS) on in vitro shoot regeneration of C. australasica cv. Mia Rose. Nodal explants were cultured on half-strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) media supplemented with AgNO3 at 2.00, 4.00, 6.00, 8.00, and 10.00 mg/L and STS at 10.00, 20.00, 40.00, 60.00 and 80.00 µM in combination with 2.00 mg/L 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). Results demonstrated that 4.00 mg/L AgNO3 resulted in the highest shoot number and length (2.65 ± 0.18 and 0.27 ± 0.03 cm respectively), while treatment with 10.00 µM STS resulted in the highest number of shoots and shoot length (2.36 ±0.19 and 0.32 ± 0.04 cm respectively). No leaf abscission was observed for all treatments of AgNO3 and STS after eight weeks of culture. This study underscored the efficacy of AgNO3 and STS as potent ethylene antagonists in shoot cultures of C. australasica cv. Mia Rose, suggesting their potential utilization in the micropropagation of the finger lime species.

Effects of acute gamma irradiation on the morphology of Curcuma alismatifolia ‘Siam Shadow’ and C. alismatifolia ‘Siam Scarlet’

Curcuma alismatifolia (Pathumma in Thailand), also known as Siam Tulip, is an economically valuable cut flower in Thailand and is continuously bred to enhance its captivating array of colors. This study aimed to investigate the effects of acute gamma irradiation on 2 cultivars of C. alismatifolia ‘Siam Shadow’ and C. alismatifolia ‘Siam Scarlet’ for in vitro propagation and determination of the lethal dose 50 (LD50). The irradiation was conducted at doses of 0, 20, 30, 40 and 80 Gy using young shoots tissue culture. The results of the experiment revealed that the LD50 for ‘Siam Shadow’ could not be determined while ‘Siam Scarlet’ was 29.06 Gy. ‘Siam Shadow’ exhibited chimera leaf formation when exposed to a gamma irradiated dose of 40 Gy, while ‘Siam Scarlet’ exhibited chimera leaf formation when gamma irradiated at doses of 20 Gy in vitro. After planting in a greenhouse, ‘Siam Shadow’ was irradiated with 30 Gy of gamma irradiated, had reduced bract numbers and the bracts became smaller. Conversely, ‘Siam Scarlet’ irradiated with 20 Gy of gamma irradiated, produced smaller inflorescences with only 2 bracts, while irradiation with 30 Gy resulted in 2 lobes and spotted leaves at the edges of the leaves. The results indicated that both the C. alismatifolia cultivars and gamma irradiation rates had a significant influence on survival rate, number of shoots, plant height, chlorophyll mutants and morphology. As the outcome, it was determined that gamma irradiation with optimum doses of gamma rays could induce new characteristics in C. alismatifolia.

Azolla Liquid Fertilizer (Azolla pinnata) And Chicken Manure Fertilizer on the Growth and Yield of Shallots

This study aims to see the effect of giving Azolla liquid organic fertilizer and chicken manure on the growth and yield of shallots. The research method used a factorial Randomized Block Design (RAK) consisting of 2 factors with 16 combinations and 3 blocks. The first factor is the provision of azolla liquid organic fertilizer consisting of 4 levels, namely 0 ml / l water / m2, 200 ml / l water / m2, 400 ml / l water / m2, 600 ml / l water / m2. The second factor is the provision of chicken manure consisting of 4 levels, namely 0 kg / m2, 0.5 kg / m2, 1.0 kg / m2 and 1.5 kg / m2. The provision of azolla liquid organic fertilizer has a significant effect on the parameters of the number of tillers, the number / plant, the wet weight of bulbs / plant, the dry weight of bulbs / plant. The provision of azolla liquid organic fertilizer 600 ml / liter of water / m2 gave the best effect on all observation parameters. The provision of chicken manure gave a significant effect on the parameters of plant height, number of leaves, number of shoots, number of bulbs/ plant, wet weight of bulbs/plant, dry weight of bulbs/plant. The dose of chicken manure of 1.5 kg/m2 showed the best effect for all observation parameters. The interaction between the provision of liquid organic fertilizer azolla and chicken manure did not differ significantly in all treatments. Keywords: Azolla, Chicken Manure, Red Onion